abouali vedadhir

Family life and professional life are two inseparable components in people's lives;in such a way that the secret of people's success depends on advancing their goals in these two areas.If a person faces problems and challenges in his professional or family life, their side effects spread through the individual, organization, and the society. The aim of this research is to analyze the narrative inquiry of workaholic programmers from the work-family interface through a gender approach.

The current qualitative research is a research narrative in terms of interpretive paradigm, inductive theory development approach, and narrative research in terms of research strategy.The data collection instruments are a semi-structured and an open-ended interview. To reach the required data, the interviews continued until saturation was reached, and finally, according to the defined standards and based on targeted sampling, a maximum of 30 participants (15 female and 15 male participants) participated in the current research. Thematic narrative analysis was used to identify the themes and describe the experiences of the participants.

The results uncovered that the general narrative of workaholic women and men differ in the factors affecting work-family relationships, and some factors lead to the strengthening of work-family relationships and others result in addiction to work increases. According to this research, among women, family factors including family orientation, work-family fit, work-family integration, and supportive family lead to more balance between work and family since women have more roles, duties, and responsibilities in home affairs. Also, from the point of view of male programmers, organizational factors such as work addiction, forced overtime, extreme work, income generation, and lack of support from the organization lead to more work addiction and disrupting the work-family balance.

Due to the fact that men are the breadwinners and provide the living expenses, which have been entrusted to them for a long time and in a traditional way, if they find themselves in unfavorable economic conditions and are unable to provide for the expenses, they tend to become more addicted to work

In this research, we present a model of the physician-patient relationship in contemporary Iran by analyzing extant models of the physician-patient relationship.Research data was collected through interviews with physicians, patients, medical students, and healthcare professionals. We also conducted a document analysis of laws, development plans, and legislation of the health sector after the Iranian revolution of 1979. The document analysis allowed us to examine the lawmaking process and its cultivation in modern times. To prevent potential bias, we analyzed the data based on multi-grounded theory. It was validated using the triangulation method.We reviewed the literature on physician-patient relationships in Iran. Emanuel, Emanuel, and Ozar’s theories served as the basic models for theorization. Our findings are categorized as paternalistic and commercial relationships between physicians and patients in Iran. In the context of a paternalistic relationship, we examined how medical students internalize the paternal model within the educational system. Discussed are the conduct of professors, the lack of health ethics instruction, and the academic hierarchy. These are institutionalized as a paternal physician-patient relationship. The paternal model is implemented with patients through the physician habitus, which consists of patients’ ignorance, non-communication, and an obtuse manner of speech. In addition to the paternal culture, economic factors play a significant role in the physician-patient relationship, as demonstrated by the privatization plans and tariffs examined. The nearly 40-year process of privatizing healthcare through legislation and regulation has made medicine a lucrative profession. The surge of inductive demand is a point of intersection between financial profit and moral well-being. In addition, the use of physician disagreements over tariffs as a pretext to increase salaries is another issue that calls medical ethics into question.The combination of these two cultural and economic patterns is producing a new model of the physician-patient relationship in Iran, termed the “invasive medicine model.” In this relationship, the physician assumes the role of a controlling, dominant father over the patient. The patient participates minimally in the medical procedure. Additionally, the physician is a salesperson in a competitive health market to promote health products. Patients are not only excluded from the medical process but also confronted with an intrusive healthcare market. The reason for using the term “invasive,” comparable to invasive medical procedures, is the similarity between invading the patient’s body and mind

 There are scarce Iranian and worldwide research articles on designing the questionnaires of the factors influencing violence prevention. This indicates the need to design a specific questionnaire on factors affecting violence prevention and examine its psychometric properties before using it.

 The present study aimed to design and evaluate psychometric properties (the reliability and validity) of factors affecting violence prevention questionnaire in female students.

 The current psychometric research was conducted in Rudsar, Iran during 2017 - 2018. In the first part (designing the questionnaire), data were collected from 50 participants by purposive sampling and using Waltz methodology. In the second part (evaluating psychometric properties of the questionnaire). The validity of the questionnaire was assessed using face, content, and structural validities. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient, and SPSS 20 software was used for data analysis.

 The initial version of the questionnaire was designed with 212 items. After confirming the validity and reliability, the second version of the questionnaire was extracted with 56 items with an impact score of > 1.5 for all 56 items, the mean CVI = 0.94, and the mean CVR = 0.88. Concerning construct validity, 48 items were extracted with a predictive power of 38.16 based on exploratory factor analysis. The Internal Consistency of Reliability (α = 0.88; ICC = 0.92) was also confirmed.

 In general, the questionnaire represented acceptable reliability and validity for use in the student population. Therefore, the present questionnaire can predict the risk of violence against female adolescents.

A successful response to the risk of human immunodefficiency virus (HIV) infection among immigrants requires improved access to HIV prevention, diagnosis, and treatment services. However, most immigrants face significant challenges in accessing HIV/AIDS services. The aim of this study was to explore the aspects influencing access to HIV/AIDS services among Afghan immigrants in Iran. This was a qualitative study using conventional content analysis that was conducted from June 2018 to April 2020 in Tehran, Iran. Purposeful sampling method was performed. We conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with three groups of stakeholders including Afghan immigrants infected with or at risk of HIV (n=8), service providers (n=8), and policymakers/managers/experts (n=9). Inductive qualitative content analysis was applied according to the Granheim and Lundman method. Data were analyzed using Open Code software version 4.03. Aspects influencing access to HIV/AIDS health services were categorized into 3 themes (that were extracted from 9 categories): 1. Cultural aspects (cultural similarities and differences, values and beliefs); 2. Psychosocial aspects (social support, stigma and discrimination); and 3. Service delivery related aspects (awareness, health services coverage and integrity, health services financing, accessibility, and continuity of care). The findings suggest that efforts to improve Afghan immigrants’ access to HIV/AIDS health services in Iran need to consider the cultural aspects, increasing HIV awareness, providing support, reducing stigma and discrimination, and improving health services coverage, integrity, financing, and continuity of accessible services.

This study is an attempt to reflect on and analyze the cow feast (İnek Bayramı) in Mulkiye taking approaches in anthropology of science and under the concept of authoritarian modernization in the context of Turkey. The cow feast is an academic ritual that was held annually in May at the Faculty of Political Science (Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi) of Ankara University in Turkey before the Covid-19 epidemic and the emergence of some security, political and health issues and considerations. In this article, we seek to theoretically formulate the role and function of such a ceremony in the establishment and stability of a new epistemological system based on the collected data about this feast, and interviews with key informants, and of course referring to historical and contextual sources. Our reflection reveals that the cow feast is a compensatory ritual in the face of the epistemological crisis of the late Ottoman and early Turkish Republics, and can be understood and analysed with integration of components of Sharon Traweek, Emily Martin, Tony Bechter, Peter Trowler, Bruno Latour and Victor Turner’s ideas largely from anthropology of science.

In this study, we followed the structural causes of some physicians' habits such as not looking at the patient and seeing the patient as an object, using Multi Grounded Theory. To achieve holistic perspectives, the baseline data were obtained from interviews with physicians, patients, medical students, and health professionals. Our findings show three main factors: First, the power structure in the healthcare system through two mechanisms of communication-language, namely, continuous silence and intermittent speaking in specialized language, emerged in the doctor-patient relationship and became cultural sediment and medical habit. The second factor relates to health policies, in which the workload of physicians, in practice, leaves the least possible time and energy for interaction. Eventually, the development of the logic of capital in this area was recognized as a factor that has turned medical facilities, equipment, and knowledge into a powerful and independent force against patients and the healthcare forces.

The aim of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is to ensure receiving essential health services without financial hardship. Good governance in the health system guarantees success in UHC. Meaningful public participation in the health policy-making cycle is one of the vital and challenging aspects of good health governance. Considering the role and importance of legislation in formation and sustainability of participatory decision-making and good governance approach in the health sector, this study endeavors to survey the alignment of the 1st-6th development plans with the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) Constitution regarding public participation approach in the health sector since 1989.

This study is designed and implemented as a qualitative Study. Data was extracted from legal documents including the development plan laws from 1989-2016, and IRI Constitution Law approved in 1989 and its subsequent amendments. Content analysis was carried out in a summative method.

During the years under review, governments have always received the necessary legal mandate in their program to attract public financial participation in the construction sector or to pay part of health care costs, which is in accordance with the 29th Article of the Constitution based on health rights for the Iranian population. According to various constitutional principles such as; Paragraph eight of the third principle, paragraph three of the forty-third principle and the one-hundredth principle, the engagement of the population in identifying issues and making appropriate decisions in the administration of the country, including the health sector, is recognize, but there is no legislation in the government development plans to implement these laws.

Despite the emphasis on upstream legislation and the existence of two structures, the High Council for Health and Food Security, the High Council for Health Insurance at the national level and the Islamic town and village councils at the local level, governments have focused on participatory budgeting in health rather than participatory policymaking, during the years under review in this study. Given the importance of social participation in health sector decisions in eliminating or reducing inequalities in use of health services, suggestions for the government and Ministry of Health and Medical Education are represented

Sport is a phenomenon that has always had social and cultural effects in human societies. Such results make addressing the dimensions of social psychology in zurkhaneh sport more prominent due to the combination of rituals and patterns of social behaviour in zurkhaneh sport culture. Therefore, the present study sought to analyze the functions of zurkhaneh sport from social psychology. This study was done with the qualitative data method of the grounded theory and the analysis of interviews with experts. Finally, the theoretical model of social psychology functions in zurkhaneh sport formulated with four categories; Zurkhaneh sports subculture, heroic identity, influential social networks and leadership characteristics were formed. According to the findings, in the Zurkhaneh sports subculture, leadership behaviours, communication patterns, and behavioural expectations are well accepted, and a high level of trust is established. They indicate that zurkhaneh sports have important functions in socio-sports psychology, which can be used at the community level by planning to take advantage of its capacities.

Anthropological demography has emerged as a new field aimed at a deeper study of demographic phenomena. Researchers seek to achieve what John Caldwell called the “illuminating experience” by integrating qualitative and quantitative data. The purpose of this paper is to examine the demographic changes and increasing aging in the historical city of Naragh. In terms of anthropological demographic approach, this paper used several data such as ethnography and historical studies as research method. The results of this study show that historical reasons such as famine, Hossein-Kashi rebellion in Naragh, earthquake and religious conflicts are related to macro-demographic approach and other factors such as culture and disadvantages of a social institution such as gender and economy prevailing in this region are related to micro-demography. In summary, all the above reasons have led to the emigration of many people (mainly men), negative population growth rate, age structural transition (AST) and increasing aging in Naragh over time.

Zurkhaneh has played an important role in teaching heroic temperament and human character during the ups and downs of Iran's history in leading liberation movements and promoting the ritual of beauty and chivalry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and explain the Zurkhaneh sports model with a school-building approach. In this study, the constructivist grounded theory methodedology (developed by Kathy Charmaz) was used. Statistical sample for semi-structured interviews; Experienced and experienced wrestlers who were fully acquainted with the culture, history, and customs of Zurkhaneh both practically and theoretically, as well as researchers with a history of research were selected by snowball method and sampling ended with 19 interviews and reached theoretical saturation. In the interview analysis method, three coding stages included; Axial phenomenon, contextual factors, and consequences. Finally, in the theoretical coding stage, it can be said that the Zurkhaneh school can be divided into three clusters: a) Axial phenomenon: (actions, reactions and current interactions in the Zurkhaneh space), b) contextual factors or conditions affecting the actions, reactions and interactions, some of which are facilitators and others are deterrents, and also from the perspective of c) components of the consequences and effects of actions, reactions and interactions in the Zurkhaneh space, which include; Analyzed and explained the atmosphere of Zurkhaneh, the atmosphere of sports as an intermediate environment and society as a macro environment.

Insufficient evidence exists regarding the causes of adverse birth outcomes among women with previous cesarean sections (C-Section).

This study aimed to explore women’s perspectives on childbirth care services leading to maternal near-miss (MNM) events.

Following a narrative design, 12 women with a previous C-section who had an episode of MNM during childbirth or postpartum period referring to a tertiary referral hospital in Zahedan city, Iran, were chosen using purposive sampling. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the six-phase guide to thematic narrative analysis approach.

Two themes related to childbirth care services leading to maternal near-miss events were extracted: (1) ‘Ineffective communication’ (Ignoring the patient's words, Insensitive listener, and Non-critical thinking listener) and (2) ‘Inappropriate care’ (implementation of unnecessary or inappropriate care and early discharge).

An audit system is necessary to provide objective information on the domains related to care provision and help timely feedback to healthcare providers to improve the quality of care.

The growing tendency of health service consumers to use a variety of complementary and alternative medicine has led to dramatic changes in the experience of the illness and its socio-economic attachments. Reflexive behaviors that are observed with the normalization of alternative medicine have not been thoroughly studied in social research in Iran. The present study uses narrative analysis to study the trend of such behaviors in retelling the experience of patients. For this purpose, twenty-nine narrative interviews with patients with extensive experience in this field were selected based on five criteria, that are, (1) “the health status” of those who have sought for or tried any types of alternative medicine, which also implies the reason for their referral in most cases, (2) “type of alternative medicine” to which they have referred, which may be either one or more courses of treatment with possibly different medicines, (3) “the organizational type” of the provider of medical services, whether academic, popular, based on religious beliefs, etc., (4) “age” categorized as young or middle-aged, and (5) “gender”. The interviews were rewritten and compiled as coherent linear narratives, from the beginning of the patient’s story to its end. After that, the narratives were coded by thematic analysis. The results showed that “feeling of powerlessness” was one of the most frequent themes in the narratives of the experience of illness. Major dimensions of the feeling of powerlessness can be seen as (A) institutional powerlessness, which is summarized as (A-1) powerlessness in prosecuting medical malpractice, (A-2) dissatisfaction with hospital services, (A-3) inequality in access to health care, and (A-4) insulting the private sphere and personal information, (B) weakness in the narrative of the illness, which is described by two subcategories (B-1) denial of the patient’s symptoms, and (B-2) the specialized language of physicians, and (C) powerlessness in the prescribing process, categorized as (C-1) being unaware of what the drugs might do, i.e., their side effects or in a number of cases what the patients call drug addiction, and (C-2) having an unbalanced relationship with the physicians. Reviewing these findings, the present article addresses how the “feeling of powerlessness” affects the experience of illness and uses Ulrich Beck’s idea of the late modernity to show how patients’ powerlessness is in part the inevitable representation of physicians’ powerlessness due to the faltering position of science. The findings also show that without considering patients’ understanding of the treatment process, heterogeneous power practices underlie the failure of health policies towards complementary and alternative medicine. Furthermore, managing this field in the interests of maximum health is possible only by recognizing the patients’ need to have a balanced relationship with the medical staff and briefing the patient on the side effects of the prescribed drugs.

In the last few decades, the significance and emergence of environmental crises and discourses has led to the rise of a number of interdisciplinary studies and anthropologists, considering culture as the intersection of the environmental and the anthropological discourses, has addressed the environmental issues particularly water as the most vital element of the environment. In this view, water is at this time considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by the human societies in both natural resources and social justice. Anthropology with the holistic and inter-disciplinary and environmentally sustainable approach, provides an appropriate ground for studying various aspects, cultural meanings and crises of water, as it is reflected in its subject, i.e. culture. This study was conducted using the ethnographic methods including ethnographic interviews, participatory observations and collective interviews among three clans of Qashqai nomad groups in Fars Province of Iran. The findings of this study reveals that for Qashqai’s people, water is vital not only for living and environmental sustainability and livelihood, but also it is important from a wide variety of cultural, political, economic, psychological, vacation, legal and gender-related functions. Hence, Crisis in water has multiple implications for their live and for the cultural meanings of water.

Advances in the assisted and selective reproductive technologies have changed the meaning and significance of the fetus and child in the world. For the first time, reproductive selection takes place before birth in order to prevent the birth of children with fetal abnormalities and allowing only "healthy" children to live. These technologies, which migrate to developing countries over time, are not neutral products. Rather, as Foucault asserted, they are “apparatus’’ that are situated at the heart of the figuration of indigenous culture as “cultural form”. Usually, medical pioneers legitimize, normalize, and standardize these innovations in a temporal and historical process, removing barriers and taboos. This is where birth changes from a purely biological matter or a personal choice to an economic, political, cultural and social one. In other words, governments have moved beyond quantity of population control over the past few decades to control the quality of population. Therefore, having a healthy child is not just an individual fantasy, but its realization depends, to a large extent on government policies. The purpose of this article is to pay attention to the necessity of anthropological studies in this field, and to this question whether application of these technologies is necessary or useful.  We also intend to propose related study methods and theories to study this social process, which changes the cultural meanings and implications of the concept of fetus and child, and government policies which routinize the implementation of this technologies in Iran.

 Family and parents’ supervision and performance affect the proper socialization process of adolescents and their behavioral development. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to examine the family factors affecting violence in adolescents.

 This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional qualitative content analysis method in 2017 in Roodsar. Data saturation was obtained with 50 individuals using 4 questions. The data were collected using in-depth interviews with purposive sampling among female primary and secondary school students as the main participants of the study and their teachers and family as contributors. All interviews were recorded and then typed. Data analysis was done continuously and simultaneously by collecting data using Lundman and Graneheimm constant comparative method.

 Data analysis was conducted using the conventional qualitative analysis method resulted in the extraction of 357 primary codes, 21 sub-sub-categories, 4 sub-categories, and one main category. At the end of this stage, the family factors affecting the violence of adolescents in the whole family provided insecurity to the adolescents, and an insecure family was defined according to the findings as follows: "a broken family with incorrect parenting practices and open borders that provide an insecure environment for the student and lead to violent behavior in adolescent".

 According to the results of this study family factors are related to adolescent violence. Regarding the independence of adolescents at this age and the role of other socializing formal and informal institutions that affect adolescent behavior, the strong and influential role of the family on adolescent behavior is quite obvious.

The lack of comprehensive understanding of the policyholders' buying behavior as a process and aspect of social and human interaction is one of the main reasons for the undeveloped life insurance market in Iran. The purpose of this study is to explain the life insurance buying behavior (LIBB) role as a cognitive, psychological and behavioral process based on the lived experience of individuals.

The qualitative approach and the grounded theory strategy of Corbin and Strauss (4th edition) was used as the research method. In-depth interviews with 27 participants including prospect and actual policyholders, sales representatives and life insurance experts have been conducted using theoretical sampling. Open coding, axial coding (for themes) and selective coding (for context, process and integration) was applied using the strategies of questioning, comparisons, and the memos, diagrams and paradigm tools (Through MAXQDA 12 software) concluded to the LIBB model.

The result of this study represents a model of Life Insurance Buying Behavior(LIBB) in Iran.

The result of this study represents a model that considers LIBB in Iran as a dialectic between skepticism and trust and a process towards building trust. In this context, the superiority of doubt or trust at each stage of the process leads to different behaviors. 

This article examines the concept of pain and its relief among Kurdish people living in Mukrian,, Kurdistan . The objective of this study is to examine indigenous and ethnic knowledge of pain and pain relief Kurdish people in Mukrian using the ethnographic research methods including narrative interviews, observation and Key Informant Interview. Multi-sources data obtained from prolonged engagement in the research filed (nine months) were analyzed using thematic narrative analysis and Miles and Huberman's flow model. The findings show that Despite the variety of local and traditional therapists in the Mukrian area, and the management of pain and disease using their own healing methods, pain as a difficult issue is unacceptable and personal to the Kurdish people, and they use the strategy of denial to express it, and this has been confirmed in most of the stories, narratives, and proverbs in the region. The environmental and geographical conditions of the Mukrian region provide a fertile ground for training strong and tireless people, and the culture that accompanies these conditions prevents any weakness and disability, so that people do not become weak in pain and disease as leaning against pain is not a symbol of masculinity.

by saying the word of interest, the first thing that comes to mind immediately is economic interest and this is while different fields of life have their own interests which are not necessarily economic interests. the present study uses the documentary method to investigate the diversity of levels and non-economic meanings of the concept of interest from the perspective of sociologists and intends to provide for researchers a conceptual tool for explaining social phenomena by emphasizing Bourdieu's understanding of interest. This study shows that Alexis De Tocqueville, Marx Weber, Gustav Ratzenhofer, Albion Small, Edward Alsworth Ross, George Simmel And James Coleman have used profit in its micro and individual form. However, there is a difference between these thinkers regarding the concept of interest and that of Tocqueville, Weber, Coleman and Simmel. The later have considered the concept of interest as a social element and have used it in the analysis of relations between people in society. But Ratzenhofer, Small, And Ross have a pre-social understanding of the concept of interest, and see it as an element that shapes society, not a factor through which relationships between individuals in society can be analyzed. The study also suggests that thinkers such as karl Marx, Arthur Bentley, And Pierre Bourdieu used interest collectively. However, with a deeper look at the empirical application of the theories of the above thinkers in relation to the concept of interest, it may be said that Marx's sociological view of the concept of interest in the form of class interests, although has a sociological burden and does not consider interest specific to the individual. It considers the economic meaning of interest for a group of people of the same class and in a way closes the way for thinking and reflecting on other various and non-economic forms of interest. Bentley's view leads to the tautology by uniting the interest and the road group and for this reason; the possibility of experimental application and testability is limited. In his analysis, Bourdieu showed that the fields of academia, art, etc., have interests that are not necessarily economic interests and are governed by rules other than those of the world of economics. The process of segregation of social worlds, each of which has its own interests or spheres of power, requires that social researchers be equipped with a conceptual and theoretical tool to discover the interests, the relationships between field actors, and the internal rules of these social fields. This conceptual tool, in addition to being more in line with social reality, unlike the Marxist concept of benefit, is not limited to the economic and possibly political sense, and can also discover non-economic interests that govern human life and measure people's relationships with these types of non-economic benefits in addition to the above, the advantage of Bourdieu's understanding of interest over Bentley's understanding is that it is free from the flaws of tautology. And he does not equate the benefit with the field and states that the interest belongs to the field and not the field itself. It also has this advantage over micro-level theorists. In addition to the micro level (at the level of family and group friendship, etc.), it also has the ability to be applied at the macro and collective level. With these interpretations, the author believes that Bourdieu's sociological application of the concept of interest can be a practical tool for social science researchers to understand the social world.

This study was carried out to design and validate a questionnaire to measure the majority of factors influencing food choices among adults in Iran.

A sequential exploratory mixed‑method approach was applied to develop the initial item pool of the Food Choice Determinants Questionnaire (FCDQ) starting with a qualitative study to explore the food choice dimensions and its components. Designing the initial questionnaire using these dimensions and the 36‑item Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) was then performed. The face, content, and construct validity were also assessed. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s alpha was applied for each main theme to examine the internal consistency.

After content and face validity process, a 60‑item FCDQ was developed with total items’ content validity index (CVI) of 0.69 indicating a reasonable level. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for each of the six constructs in the scale have shown satisfactory internal consistency.

This instrument is valid and reliable to measure food choice determinants in adults and could be applied to design interventions aiming to better food choice

The following article, focuses on the history of personal life (first decade of my life) and the path taken by generations before me.  The main question is "Why I have not become a good speaker?" "Public speaking skills and abilities" in both personal and extra-personal context; Historical and social, psychological, cultural and political developments take shape.   By the ethnographic method in this study, personal history and its relationship with speech skills have been investigated. Speech skills in the individual are formed in the heart of two histories; the general history that continues from eternity which is the macro history and the other is the history of one's personal life. Personal history refers to the history of a person's life and her (his) presence in this world, which the speaker has in his personal memory. Macro history and personal history as to why my public speaking situation could not be analyzed without each other. The combination of the two, as well as the situation that each imposes on the individual in some way, is effective in how one develops one's eloquence.

One of the major barriers to the development of life insurance in Iran is the insurers' lack of understanding regarding the ambivalences that people experience while engaging in life insurance buying process. Considering the existing gap in the context of life insurance consumer behavior, in this study we aimed to explain the policyholders' ambivalences to better understand the life insurance buying behavior which can be employed by insurance companies to formulate and implement effective marketing strategies. The research approach was a qualitative and based on the grounded theory of Corbin and Strauss (Fourth Edition). Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 27 selected participants including policyholders, insurance agents, and life insurance experts, through theoretical sampling which continued until theoretical saturation. Data analysis carried out systematically with open, axial, and selective coding mechanism, with a continuous iterative process between data, concepts, categories and the model. In this process, we employed questioning and comparison strategies as well as memos, diagrams and paradigm tools to analyze the data. As the research results, furthermore identifying and explaining 15 sources of ambivalence in the context of micro and macro environmental conditions and internal (individual) circumstances, a model of life insurance buying behavior developed to explanation of cognitive, psychological, and social ambivalences.

Understanding the behavior of life insurance policyholders is important in formulating effective marketing strategies and developing life insurance penetration rate. Therefore, this research employed a qualitative approach using the Corbin and Straus' grounded theory (4th Edition) to develop a model in which we explain buying behavior of life insurances in economic, social, cultural and micro or individual contexts in Iran. In order to bring in diverse perspectives in the research, the participants were selected among prospect and actual policyholders, sales representatives, marketers and life insurance experts using the theoretical sampling process. The semi-structured deep interviews were utilized with 27 samples to reach theoretical saturation. The analysis of data in a systematic process of open coding, axial coding and selective coding using the analyzing strategies of questioning, comparisons, and the memos, diagrams, and paradigm tools (Through Maxqda 12 software) concluded to the life insurance buying behavior model (LIBBM). In this model, communication and interactions as an axial category play a fundamental role in the life insurance buying behavior including trust-building, attitude formation, behavioral intentions and taking action, to the extent which considers the behavior as a communication-oriented process based on the multifaceted interactions.

Interpersonal communication in critical care units is one of the most important factors due to complicated and critical conditions of patients. Nurses’ confrontation with ethical distresses and conflict resolution techniques are often influenced by the culture governing these units. This study aimed to explore interpersonal communication culture among critical care nurses.

A focused ethnographic approach was used to conduct study in Iran. The research method was based on the research evolutionary cycle model recommended by Spradley (1980). Data were collected over six months through purposeful sampling and semi structured interviews (n=18) and participation observation (n=43). The data were obtained over six months of observation and interview with participants. Data analysis was done by Spradley method and was interpreted to discover the meaning units from the obtained themes. MAXQDA10 was used to manage data.

Five major domains of observations and high-level consensus were extracted in this study, including grouping, work-life interaction, professionalism, organizational atmosphere and experience.

Development of interpersonal communication culture is influenced by various factors. Besides, the working models and nurses’ use of workspace are indispensable components of effective communication at workplace. The findings of this study can be helpful in determining appropriate strategies and practices to resolve communication problems among nurses by specifying challenges, thereby leading to proper communication among nurses, promoting this communication and finally providing high quality and more effective care.

Intellectual and human capital is one of the main foundations of the countries' growth and development, and the lack of such capital makes development process difficult. The migration of specialists and scientists and its trend as elite migration, especially the migration of physicians, is one of the problems that has plagued the scientific management policy of many countries around the world. This migration within the medical community can have different consequences for the structure of the medical services in any country. Iran has also recently faced with migration of the medical elite. Therefore, this article aimed at explaining the tendency to migrate abroad in the medical community. This qualitative-descriptive study was conducted through the participation of 33 physicians and paramedics who were planning to migrate abroad, or have recently immigrated to another country and had a desire to participate in the study. Purposeful and theoretical sampling was used during the semi-structured interviews for collecting data. Data were analyzed using conventional inductive content analysis and coding by using Atlas.ti8 software. In order to explain the tendency for migration, the qualitative findings showed that the interview codes were composed of two main categories of destination attractions and origin repulsions. Data analysis led to the extraction of two main categories: 1) Origin repulsions including 5 subcategories of economic-occupational factors, socio-cultural factors, political-religious factors, educational factors, and personal factors and 2) Destination attractions including 5 sub-categories of legality and relationships, security, welfare-financial conditions , and educational and  job opportunities. The results indicated that physicians and paramedics have tended to migrate due to repulsion issues and high attractions in the destination country. Health and medical policy-makers are expected to develop transparent programs and laws to prevent and manage the migration process of medical professionals, to manage and remove barriers to medical community persistence and to enhance attractions.