afsaneh samadi

The topic of breathing is a biochemical process that takes place in the human body and is one of the main topics of biology textbooks in the second period of high school.Considering the interdisciplinary identity of this subject and its importance as an applied subject, its teaching method is very vital and requires the creativity and attention of the teacher. The respiration process has stages, each of which is performed in a part of the cell, and each stage is performed by specific enzymes with specific performance conditions that the teacher by mastering the interdisciplinary teaching methods (biology-chemistry) can play an important role in the Process of teaching-learning of the students. The teacher's teaching method in the mentioned learning process should be active and student-centered, and the students themselves should actively participate in learning. Collaborative and integrated teaching methods can be successful in this field. Participatory method is one of the active teaching methods in which lesson concepts are meaningfully presented with the participation of small groups of students and in addition to increasing knowledge, it increases the social and moral skills of students.

Biology is one of the most important lessons in science that has closely related to important knowledge topics, including the structure of the body of the beings and their creation. Therefore, anyone with any specialization needs to learn of this strategic field. In this review the author has tried to describe and analyze the subject from a variety of dimensions by studying and scrutinizing multiple articles and personal experiences. The subject of creativity has great importance for all disciplines, especially the specialized disciplines. Traditional education of biology prevents the development of critical thinking in students and causes a deep gap between the planned and implemented curriculum. Therefore, the evolution in teaching and guiding it to creativity is essential. Learning difficulties in biology, teaching patterns, challenging issues and curriculum defects are important challenges to the study of biology. Amplification of problem solving, discovering new relationships between concepts, and using the combining education method are mentioned strategies in this article. Creative education improves brain function and reduces stress that contributes to increased learning.

Hairy root induction in plants has affected by many factors including type, age of explant and bacterial strain. In the present study, the effects of bacterial strains (A4, C58, 15834 and GM), two concentrations (OD600= 0.5 and 1) and two explants (leaves and stems) in hairy root induction of C. blumei were investigated. According to the results of this study, the four strains showed different abilities to induce hairy root. The highest percent of induced roots (85%) was seen in explant treated with C58 strain, at OD600= 0.5 and the lowest induced roots (5%) by using of GM strain at OD600 = 1 and stem explants observed. The highest number of hairy roots per explant (12.94) has shown in leaf explant of leaf inoculated with C58 strain at (OD600 = 0.5) and the lowest number of hairy roots (1/1) was obtained from stem segments treated with GM strain at (OD600 = 1). According to the results of the analysis of variance, the effects of double reciprocal of strain in the concentration and strain in the explant was significant at a 1% probability level. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis using the role gene was performed for identification of the transformed hairy roots. In the lines of transgenic hairy roots, a sharp band of 304‑bp was amplified, but no such amplicon was observed in the untransformed root (negative control) sample. The results of this study indicated that the type of bacteria strain, explant type, and bacterial concentration are important factors in hairy roots induction.

Elicitors could be used as the enhancer of plant secondary-metabolite synthesis and could play an important role in biosynthetic pathways of important medicinal compounds. The present study investigated the effect of abiotic elicitor (fungal extract of Fusarium graminearum) and two abiotic elicitors (methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid) at different concentrations in 18- and 30-day-old cultures of hairy roots infected with two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A13 and 9534. The hairy roots were harvested 48 and 96 h after inoculation. Polymerase chain reaction analysis (PCR) with specific primers rolB and virD genes was performed to confirm the transgenic hairy roots production. Detection and identification of lignan was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results of PCR analysis showed diagnostic bands 780 bp in size related to specific reproduction of rolB gene. Also maximum lignan production for each elicitor was as follow: fungal extract at 1% v/v (12.87 ± 0.66 and 89.65 ± 3.9 mg/gr DW ± SD podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively for), methyl jasmonat at 100 μm (11.37± 0.65 and 75.65 ± 3.9 mg/gr DW± SD for podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively), and salicylic acid at 200 μm (7.97 ± 0.33 and 51.68 ±2.1 mg/gr DW ± SD for podophyllotoxin and 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin, respectively). Important factors such as strain of agrobacterium (A13), duration of exposure time (48 h), and age of culture (18-day-old culture) affected lignan accumulation.

The roots and rhizomes of Valeriana (Valerianaofficinalis L.) are rich with valuable metabolites such as valerenic acid and valepotriates are used as mild sedatives. The aim of the present study was to investigatethe effect of four levels of calcium and potassium compounds (half, full, 2 and 4-fold) of normal Murashige and Skoog (MS) media including KI and CaCl2on ValerianaofficinalisL. hairy roots for scaling-up producing valerenic acid. Various explants of 42-day-old sterile seedlings derived from V. officinaliswere used for a genetic transformation viaAgrobacterium rhizogenesA13strain.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and genes primers ofrolB and virDwere conducted to confirm the transgenic nature of the roots and that the roots were bacteria-free. Then,the hairy root cultures of V. officinaliswere maintained in the media for investigations of valerenic acid production ability. After 35 days the valerenic acid content in hairy roots was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the best yielding conditions.The highest valerenic acid (0.69±0.03 mg/g DW) accumulation was obtained from hairy roots culturedin2-fold of calcium media, which was1.92 times higher than normal culture (0.36± 0.01 mg/g DW). The results of this experiment also showed that application of double (880 mg/l) calcium in mediahad a positive effect on growth of transformed hairy roots.The results revealed that calcium concentration in the MS medium may be used for the intensification of the valerenic acid productionin Valerianaofficinalis hairy roots cultures.