afsoun nodehi

Numerous studies showed increasing incidence of acute or recurrent dislocations of the shoulder joint in people with General Hypermobility Syndrome (GHS). Given the critical role of scapular orientation in function of shoulder, the aim of this study is to compare the parameters indicating position and orientation of scapula between females with and without General Hypermobility Syndrome in frontal and sagital plane in arm elevation. In this cross sectional and case-control study, 16 females with General Hypermobility Syndrome were selected simply and conveniently and 16 healthy females were selected and matched by age, body mass index and menstrual status. A three dimensional motion analysis system (vicon 460) was used to measure scapular position (upper-lower and medial-lateral translations) and orientation (upward rotation, posterior tilt and internal rotation angle). Measurement were taken with the arm placed in different angles of arm elevation. Date analysis was performed with Independent T test. Upward rotation angles in sagital plane in 90º (P=0.03), 120º (P=0.01) and full range of arm elevation (P=0.04) were lower in case group as compared to control group. Also patients with General Hypermobility Syndrome showed a lesser amount of lateral scapular translation in 90º (P=0.02) and full range of sagital plane arm elevation (P=0.02). In addition, lateral scapular translation in 120º (P=0.02) and full range of frontal plane arm elevation (P=0.01) was lower in case group compared with control group. Altered kinematics in General Hypermobility Syndrome has a greater role in shoulder injuries and neuromuscular defect seems to be an underlying cause of scapular kinematic's changes in people with hypermobility syndrome.

The proprioception is important and determinant in dynamic stability of glenohumeral joint of overhead thrower in the presence of significant capsular laxity and excessive range of motion. The purpose of this study was to compare the joint position sense and kinesthesia between female volleyball players and non-athlete females in order to evaluation of their proprioception. By simple and convenient sampling 15 female volleyball players were selected from Tehran first grade teams. Also, 15 non athlete females were selected and matched by athletes and participated in this comparative and case-control study. Joint position sense and kinesthesia was measured by continuous passive movement (CPM) Fisiotek HP2 equipment. Data were analyzed by Independent T test. Volleyball players demonstrated a significantly greater external rotation (P=0.035) and lower errors on joint repositioning test (P=0.017), but there was not significant difference in shoulder kinesthesia between two groups (P=0.392). Female volleyball players exhibited improved joint reposition abilities at external rotation mid range of motion in comparison with non-athletes females. The throwing shoulder requires the pitchers to repeatedly subject their shoulder to repetitive, forceful, circumduction motions, resulting in neuromuscular adaptation and improved proprioception.

This study was aimed to indicate the effect of shoulder key exercises on isometric torque of glenohumeral joint movements. In this randomized clinical trial study,36 healthy females with no history of shoulder injury were selected by randomized method. Subjects were assigned randomly to control and experimental group. Experimental group performed shoulder key exercises, using Delorm method, three times a week for six weeks, and control group performed no exercise. The isometric torque of shoulder movements were measured with Dynatorqe device in the specific positions related to each movement before and after six weeks exercise in both groups. Subjects performed three set of maximum voluntary isometric contraction for each movement in the specific positions of tests. Finally, the mean of three maximum voluntary isometric contractions is accounted as a peak torque. Data were analyzed by Kolmogroff-Smirnoff, Paired T test and Independent T test. There were significant differences in movement isometric torque of experimental group between before and after intervention (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference in control group (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between two groups before intervention (P>0.05), but after exercises, differences of two groups were significant in all six movements (P<0.001). Shoulder key exercises training leads to an increase in peak torque for all glenohumeral movements and this can be considered as a point in training program for healthy subjects, particularly in those with overhand sports.

The goal of this research was to compare normal scapular position (protraction, rotation) and lateral scapular test on arm elevation between dominant and non dominant sides. Thirty healthy females (age=21.9 years, weight=53.37 kg, height =160.60 cm) were chosen by non probability sampling and participated in this cross – sectional and comparative study. Scapular rest positions (protraction and Rotation) were measured by use of Diveta method and scapular asymmetry was assessed by using lateral scapular slide test (Kibler test). Validity and reliability of measurement methods were assessed by determination of ICC and SEM and data were analyzed by use of paired T test. The difference between dominant and non dominant scapular protraction and rotation was not found to be statistically significant (P=0.61, P=0.57).The dominant scapula was found to be more lateral in 2nd and 3rd Kibler tests positions than non dominant scapula (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in lateral scapular slide test between dominant and non dominant sides when the arms were by the side of body (P=0.66). Scapular rest position is influenced by hand dominance.

Epidemiologic Investigations have revealed a high prevalence (16% - 44%) of shoulder complaints consistent with "impingement" in certain occupations. Multiple theories exist in respect to the primary etiology of shoulder "impingement" such as anatomic abnormalities of the coracoacrominal arch or humeral head weakness or degeneration of the rotator cuff tendons shoulder kinematic postural abnormalities and improper scapular muscles control. comparison of kinematic parameters of shoulder complex in healthy and impingement persons. 17 patients with shoulder Impingement syndrome that were selected conveniently (age = 43.82) and 17 healthy persons that were matched with patients (age=44.5) participated in this case – control study. A three - dimentional electromechanical digitizer was used to measure scapular position and orientation. Measurments were taken while the arm placed at the side of the body and elevated 45˚, 90˚, 120˚ along with full range of motien in the scapular plane. Orientation was described by upward rotation angle, posterior tilting angle and internal rotation angle. Position was described by medio – lateral position and superio – inferior position. Comparing to non impaired subjects, those with impingement, demonstrated a significantly lower upward rotation angle (90˚, 120˚) and posterior tilt angle of the scapla in respective scapular plane. (P<0/05) These results suggest that altered scapular kinematic maybe an Important aspect of the "impingement syndrome". Scapular upward Rotation and posterior tipping are important to consider in the rehabilitation of pateints with symptoms of shoulder Impingement.

Scapulothoracic muscles weakness or fatique can result in abnormal scapular positioning and compromising scapulo-humeral rhythm and shoulder dysfunction. The scapula moves in a -3 Dimentional fashion so the use of 2-Dimentional Techniques cannot fully capture scapular motion. One of approaches to positioining markers of kinematic systems is to mount each marker directly on the skin generally over a bony anatomical landmarks. Howerer skin movement and Motion of underlying bony structures are not Necessaritly identical and substantial errors may be introduced in the description of bone movement when using skin –mounted markers. evaluation of Influence of marker movement errors on 3-Dimentional scapular position and orientation. 10 Healthy subjects with a mean age 30. 50 participated in the study. They were tested in three sessions A 3-dimentiional electro mechanical digitizer was used to measure scapular position and orientation measures were obtained while arm placed at the side of the body and elevated 45٫90٫120 and full Rang of motion in the scapular plane. At each test positions six bony landmarks were palpated and skin markers were mounted on them. This procedure repeated in the second test session in third session Removal of markers was not performed through obtaining entire Range of motion after mounting the markers. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for scapulor variables were higher (0. 92-0. 84) when markers were replaced and re-mounted on bony landmarks with Increasing the angle of elevation. our findings suggested significant markers movement error on measuring the upward Rotation and posterior tilt angle of scapula.