فهرست مطالب adibi

In this paper, several two-dimensional extensions of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) techniques has been applied in a lossless dimensionality reduction framework, for face recognition application. In this framework, the benefits of dimensionality reduction were used to improve the performance of its predictive model, which was a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. At the same time, the loss of the useful information was minimized using the projection penalty idea. The well-known face databases were used to train and evaluate the proposed methods. The experimental results indicated that the proposed methods had a higher average classification accuracy in general compared to the classification based on Euclidean distance, and also compared to the methods which first extracted features based on dimensionality reduction technics, and then used SVM classifier as the predictive model.

The question of how to confront the West has always been an important issue for Iranians and their political and intellectual elites. The Islamic Revolution of Iran was a product of such a concern. Ayatollah Morteza Motahari, as one of the most important ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, tried to provide an account of Islam that is able to compete with new Western ideologies, particularly Marxism, in order to prevent the youth from being attracted to such ideologies. He created new meanings and notions derived from religious, traditional and even modern roots. In this paper, the main question is how the West is represented in Motahari’s political discourse. The post-colonial approach is the theoretical framework and Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis theory is the research method. The findings of the research indicate that Motahari through representation and creation of otherness draws an identity boundary between “us” (Iranians) and the other (the West), and represents the latter with signifiers such as imperialist, exploiter, evil, cruel and darkness.

In this paper, the characteristics of three-dimensional incompressible flows were obtained along with artificial compressibility of Chorin. At first, compatibility equations and pseudo characteristics for three-dimensional flows were derived. Results showed that pseudo sound speed in incompressible flow is a function of compressibility parameter and the direction. The speed of sound is constant in compressible flows. By numerical solution of characteristics, four-dimensional pseudo hyper Mach cone was obtained. A code in MATLAB has been written to obtain numerical solution. In two-dimensional flows, one has three-dimensional Mach cone, instead of four dimensional one. This cross section is circle for compressible flows. In this work, natural and forced convections, were simulated in different dimensionless numbers: Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers. For these simulations, a new code has been written in FORTRAN. In the last part of this research, the influence of compressible parameter on accuracy and convergence was surveyed.

In present study, experimental measurements and mathematical modeling were employed to investigate the different parameters, such as temperature of different parts of oven, natural gas consumption, flue gases temperature and portion of different heat transfer mechanisms during baking, in two different traditional flatbread bakeries called Sangak (/sӑngӑk/) and Barbari (/bӑrbӑri/). In all studied ovens, the bread receives the energy from natural and forced convections, conduction, and radiation (volumetric and surface radiation). The main aim of this study is introduction of a numerical simulation in order to investigate and validate the flatbread bakery ovens. This validation has resulted in to analyze different bakery ovens using numerical methods and consequently reduce the experiments costs. Due to fulfill this demand two numerical models are used and solved using control volume method based on SIMPLE algorithm and RNG k-ε method. The obtained results showed that numerical solution can make a reliable result in case of modeling bakery ovens, because of a good agreement between numerical and experimental results with the maximum error of 12.57%.

Background and Purpose:

Hiccups are common and transitory complaints that affect a person's quality of life, especially when they get chronic or recur frequently. Treatment of hiccups includes the elimination of underlying causes, physical and pharmaceutical therapies and the use of complementary medicine. Persian medicine with a thousand years of experience offers precious practical skills for the treatment of a host of health problems. The purpose of this comparative study is to review the causes, diagnosis and treatment of hiccups from Persian medicine’s Perspective and the achievements of modern medicine.

Methods and Materials:

This is a literature Comparative study conducted on the Comprehensive traditional and Islamic medicine software and using the keywords "Fovaq" and "Hakhak" meaning hiccups. Also, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database for Hiccups, Hiccough and Singultus. To find equivalents for old names of plants appropriate for the treatment of the hiccups in modern taxonomy, two botany references and electronic databases, namely, the United States Department of Agriculture and The Plantlist.org were used.

Causes for hiccups from Persian medicine’s viewpoint include diet causes, inappropriate lifestyle, hepatic and gastroesophageal reasons, drugs and poisons, abdominal penetrating injuries and diseases of other organs. Treatment for hiccups according to Persian medicine includes non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical treatments. These causes and treatments were matched with findings of modern medicine. Also, 29 medicinal plants used as oral, inhaled, and local remedies were also listed.

Although the classification of diseases in Persian medicine is fundamentally different from modern medicine, the approach, taking history, and many non-pharmacological treatments are in line with modern medicine. The present study is also the first to include reports for occurrence of hiccups following abdominal penetrating injuries and some types of headache. The medicinal plants recommended for hiccups treatment in Persian medicine could be evaluated for their efficiency through clinical trials in further studies.

In this research, a theoretical model is presented to investigate the density wave oscillations (DWOs), in two horizontal parallel channels with lumped parameter model based on two phase homogeneous hypothesis. The parallel channel is composed of the entrance section, heating section and outlet section and the model consists of the boiling channel model, pressure drop model, parallel channel model, constructive model and inertia and compressibility effects, while subcooled boiling effect is neglected and the governing equations are solved by Gear method. The model is validated with experimental data of a single channel flow instability experiment. Then the flow instability in twin channel system is studied under different conditions. This model can analyze the effects of external parameters, such as fluid inertia and compressible gases on the stability margins of density wave oscillations. The results show that, the fluid inertia and compressible gases can significantly change the stability margins of two parallel channels; in fact, the stability behavior of two parallel channel system improves with increasing the inlet inertia and outlet compressibility but, increasing the outlet inertia and inlet compressibility have negative effects the system stability.

Breakfast skipping was related to obesity and obesity has been associated with psychological disorders, but limited data are available linking breakfast consumption to psychological symptoms.
The association between breakfast consumption and psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety, was studied among Iranian adults.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 4378 healthy adults in Isfahan, Iran. Breakfast consumption was assessed using a validated detailed dietary habits’ questionnaire; and depression and anxiety using an Iranian validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Psychological distress was also examined by means of Iranian validated version of General Health Questionnaire.
Findings: Overall, 611 numbers (13.95%) of study participants had anxiety, 1253 numbers (28.62%) depression, and 1015 numbers (23.18%) probable mental disorders symptoms. After controlling for the confounding variables, participants with every day breakfast consumption had lower odds for depression symptoms (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.36-0.66) compared with those with the least frequent intake of breakfast, even after further adjustment for BMI (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.34-0.63). Frequent breakfast consumption was inversely associated with anxiety before and after controlling for BMI (P This study showed an inverse relation between breakfast consumption and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and probable mental disorders among Iranian adults. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Although lifestyle-related factors have separately been examined in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), there is no epidemiologic data on the combined association of lifestyle factors with these conditions. We aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle factors were associated with functional dyspepsia (FD), its symptoms and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a large group of Iranian adults.
This descriptive -analytic study was conducted on 3363 Iranian adults (19-70 yr), whom were working in 50 health centers across Isfahan province in Iran during 2012. We used easy non-random sampling to select participants. The “healthy lifestyle score” for each participant was calculated by summing up the binary score given for five lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, dietary intakes, psychological distress, smoking and physical activity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire, General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. A validated Persian version of ROME III questionnaire was used, to assess functional gastrointestinal disorders.
The prevalence of FD and GERD among study participants was 14.5 and 23.6%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle had 79 and 74% lower odds of FD (95% CI: 0.05-0.92, OR: 0.21, P=0.03) and GERD (95% CI: 0.09-0.69, OR: 0.26, P=0.01), respectively, compared with those with the lowest score. They were also less likely to have early satiation (95% CI: 0.11-0.73, OR: 0.28, P=0.001), postprandial fullness (95% CI: 0.09-0.50, OR: 0.22, P This study showed that adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower odds of GERD, FD and its symptoms in this group of Iranian adults. Individual lifestyle-related factors were also associated with these conditions.

Paternal death may have a detrimental effect on the psychological determinants including happiness of people particularly adolescents. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the positive effects of solution-oriented group teaching on happiness in fatherless female adolescents.
This was a semi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group design. All fatherless female students living in Isfahan in 2014-15 were included in this study.. In order to select the sample size, 40 students were selected using a convenient and simple sampling method and were then randomly divided into two groups of 20. While the experimental group received the solution-oriented approach as a therapeutic intervention for 8 weekly sessions of ninety-minute, the control group received nothing. Oxford’s happiness questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The collected data were analyzed through ANOVA with repeated measurements via SPSS 19.
The results revealed that solution-oriented group teaching had a positive effective on the happiness of fatherless female adolescents at the posttest and follow-up stages (p According to the results of the current study along with other known interventions and also the present standards, solution-oriented teaching method can be employed to increase the fatherless adolescents’ happiness.

Association of a combination of lifestyle-related factors and mental health is less studied in earlier studies, especially in Middle Eastern countries.
This study aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle-related factors is related to depression and anxiety in a large group of middle-age Isfahani population.
In a cross-sectional study in 2012 on 3363 Isfahani adults (19-70 yr), a healthy lifestyle score was constructed by the use of data from dietary intakes, physical activity, smoking status, psychological distress and obesity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied to screen for anxiety and depression.
The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression among study participants were 15.2 and 30.0%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle were 93% less likely to be anxious (OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02-0.30) and 97% less likely to be depressed (OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.11), compared with those with the lowest score. In addition, non-smokers had lower odds of anxiety (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47-0.89) and depression (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.48-0.82), compared with smokers. Individuals with low levels of psychological distress had expectedly lower odds of anxiety (OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.10-0.16) and depression (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.08-0.12) than those with high levels. Individuals with a healthy diet had 25% lower odds of depression (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61-0.91) than those with a non-healthy diet.
We found evidence indicating that healthy lifestyle score was associated with lower odds of anxiety and depression in this group of Isfahani adults. Healthy diet, psychological distress, and smoking status were independent predictors of mental disorders.

The growing evidence suggest on the association between dietary patterns and obesity. This study was done to determine the relation between pattern of nutrient intake and obesity in Isfahanian adults.
In this descriptive - analytical study, dietary data were collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 8,691 subjects aged 18-55 years. Complete data of 6,724 and 5,203 adults were available for general and abdominal obesity, respectively. Daily intakes of 38 nutrients and bioactive compounds were calculated for each participant. Factor analysis was applied to derive major nutrient patterns.
Three major nutrient patterns were identified: 1) pattern high in fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamin B12, vitamin E, zinc, choline, protein, pyridoxine, phosphorus, and pantothenic acid; 2) high in thiamine, betaine, starch, folate, iron, selenium, niacin, calcium, and manganese; and 3) high in glucose, fructose, sucrose, vitamin C, potassium, dietary fiber, copper and vitamin K. Men in the highest quintile of the second pattern were less likely to be generally obese in the fully adjusted model (95% CI: 0.20-0.76, OR: 0.39, P0.05).
Nutrient patterns were significantly associated with general, but not abdominal obesity in the male Iranians participating in SEPAHAN study.

Findings from few studies that investigated the relation between dietary behaviors and obesity are inconsistent. We aimed to assess the relation between patterns of dietary habits, identified by latent class analysis (LCA) and obesity in a large sample of Iranian adults.
In a cross-sectional study on 7958 adults, dietary behaviors were assessed in five domains (meal patterns, eating rate, intra-meal fluid intake, meal-to-sleep interval and fatty foods intake) using a pretested questionnaire. LCA was applied to identify classes of diet-related practices. Anthropometric measures were assessed through the use of a validated self-reported questionnaire. General and abdominal obesities were defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 and a waist circumference ≥88 cm for women, ≥102 cm for men.
General and abdominal obesityies were prevalent in 9.7 and 27.7% of the study population, respectively. We identified three distinct classes of eating rates (moderate, moderate-to-slow and moderate-to-fast), two classes of meal patterns (­regular and irregular), two classes of intra-meal fluid intake (moderate and much intra-meal drinking), three classes of meal-to-sleep interval (short, moderate and long meal-to-sleep interval), and three classes of fatty foods intake (low, moderate and high intake of fatty foods). After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals with ‘irregular meal pattern’ were 21%, 24% and 22%, respectively more likely to be overweight/obese, abdominally overweight/obese and abdominally obese, compared with those who had a ‘regular meal pattern’. Individuals with ‘much intra-meal drinking’ had greater odds of overweight (OR: 1.37; 1.19-1.58) and obesity (OR: 1.51; 1.16-1.97) than those with ‘moderate intra-meal drinking’. Moderate intake of fatty foods was inversely associated with abdominally overweight/obese (OR: 0.85; 0.73-1.00) and abdominally obesity (OR: 0.80; 0.68-0.96) compared with ‘low intake of fatty foods’. No significant association was observed between eating rate, meal-to-sleep interval and general or abdominal obesity, after controlling for confounders.
Irregular meal pattern and much intra-meal drinking were associated with increased odds of general and abdominal obesities, whereas moderate intake of fatty foods was related to the decreased odds of central obesity among Iranian adults.

Functional Gastro Intestinal Disorder (FGID) is common disorder that has influence on all aspects of life. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness acceptance and commitment therapy on quality of life in these patients
In semi-experimental study, 30 women having FGID disorder were selected by inconvenience sampling and participants completed quality of life (SF-36) among women who referred to Isfahan Health Central Clinic, then experimental group received 8 sessions of treatment was based on acceptance and commitment. Data were analyzed by Covariance with SPSS software.
Result of analysis showed that there is significance differences between two groups in quality of life (F=12.87). This treatment also have had significant effect on the quality of life including physical function (F=30.38), role limitations for physical reasons (F=61.29), role limitations for emotional reasons (F=17.44), exhilaration (F=15.02), mental Health (F=9.3), social function (F=12.15), somatic pain (F=34.83), and general health (F=18.9) (p Acceptance and commitment therapy can improve the quality of life in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders and also can be used as treatment plan for these patients.

Nursing as a discipline and a profession is following to meet the needs of clients in clinical settings. The nurse participation and cooperation in the programs of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy has not been recorded in Iran. On the other hand, health care system needs to provide specialized care for patients under endoscopy. The aim of this study was to develop a professional curriculum for endoscopy nurse education in Iran.
This was a study to approve the content and curriculum for endoscopy nurse education in Iran using the Delphi method. This study carried out in three phases; a review of the literature on endoscopy nursing courses and training program in the world; assessment of expert groups and individuals associated with gastrointestinal endoscopy; and finally, a consensus on the curriculum of nursing endoscopy and its implementation.
Based on the endoscopy nurse training needs, eight priorities for education endoscopy nurse including theory, practical, and clinical professional was determined. Total hours of training were 210 hours, including 140 hours for theoretical and practical courses and 70 hours of clinical training. Different strategies were used to teach the theoretical and practical subjects. For theoretical teaching, lectures, group work, and self-learning were applied. Role Playing and simulation were used for practical training; and for clinical training, endoscopy clinical practice settings were determined.
This training program was based on a participant survey on the digestive endoscopy and educational needs. This educational curriculum involved learning different areas of knowledge, attitudes, and skills for nurses to train caring of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy through an inter-professional education program. These special nursing educational programs can be contributed to the professional development of Iranian nurses.

A characteristic-based approach is developed for thermo-flow with finite volume methodology (FVM) in which multidimensional characteristic (MC) scheme is applied for convective fluxes. To obtain compatibility equations and pseudo characteristics, energy equation is taken into account in the MC scheme. With this inherent upwinding technique for evaluating convective fluxes at cell interfaces, no artificial viscosity is required even at high Reynolds numbers. As benchmarks, forced convection between parallel plates and forced and mixed convection in a cavity are examined for a wide range of Reynolds, Grashof and Prandtl numbers. Results confirm the robustness of MC scheme in terms of accuracy and convergence. The results obtained by new proposed scheme are in good agreement with the standard benchmark solutions in the literature. For time descritization, fifth order Rung-Kutta and for viscous terms, the secondary cells are used. Obtained results by new characteristic method were compared by other results that were in literatures.

A‌s g‌a‌s a‌n‌d l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d f‌l‌o‌w s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌t‌a‌n‌e‌o‌u‌s‌l‌y i‌n a d‌u‌c‌t o‌r p‌i‌p‌e, d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t f‌l‌o‌w r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e‌s w‌i‌l‌l b‌e g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d. O‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e‌s‌e r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e‌s i‌s c‌a‌l‌l‌e‌d t‌h‌e s‌l‌u‌g f‌l‌o‌w, w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌s a c‌o‌m‌m‌o‌n o‌c‌c‌u‌r‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e i‌n g‌a‌s-l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d t‌w‌o-p‌h‌a‌s‌e f‌l‌o‌w i‌n d‌u‌c‌t‌s. I‌n r‌e‌c‌e‌n‌t d‌e‌c‌a‌d‌e‌s, r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h i‌n‌t‌o s‌l‌u‌g f‌l‌o‌w h‌a‌s i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f g‌a‌s a‌n‌d l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌p‌o‌r‌t, e‌s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌a‌l‌l‌y f‌o‌r a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s w‌i‌t‌h u‌n‌d‌e‌r‌s‌e‌a r‌e‌s‌e‌r‌v‌o‌i‌r o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s w‌i‌t‌h l‌o‌n‌g p‌i‌p‌e‌l‌i‌n‌e‌s. I‌n‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌b‌o‌u‌t t‌h‌e f‌l‌o‌w r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e i‌s n‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌a‌r‌y f‌o‌r t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌a‌l a‌n‌d h‌y‌d‌r‌a‌u‌l‌i‌c c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s. A‌s p‌i‌o‌n‌e‌e‌r‌s d‌e‌c‌l‌a‌r‌e‌d, o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f s‌l‌u‌g f‌l‌o‌w m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌s i‌s t‌o p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t s‌l‌u‌g f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y t‌h‌a‌t h‌a‌s n‌o‌t b‌e‌e‌n s‌o‌l‌v‌e‌d c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌t‌e‌l‌y. T‌h‌i‌s s‌u‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t i‌s a m‌a‌j‌o‌r i‌s‌s‌u‌e t‌h‌a‌t r‌e‌m‌a‌i‌n‌s u‌n‌s‌o‌l‌v‌e‌d f‌o‌r t‌w‌o-p‌h‌a‌s‌e f‌l‌o‌w i‌n p‌i‌p‌e‌s o‌r d‌u‌c‌t‌s.M‌a‌n‌y s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌s h‌a‌v‌e r‌e‌p‌o‌r‌t‌e‌d r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s t‌h‌a‌t a‌r‌e r‌e‌s‌t‌r‌i‌c‌t‌e‌d t‌o t‌h‌e‌i‌r e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s c‌a‌n i‌n‌f‌l‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e s‌l‌u‌g f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y. T‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌i‌n‌g o‌f s‌l‌u‌g f‌l‌o‌w i‌s i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t f‌o‌r s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f p‌h‌y‌s‌i‌c‌a‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r i‌n g‌a‌s-l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌f‌e‌r p‌i‌p‌e‌l‌i‌n‌e‌s d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n, p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s e‌q‌u‌i‌p‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌d, a‌l‌s‌o, s‌l‌u‌g c‌a‌t‌c‌h‌e‌r‌s.I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, a‌i‌r-w‌a‌t‌e‌r t‌w‌o-p‌h‌a‌s‌e f‌l‌o‌w i‌s s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e P‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e F‌r‌e‌e M‌o‌d‌e‌l (P‌F‌M). T‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌r‌v‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e s‌o‌l‌v‌e‌d n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l‌l‌y b‌y a c‌l‌a‌s‌s o‌f h‌i‌g‌h o‌r‌d‌e‌r s‌h‌o‌c‌k c‌a‌p‌t‌u‌r‌i‌n‌g m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s. T‌o v‌e‌r‌i‌f‌y t‌h‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌o‌u‌s n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s i‌n t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d c‌o‌d‌e (L‌a‌x- F‌r‌i‌e‌d‌r‌i‌c‌h‌s, R‌i‌t‌c‌h‌m‌y‌e‌r, F‌O‌R‌C‌E a‌n‌d F‌L‌I‌C), t‌h‌e w‌a‌t‌e‌r f‌a‌u‌c‌e‌t p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m i‌s u‌s‌e‌d. C‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s w‌i‌t‌h a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e b‌e‌n‌c‌h‌m‌a‌r‌k c‌a‌s‌e‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌s g‌o‌o‌d a‌g‌r‌e‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t. A‌s t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌e‌d c‌o‌d‌e‌s v‌e‌r‌i‌f‌i‌e‌d, t‌h‌e F‌L‌I‌C m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d i‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d t‌o s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌a‌t‌i‌f‌i‌e‌d a‌i‌r-w‌a‌t‌e‌r f‌l‌o‌w i‌n a l‌o‌n‌g h‌o‌r‌i‌z‌o‌n‌t‌a‌l c‌h‌a‌n‌n‌e‌l. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w g‌o‌o‌d a‌g‌r‌e‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t i‌n c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n w‌i‌t‌h e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l d‌a‌t‌a, w‌h‌i‌c‌h w‌a‌s c‌o‌n‌d‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌e M‌u‌l‌t‌i‌p‌h‌a‌s‌e F‌l‌o‌w L‌a‌b‌o‌r‌a‌t‌o‌r‌y o‌f T‌M‌U. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h, f‌o‌r t‌h‌e f‌i‌r‌s‌t t‌i‌m‌e, i‌t w‌a‌s f‌o‌u‌n‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e P‌F‌M u‌n‌d‌e‌r a w‌e‌l‌l-p‌o‌s‌e‌d c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n c‌o‌u‌l‌d p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t a‌n‌d e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e t‌w‌o-p‌h‌a‌s‌e f‌l‌o‌w b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r i‌n l‌o‌n‌g h‌o‌r‌i‌z‌o‌n‌t‌a‌l c‌h‌a‌n‌n‌e‌l‌s, i‌n a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o s‌l‌u‌g f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d c‌a‌p‌t‌u‌r‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e h‌y‌d‌r‌a‌u‌l‌i‌c j‌u‌m‌p, w‌h‌i‌c‌h f‌o‌r‌m‌s b‌e‌f‌o‌r‌e s‌l‌u‌g i‌n‌i‌t‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n.

G‌a‌s-l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d \ t‌w‌o-p‌h‌a‌s‌e \ f‌l‌o‌w o‌c‌c‌u‌r‌s \ f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌t‌l‌y i‌n \ m‌a‌n‌y c‌a‌s‌e‌s o‌f i‌n‌d‌u‌s‌t‌r‌y, d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g o‌n t‌h‌e g‌e‌o‌m‌e‌t‌r‌y o‌f t‌h‌e d‌u‌c‌t, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e t‌o‌p‌o‌g‌r‌a‌p‌h‌y o‌f t‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌f‌a‌c‌e w‌h‌i‌c‌h c‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌s d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t f‌l‌o‌w r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e‌s. T‌h‌e T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t p‌o‌s‌s‌i‌b‌l‌e p‌a‌t‌t‌e‌r‌n‌s t‌h‌a‌t e‌x‌i‌s‌t o‌v‌e‌r a w‌i‌d‌e r‌a‌n‌g‌e o‌f g‌a‌s-l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d f‌l‌o‌w r‌a‌t‌e‌s. I‌t i‌s c‌h‌a‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌r‌i‌z‌e‌d b‌y t‌h‌e m‌o‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f a‌n e‌l‌o‌n‌g‌a‌t‌e‌d b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e a‌m‌o‌n‌g a c‌o‌n‌t‌i‌n‌u‌o‌u‌s z‌o‌n‌e o‌f l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d. T‌h‌e t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌i‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌d i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌t‌t‌e‌n‌t n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e o‌f t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e c‌a‌u‌s‌e‌s s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e‌s o‌f p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e i‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e t‌h‌e c‌h‌a‌n‌n‌e‌l a‌n‌d i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌s t‌h‌e f‌a‌t‌i‌g‌u‌e a‌n‌d c‌o‌r‌r‌o‌s‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e c‌h‌a‌n‌n‌e‌l w‌a‌l‌l. I‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h, f‌o‌r i‌t‌s h‌i‌g‌h i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e, t‌h‌e f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y o‌f T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e‌s w‌a‌s i‌n‌v‌e‌s‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e‌d i‌n a l‌a‌r‌g‌e b‌e‌n‌d w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌r‌e‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌c‌u‌t‌i‌v‌e i‌n‌c‌l‌i‌n‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s. A‌t f‌i‌r‌s‌t, t‌h‌e f‌l‌o‌w r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e‌s a‌n‌d f‌l‌o‌w d‌i‌a‌g‌r‌a‌m‌s o‌f t‌h‌e i‌n‌c‌l‌i‌n‌e‌d s‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, a‌s w‌e‌l‌l a‌s t‌h‌e h‌o‌r‌i‌z‌o‌n‌t‌a‌l s‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n, i‌n t‌h‌e u‌p‌s‌t‌r‌e‌a‌m o‌f t‌h‌e b‌e‌n‌d, w‌e‌r‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d. I‌t w‌a‌s n‌o‌t‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e a‌r‌e‌a s‌t‌a‌y‌e‌d u‌n‌c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h‌o‌u‌t t‌h‌e c‌h‌a‌n‌n‌e‌l s‌l‌o‌p‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t, a‌n‌d t‌h‌r‌e‌e a‌r‌e‌a‌s w‌e‌r‌e a‌l‌s‌o c‌o‌i‌n‌c‌i‌d‌e‌n‌t. A‌s t‌h‌e b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e‌s m‌e‌r‌g‌e a‌n‌d t‌h‌e b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e c‌o‌l‌l‌a‌p‌s‌e p‌h‌e‌n‌o‌m‌e‌n‌o‌n d‌o‌e‌s n‌o‌t o‌c‌c‌u‌r, t‌h‌e s‌l‌o‌p‌e c‌h‌a‌n‌g‌e o‌f t‌h‌e c‌h‌a‌n‌n‌e‌l d‌o‌e‌s n‌o‌t a‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t t‌h‌e T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y. A d‌e‌t‌a‌i‌l‌e‌d e‌x‌p‌l‌a‌n‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌s g‌i‌v‌e‌n o‌n T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n i‌n t‌h‌e b‌e‌n‌d d‌u‌e t‌o s‌l‌u‌g f‌l‌o‌w, w‌h‌i‌c‌h w‌a‌s g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e u‌p‌s‌t‌r‌e‌a‌m o‌f t‌h‌e b‌e‌n‌d. T‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f g‌a‌s a‌n‌d l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d f‌l‌o‌w r‌a‌t‌e‌s o‌n T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y i‌n t‌h‌e b‌e‌n‌d, a‌s w‌e‌l‌l a‌s s‌l‌u‌g f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y a‌t u‌p‌s‌t‌r‌e‌a‌m o‌f t‌h‌e b‌e‌n‌d, w‌a‌s a‌l‌s‌o c‌o‌n‌d‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t s‌t‌u‌d‌y. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t a‌n i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n g‌a‌s f‌l‌o‌w r‌a‌t‌e d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌s t‌h‌e T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y i‌n t‌h‌e w‌h‌o‌l‌e r‌a‌n‌g‌e o‌f l‌i‌q‌u‌i‌d f‌l‌o‌w r‌a‌t‌e‌s. I‌n t‌h‌e f‌l‌o‌w‌s w‌i‌t‌h $R‌e_{s‌l}$ $$ 22000. F‌i‌n‌a‌l‌l‌y, c‌o‌r‌r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s w‌e‌r‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d t‌o e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e T‌a‌y‌l‌o‌r b‌u‌b‌b‌l‌e f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌y, b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n p‌h‌a‌s‌e s‌u‌p‌e‌r‌f‌i‌c‌i‌a‌l R‌e‌y‌n‌o‌l‌d‌s n‌u‌m‌b‌e‌r. T‌h‌e‌s‌e c‌o‌r‌r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌r‌e i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t f‌o‌r f‌l‌o‌w r‌e‌g‌i‌m‌e e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, i‌n a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o t‌h‌e l‌a‌c‌k o‌f s‌i‌m‌i‌l‌a‌r s‌u‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t m‌a‌t‌t‌e‌r i‌n t‌h‌e l‌i‌t‌e‌r‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e.

Periodontitis is an important oral disease. Stem cell therapy has found its way in treatment of many diseases. To evaluate the regenerative potential of periodontal ligament-derived stem cells (PDLSCs) and osteoblast differentiated from PDLSC in comparison with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and pre-osteoblasts in calvarial defects. After proving the existence of surface markers by flow cytometry, BM-MSCs were differentiated into osteoblasts. 5 defects were made on rabbit calvaria. 3 of them were first covered with collagen membrane and then with BM-MSCs, PDLSCs, and pre-osteoblasts. The 4th defect was filled with collagen membrane and the 5th one was served as control. After 4 weeks, histological (quantitative) and histomorphological (qualitative) surveys were performed. Both cell lineages were positive for CD-90 cell marker, which was specifically related to stem cells. Alizarin red staining was done for showing mineral material. RT-PCR set up for the expression of Cbfa1 gene, BMP4 gene, and PGLAP gene, confirmed osteoblast differentiation. The findings indicated that although PDLSCs and pre-osteoblasts could be used for bone regeneration, the rate of regeneration in BM-MSCs-treated cavities was more significant (p<0.0001). The obtained results are probably attributable to the effective micro-environmental signals caused by different bone types and the rate of cell maturation.

In this study, the compression cooling cycle was simulated by EES software for the purpose of cooling at the hot climate regions of Iran. In these simulations, different compressors with different efficiencies were considered. The working fluid was R134a which is more compatible with the environment. The calculations were conducted for the compression cooling cycle and both the coefficient of performance (COP) and the consumption of electrical energy in the compressors were determined for a four-story building located at Bandar Abass with the construction area of 300m2. At the second step, the possibility of substitution of compression cooling cycle with a solar absorption cooling cycle was studied and the required surface of solar collectors to supply the required heat for the generator in the absorption chiller was calculated. The calculations showed that with the utilization of solar collectors with appropriate surfaces and supplying the required thermal energy for the absorption cooling cycle with the free of cost solar energy, it is possible to decrease the consumption of electrical energy for the cooling of buildings at the hot climate regions of Iran to zero.

Few studies have assessed the relationship between tooth loss and upper gastro-intestinal (GI) disorders including functional dyspepsia (FD) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dental status and FD, its components and GERD among a large group of Iranian adults. In a cross-sectional study on 4109 Isfahanian adults, dental status was evaluated and participants were categorized into three main groups: those with full dentition, individuals who had lost 1-5 teeth and those who had lost >5 teeth. FD, its components (early satiation, postprandial fullness and epigastric pain) and GERD were defined using Rome III criteria. The relationship between dental status and gastrointestinal disorders was examined using logistic regression in different models and P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found no significant association between dental status, FD and GERD. However, individuals who had lost 1-5 teeth and >5 teeth had 1.34 and 2.09 times the risk of early satiation, respectively. In addition, individuals who had lost 1-5 teeth were 1.24 times more likely to have postprandial fullness and epigastric pain. Stratified analyses by gender also revealed a significant association between dental status and GERD as well as FD in females; such that those who had lost 1-5 teeth had 1.33 times the chance for GERD and those who had lost >5 teeth were 2.01 times more likely to have FD, compared with those with full dentition. We found significant positive associations between tooth loss, GERD and FD in women, but not in men. We also found significant relationships between tooth loss and components of FD, especially early satiety in whole population.

Introduction & Although several dietary factors have been reported to alleviate or ag-gravate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)، no information is available linking dietary patterns to irritable bowel syndrome. This study was undertaken to assess the association between dietary patterns and the risk of irritable bowel syndrome among Ira-nian adults. In this cross-sectional study، data on 3846 Iranian general adults working in 50 different health centers were examined. Dietary intake of the participants was assessed using a 106-item self-administered Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Question-naire (DS-FFQ) which was designed and validated specifically for Iranian adults. A modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire was used for assessment of FGIDs، including IBS، which was defined according to ROME III criteria. To identify major dietary patterns based on the 39 food groups، we used principal component analysis. We identified four major dietary patterns: 1) “fast food” dietary pattern; 2) “tradi-tional” dietary pattern; 3) “lacto-vegetarian” dietary pattern; 4) “western” dietary pattern. Af-ter adjustment for potential confounders، we found that those in the highest quartile of “fast food” dietary pattern tended to have higher risk of IBS than those in the lowest quartile (1. 32; 0. 99، 1. 75، Ptrend=0. 05). An inverse association was found between “lacto-vegetarian” die-tary pattern and risk of IBS; such that even after adjustment for potential confounders، those in top quartile of this dietary pattern were 24% less likely to have IBS (0. 76; 0. 59، 0. 98; Ptrend=0. 02). No overall significant associations were observed between “traditional” and “western” dietary patterns and risk of IBS، either before or after adjustment for covariates. We found that “lacto-vegetarian” dietary pattern was associated with reduced risk، while “fast food” dietary pattern was associated with a greater risk of IBS in Iranian adults.

In this study, the folate decorated biodegradable poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles were developed for tumor targeting of anticancer agents. Due to the overexpression of the folate receptor on tumor surface, the folate has been efficiently employed as a targeting moiety for various anticancer agents to avoid their non-specific attacks on normal tissues and also to increase their cellular uptake within target cells. Folate conjugate PLGA was synthesized successfully and its chemical structure was evaluated by FTIR, DSC and 1HNMR spectroscopy. PLGA-folate nanoparticles (PLGA-Fol NPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation method, adopting PLGA as a drug carrier, folic acid as a targeting ligand and 9-nitrocampthotecin as a model anticancer drug. The average size and encapsulation efficiency of the prepared PLGA-Fol NPs were found to be around 115 12 nm and 57%, respectively. In vitro release profile indicated that nearly 85% of the drug was released in 50 h. The in vitro intracellular uptakes of PLGA-Fol NPs showed greater cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines compared to non-folate mediated carriers.

Cadmium is an important industrial and environmental pollutant. Cadmium is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals to organisms. This heavy metal mainly distributes to the liver and kidney in humans and animal and, causing acute hepatic injury. Experimental: The ethanol extract of Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae family), was evaluated for its activity against cadmium–induced in male Wister rats (150 – 180 g). The ethanol extract of S. hortensis (100 and 200 mg/kg/day for six weeks) was examined on serum bicochemical and hepatic histopathological characteristic of rats subcutaneously received with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at 3 mg/kg/day for six weeks. The biochemical results indicated that aspartate transminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) significantly increased in serum by cadmium–induced. The liver histopathological results revealed that the ethanol extract of S. hortensis treatment at 200 mg/kg/day significantly reduced toxicity by cadmium–induced. The ethanol extract of S. hortensis prevents the cadmium–induced lesions in hepatic function. Recommended applications/industries: Known antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihepatotoxic, nephroprotective potentials of the extract of S. hortensis may be the mechanisms by which this plant protects animals against experimentally cadmium–induced.

The study of energy balance in agriculture is one of the ways to evaluation of sustainable agriculture. In this study, energy flow in local and improved rice farms was evaluated in Gilan province during 2005 & 2006. The analysis done to use the input–output technique. Results indicated that N fertilizer had most share in energy consumption (without irrigation energy). Total energy input in improved and local rice cultivars were 25214.41 and 22329.47 MJ.ha-1, respectively and output energy value of improved and local cultivars was 83790 and 61005 MJ.ha-1, respectively. The results showed that although net return in improved rice cultivars was higher than local rice cultivars, The highest benefit cost ratio value observed for local cultivars (1.01).

Introduction & Substance abuse and opioid dependency refers to hazardous use of psychoactive substance. Prevention and treatment of opiate dependence has not been success-ful. Most effective drug in agonist treatment of opiates is methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).But the lack of cooperation of addicts in methadone maintenance therapy has always been a big problem to continue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the retention in the MMT. This historical cohort study analyzed the medical records of patients of Baharan hospital in Zahedan. All 912 cases of methadone maintenance clinic of Baharan hos-pital in Zahedan 2011-2012 were studied and the data were analyzed using SPSS. Tables and indexes were analyzed by the Chi-square test and survival curves were plotted using Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed by Log-Rank test. This study reviewed records from 912 patients with a mean age of 34.67% and stan-dard deviation of 10.88 and the range of 15-86 years. 735 were male and 177 ware female. 1-moth retention rate was 71%, 3 months was 59%, 6 months was 47%, 1 year was 30% and 2 years was 17%. Kaplan-Meier median survival time of 8 months was estimated by relation-ship. Doses higher than 60 mg/d of methadone was associated with increased survival on MMT. Age increase, increase of employment time, increasing of the duration of drug abuse, increasing the daily dose of methadone, oral substance abuse increased retention rate and heroin abuse and smoking were associated with decrease retention rate of methadone maintenance therapy. So, with an emphasis on each of these factors effective steps can be taken to improve the cooperation of patients in MMT.