afshin zargar

The statement of the second step has opened a new chapter of drawing the future in the Islamic Republic of Iran.The future of a civilization based on identity values is a realistic ideal with the recognition of the capacities that can be used to advance the realizable future.paying attention to important Civilizing factors such as human and material resources,intelligence in policy making we will try to analyze one of the most important factors,the economy.Why is the economy Strong and efficient,it has a role beyond the field of economy and can itself be a security generator for the society.In this article,the question is:What is the role of the economy in the realization of the Islamic civilization?The hypothesis is:"Economy,as one of the most important aspects of society,plays a key and security role in the realization of modern Islamic civilization."In this regard,we will use the analytical-explanatory method while taking advantage of related theories.

This article criticizes the process of nation-state building in Iran based on the facts in the country's political structure and specifies the factors affecting the non-formation of nation-state building in Iran on what mechanisms are based and why this category is in the Islamic Republic. Iran has not succeeded. The most important assumption should be made on the structure and the transnational nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its intellectual foundations, because this structure, behind its political ideology, which came from the Islamic Revolution of Iran and religious teachings, rather than the concepts of national unification emanating from history, The culture, language and mythological system existing in a common geographical border relies on values and principles that are transnational and global and can influence from a small group to the whole world. In this article, the descriptive-analytical method of the library type is used to study the texts, books and articles using the fishing technique.

Recently, the construction and use of completely independent systems with artificial intelligence has been done autonomously in practice, and in the near future they will be used on a wide scale, and these systems will have the ability to select and identify their targets completely automatically. and to carry out their mission without control and involvement of human agents. The prospect of the development of these systems has caused concerns among experts and experts in this field, and their fear is that these systems will not be able to harmonize with international legal standards. This research tries to examine the legal status of autonomous weapons in the light of the principles of humanitarian rights, to show that despite the belief of some robotics scientists, artificial intelligence will never be able to respect the principles of humanitarian rights, and without a doubt, if complete independence is given to this Weapons and the complete removal of humans from the decision-making chain, international law will once again face serious and new challenges. One of the questions that comes to mind is that if one of these systems commits a war crime or violates humanitarian rights, which person or persons will be responsible for it, and what is the role of international institutions in resolving the resulting disputes. In this field, international law is facing difficulties

The advent of technology and related approaches has brought about changes in all areas of humanity, of which the international system is no exception. Among the types of technologies, emerging technologies with their characteristics have had important effects on international issues and have made changes in the relations of political sphere actors. Among the various emerging technologies, "Artificial Intelligence" has become more popular due to its capabilities. With a descriptive-explanatory method and by examining and explaining the functions of artificial intelligence technology, this paper seeks to answer the question of what changes this technology causes in the national security of states. From the present study, it can be seen that although artificial intelligence is growing day by day in all areas of human life and governance, but this technology is not inherently a threat to the security of states and, therefore, leads states to consider a new area of artificial intelligence and its applications in their national security strategies, and requires them to anticipate the necessary funding for research and development in this area.

If once the issue of "water war" was mainly considered in the writings of researchers for the future, now that future has become a reality and the world is actually involved in water war in different places. The Middle East and the Mesopotamia in its heart are not doing well in this regard, and we have been witnessing the effects of this drought and its crisis in the occurrence of intra-border and cross-border conflicts for years, and Syria and Iraq are prime examples of this. Perhaps two categories of factors can be considered in this context, the first is the natural factor, although the governments have aggravated it with their wrong plans and policies, and the second is completely done by human intervention, which has disrupted the ecosystem cycle and caused serious environmental problems. Created. One of the wrong policies and programs has been diverting water streams and creating numerous dams without planning and foresight. One of these noisy and harmful policies and programs is Turkey's water super projects, especially the Gap project, which has caused acute environmental problems for the downstream countries, namely Iraq and Syria, and then Iran, with the construction of various dams on the Tigris and Euphrates. The GAP project has many effects and environmental consequences, and this article tries to study this issue in a glance of international law, and while examining the legal dimensions of Turkey's actions, its security and environmental effects for the downstream countries will be determined. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals specified in this article, this central question will be addressed: "What are the security and environmental effects of Turkey's hydroelectricity (with emphasis on the GAP project) for the neighbors of this country (Syria, Iraq and Iran)?"

Following the expansion of competitions from earth to outer space, and increase in the number of space players, the 21st century world sees the expansion of space competitions to the level of regions such as the Middle East. In addition to the changes that have occurred in the position of the great powers in the area of space activities, the confrontation with the emergence of regional players has also given a new shape to space competitions in benefiting from space advantages and influencing in this area and has drawn new space age in a different way. This article, with a pluralistic approach and in a fundamental research, pursues the answer to the question of how space has become an important aspect of the competition of emerging players in the Middle East in the New Space Age? The findings of this research by examining the strategies and latest space activities that reflect the spread of the ambitions of the leading space powers to the newcomers in this area such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Israel, Turkey, Qatar in the Middle East. It shows that these actors, who have taken their first space steps in cooperation with the space powers, are trying to reduce their distance with the space leaders and improve their position in the region through space successes, and the result is a change in the nature of space power.

Within the framework of realism, hegemony requires the use of certain instruments such as the international law to maintain its legitimacy and institutionalize its values. In fact, the stability of a hegemonic order and the continuation of the current situation could be really advantageous. Legitimization through the implementation of the international law has proven efficient in stabilizing the superior positions of the dominant countries. Known as central players in international politics to consolidate power, governments are immersed in the calculation of profits and costs. Hence, they prefer cooperation to favor their national interests. However, liberalism plays an undisputed role in developing the international law to establish ever-lasting peace. By tying the realization of international peace to the legitimacy of representative systems and the internal components of states, liberalism has opened an opportunity to improve human rights. Assuming that liberal international solidarity and peace are established through good governance at a domestic level, this paper aims to determine whether the approach of liberalism to the international law has managed to enhance the standards of governance in the community. For this purpose, the research literature was reviewed to collect data from documents, books, articles, websites, and other Internet-based sources. Finally, liberalism was introduced as a theoretical foundation of good governance to globalize the norms of the human rights in a bid to standardize governance, analyze the rise of liberal governments, and ensure and enforce the human rights.

The Southeast Anatolia Project (GAP) began in the 1970s to generate energy and irrigate arid lands through the construction of dams and hydropower plants on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and extensive irrigation networks in southeastern Turkey. Over time, the project expanded to achieve a wider range of goals in different fields and fundamentally transformed the Southeast Anatolia region. It is also widely claimed that GAP has an impact on the environmental security of the three countries of Iraq, Syria and Iran, and that security considerations and political calculations in the region are the reason for the GAP project. However, this supposed link between the Gap and the region's environmental security has often been viewed in a simplistic manner, and the question of how the two are linked – or not – has remained unanswered until now. The purpose of this article is to fill this research gap and examine the complex and multi-dimensional nature of the interrelationship between the GAP project and the environmental issue of the region based on various primary and secondary data sources Accordingly, the article identifies and discusses the major narratives in which the gap is imagined as an environmental threat and political conspiracy.

International non-governmental organizations, in addition to their role of legal oversight in the normative development of human rights, also have the function of judicial oversight, which plays a very important role in the normalization of human rights and its development. These organizations support victims by filing lawsuits in the judiciary, and by attracting public attention and directing it, prepare the ground for interaction or confrontation with governments and other human rights violators. They have an important role to play in ensuring and enforcing international law, and the involvement of international non-governmental organizations in litigation is a challenging issue in many respects. Do they have or in other cases can they file a lawsuit in international courts as a supporter of human rights? To what extent has the filing of lawsuits by international non-governmental organizations been accepted by international judicial institutions? In this article, the role of these organizations in filing a lawsuit based on international rules and also the impact of the activities of international non-governmental organizations in this regard on the normative development of international human rights will be analyzed and examined.

Science and technology have undergone significant transformations in the 21st century. The rapid growth of science in this century has given rise to a new type of technology known as emerging technology, which is constantly evolving and is closely linked to previous technologies. This study focused on three instances of emerging technologies, i.e., artificial intelligence (AI), 3D printing, and space technology. Governments have always been in endless competition with other actors to enhance their power and national security. Hence, the descriptive-explanatory method was used in this study to discuss the opportunities and threats of emerging technologies and find an answer to the following question: how do emerging technologies play a role in the security and national power of countries, and what are the threats and opportunities in this field? Since several factors can affect the process of gaining and promoting national security and power, the main objective of this study was to determine the effects of emerging technologies on the countries’ national security and power. The findings showed that emerging technologies, similar to other tools available to the international system actors, can bring their own opportunities and threats. Therefore, all the international system actors need to take advantage of existing capacities to turn all threats into opportunities and use them to the benefit of their national interests.

Today, the Republic of Georgia has attracted many regional and international actors and has regained its extraordinary historical importance. Georgia, once a haven for Russia and the Soviet Union, has long been a battleground for regional actors. The world seeks to be present, to influence and to secure its own interests as much as possible. In order to better understand the importance of this region for the great powers, especially the United States and Russia, and Georgia's tendencies towards each of these two powers, the goals of these two powers in the South Caucasus region are examined. Leading research raises the question of which East and West power Georgia has been leaning towards since 2008. And the effect of this orientation in relation to Iran will be pointed out. In fact, this descriptive-analytical study examines the hypothesis that Georgia has incentives to cooperate with NATO. The Republic of Georgia seems to see the presence of NATO as a prelude to Europeanization, preferably receiving more funding. As a result, it can be said that among the two trans-regional actors, the role of the United States seems more prominent than the others. The United States has regional interests in Georgia

The root of legitimacy must be sought in the political sciences, and since international law is closely related to this science, and especially international relations, the legitimacy of the state will inevitably emerge in international law. There are various theories on the indicators and criteria of government legitimacy in contemporary international law and on what basis they are based. Sometimes the legitimacy of the government intersects with the rights of the people, in which case identifying the criteria for the legitimacy of the government seems very complicated, including civil war in countries. The extent to which the government relies on the element of legitimacy will be at odds with issues such as the right to self-determination and humanitarian law. In countries such as Afghanistan and Yemen, there are militant groups and armed activities and struggles against the ruling government that the ruling governments, based on legitimacy, deal with them militarily and suppress them, or the ruling governments or groups. Insurgent groups seek help from other countries and invite them to intervene in the internal affairs of that country. The question now is, where does the legitimacy of such governments come from and is it compatible with contemporary international law?

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's foreign policy was based on its geography, and so developments in the newly formed republics were tied to its security and strategic issues. Ukraine and the South Caucasus region are close as Russia's strategic regions abroad, and from the Russian authorities' point of view, any developments in these regions are directly related to the country's interests. Therefore, the beginning of the military conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine's efforts to join the West and NATO have led Russia to focus its strategies on these developments. The main question in this study is how to explain Russia's foreign policy strategies towards Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine? The findings of the study show that Russia, given the threat of Westernization of Armenia and Ukraine, has tried to overcome the two countries' threatening approach against their national interests as a peacekeeping force in the Caucasus and deterrence through military aggression against Ukraine. In this regard, the role of Russia's perceptions and attitudes towards the two crises is also of considerable importance.

The balance of power is always one of the important issues and main concerns of international relations theorists. When the geographical, political and strategic components in the defense and security policy of the countries face changes, the geopolitical configuration will also change and as a result the balance of forces in the region will change. The Middle East region has always been the scene of competition between regional and extra-regional powers and is always a priority in the foreign policy of powerful countries, and therefore the issue of the balance of power in the Middle East region is one of the most important factors affecting regional and international security. It is international. The main goal of this research is to analyze and evaluate the theory of the balance of power in the Middle East with an emphasis on Iran's position in the region. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical according to the structure of the subject, and the method of collecting information is through documentary and library sampling and the theoretical framework of regional security of Bari Buzan. This research seeks to answer the question: How does the balance of power affect Iran's regional position in the Middle East?

One of the most basic tools of governance is drawing the goal and planning for the realization of the results and fruits of the adopted policies. The future is a vague and mysterious concept that human beings have made and are making significant efforts to manage, control, predict. Policy-making without considering its future would be unreasonable and unacceptable. Accordingly, one of the things that political systems should pay special attention to is futurism what they are trying to achieve through their programs and policies. The Islamic Republic of Iran has not overlooked this issue due to its experience of 4 decades of governance and policy-making.The issuance of the second step statement by the Supreme Leader on the fortieth anniversary of the victory of the Islamic Revolution can be measured and evaluated in this regard. Accordingly, the question of this article will be: What is the position of the second step statement in the futuristic approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis drawn, in response to the question posed is as follows; The second step statement has a strategic and decisive position in the future of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In fact, with the emphasis of the Supreme Leader in all pillars of the system, this approach is becoming the main axis of affairs in various matters. This article will use the analytical-explanatory method and based on the scenario writing method in the future of research, to examine the forty-year performance of the Islamic Republic on the orbit of futurism.

The Trump administration, which came to power with the first slogan of the United States and special attention to the economy, pursued its security policies in the Middle East in the direction of economic nationalism. To be. The question of the present article, which has been collected in a descriptive-analytical manner and with library documents, is what were the security policies and actions of the Trump administration in the Middle East in line with American economic nationalism? To this end, in the theoretical framework of mercantilism to explain and analyze this issue and the hypothesis is that the Trump administration in maintaining global hegemony and American order and establish economic development and security by moving away from globalism to nationalism and economic protectionism. By combining security and economic components, it can build free alliances and alliances, bring peace through coercion, create crises and tensions, impose a peace plan, and support the Saudi government to strengthen the war on American trade, open up the American software war market, and strengthen ties with Consider Saudi Arabia in the Middle East. The move is a step towards increasing wealth in order to restore US economic hegemony globally and the growth and development of domestic industry.

Prolonged tensions in the Middle East and its symmetry with recent global developments have left the region with a new wave of nation-state-building over a rift of conflict. Conflicts that began with the incomplete process of state-nation-building in the last century in the Middle East and appeared and spread in national-regional levels in various forms, and reached the peak of the nation-state conflict with IRI and continued with the popular movements at the beginning of the third millennium. Continued. This article, as a descriptive and analytical research, seeks to answer the question: How do national and regional conflicts and the state-nation-building process in the Middle East relate to each other? The results of the studies show that there is a bilateral and inverse relationship between the two. In the sense that the incomplete process of state-nation-building has created numerous conflicts that have led to the continuation of this flawed process and ultimately to the intensification and expansion of national and regional conflicts.

The use of biological weapons by the great powers has a long history. The United States, as one of the world's leading producers of biological weapons, poses a great threat to the future of human health by expanding its laboratory program around the world. So, the question is, what are the solutions to the crises caused by the biologically destructive behavior of the United States? Accordingly, in this article, the role of international organizations, the capacities of international law as well as the media to attract global attention and legal action against these destructive behaviors have been studied by descriptive-analytical method. The results show that US overseas biological laboratories are active in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Armenia, South Korea, Colombia, Indonesia, Senegal and some African countries. These activities violate the principles of international law related to environmental activities and are in conflict with the international responsibility of states. Media tools in the modern world can persuade social actors and civil society organizations, legal entities and international organizations to deal with offending governments by raising public awareness and increasing demand. Media independent of the domination system, including Iran's foreign media, can play an effective explanatory role in mobilizing public opinion against biological pollution and the secret plans of the violating states, especially the United States and its consequences.

The Middle East is one of the regions whose countries have not undergone a successful nation-state-building process compared to other parts of the world. One of the most important reasons for this is the fabrication of most Middle Eastern countries and their withdrawal from post-World War I treaties and the consequent non-compliance of the government with the nation. . Thus, both the geographical map and the state of the borders, as well as the government of these countries, were formed by foreign powers. For these reasons, Iraq has always faced ethnic and religious heterogeneity, domination with the suppression of minority groups over other groups, and as a result, tension and instability. Even after the fall of Saddam Hussein and the beginning of the democratization process, the country has faced fundamental challenges to state-nation building. This question can be examined by asking what challenges and harms the nation-building in Iraq has faced since the fall of Saddam. The hypothesis is that various internal and external challenges, such as ethnic, religious, and racial divisions, lack of national identity formation, and foreign intervention, have prevented successful nation-state building in Iraq.

In the 21st century, international politics has evolved following changes in the structure, actors and procedures. such changes reflect the compound of international politics and new phenomena such as outer space. Furthermore, it challenges theories of international relations ability to explain, describe and predict in a situation where the impact of international politics changes has played a role in the bodies of all of them, and each of them has experienced the emergence, decline or evolution during the first space activities in the early space age and the innovative changes in space technologies and the continuation of activities in the new space age. This article relies on a qualitative approach and theoretical-applied method, seeks to answer this question, what is the status of theories of international relations in dealing with evolving international politics influenced by space technologies? The study of selected theories in dealing with the evolving international politics resulting from their presence and activity in outer space indicates the need to strengthen, modify, or even their failure and an emphasis on the presentation of a new theoretical model that focuses on a range of actors, including material and immaterial structures and consider the processes of virtualization of reality that shape international political developments in the 21st century.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran became bedrock of formation of the Islamic Republic due to its leaders’ goals that includes concepts such as trust, participation and norm, which are considered as the main indicators of social capital. Actually, it is the goal setting of the leaders, based on using the existing social capital towards themselves, against the Pahlavi government. The question is, what is the position of social capital in the Islamic Republic of Iran? And what is the benefit of it in the direction of goals? Findings show that despite the fundamental role of social capital in the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the establishment of the system, social capital and its indicators has been associated with instability in use. In fact, reviewing the necessity of social capital in planning affairs as a reliable support is inevitable. Accordingly, we will examine the issue by the analytical-explanatory method

In the common view, which is influenced by the theory of realism, international law is merely a modern tool in the service of the great powers to legitimize their access to their goals and is respected until being beneficial for the national interest. In fact, interfering politics and selfish interests are hidden behind the beautiful and deceptive mask of international law. On the other hand, the solidarism approach of English school, without denying the crucial role of state sovereignty, focuses on the formation of a global consensus on norms of international law and fading away the border between internal and international society and as one of the theoretical bases of good governance paradigm, encourages states to regard the standards of democratic governance by emphasizing on the norms of international human rights. The question of this article is: “Has English school approach towards international law been able to improve human rights and good governance standards?” The question is responded by the documentary method of collecting data through books, articles, websites and internet sources. we reached to this conclusion that even though the international legal system consists of horizontal rules and is based on the co-operation of the subjects, However, governments build the international community according to these common rules and norms, and by limiting themselves to complying with these rules, they consider violations of human rights standards and governance standards unauthorized and are not willing to abandon them easily in order to maintain their international credibility and legitimacy.

Nation-state establishment is a process wherein a country makes an attempt to gain and maintain its autonomy, sovereignty, and independence through the development of its power and institutional capacity. Such a goal can be achieved by gaining territorial saturation, national solidarity and political stability. This process has not reached a successful condition in most West Asian countries, and the governments and for some reasons, the nations do not match properly. An essential reason for these cases relates to the improper creation of these countries and their emergence from Post-World War I treaties, resulting in so many problems and challenges for these countries. The question arising here relates to the problems and challenges that nation-state building process has caused in West Asian countries. The hypothesis of this research involves the fact that various internal and external challenges such as ethnic, religious and racial variations, lack of a stable structure and solidarity of national identity, lack of democratic structures and having no resolution for territorial disputes with neighboring countries, and foreign intervention in the affaires of these countries have caused these problems. Moreover, no inclusive plan and model has been presented to accomplish the process of state-nation building and solving the problems and crises in the region. This research is aimed at providing a general analytical model for explaining the process and the challenges facing the nation-state building process in the region. This is a descriptive-explanatory research whose data are collected by reviewing the documents through library technique.

Research on Russian foreign policy in recent decades has always been a topic of interest and analytical appeal to researchers in the field of foreign policy and international relations. As the main heir to the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation still retains many of its hardware components in a variety of forms. However, since 2000, when Putin and his entourage came to power, with the backing of his own powers (political, security, military and economic), Russia's recovery at the regional and global levels, as well as the process of Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism on the agenda. Russian Foreign policy was pursued, and on this basis a policy of regional balancing and appropriate countermeasures were taken against the ambitious and interventionist plans of the United States. Accordingly, the question of this research is how Russia has behaved in its foreign policy in the post-2000 period in order to achieve national goals and interests, and what are the salient features of its behavioral pattern? In this study, using the theory of neoclassical realism, the internal factors, variables of intellectual and cultural and Russian political currents, as well as the most important regional and trans-regional variables affecting the process and behavior of Russian foreign policy are examined. The findings and data used are collected on the basis of descriptive-analytical methods and on the basis of library and Internet studies.