فهرست مطالب ahmad asl hashemi

In this study, residues of chlorpyrifos and diazinon pesticides in 10 apple and 6 grape samples from Maragheh County were analyzed using the GC/MS technique after extraction via the QuEChERS method, known for its convenience, speed, effectiveness, and safety. The study also evaluated the impact of washing treatments on pesticide residue levels and conducted health risk assessments using a Monte Carlo simulation for adults and children. Results revealed the detection of chlorpyrifos and diazinon residues in all 32 apple and grape samples across both washed and unwashed treatments. In 95% (19 samples) and 100% (20 samples) of apple samples, average chlorpyrifos and diazinon residues were below the Iranian maximum residue limit (MRL), whereas 41.67% (5 samples) and 33.33% (4 samples) of grape samples exceeded the MRL. Following washing, chlorpyrifos residues in apple samples decreased by 42.02% and diazinon by 53.84%, while in grape samples, reductions were 39.70% for chlorpyrifos and 46.15% for diazinon. Highest Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for adults and children were observed in apple samples with chlorpyrifos (0.51 and 0.12, respectively) and diazinon (0.45 and 0.105, respectively). Cumulative risk assessment for chlorpyrifos and diazinon pesticide residues indicated no significant health risks for either age group. However, given the widespread use of pesticides, ongoing monitoring is essential to mitigate residues in fruits and vegetables.

Water is essential for human life and public health because up to 60% of the adult human body is made up of water. However, much of the world's population does not have access to sufficient and safe drinking water. The most common waterborne diseases are diarrheal diseases such as cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonella, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Also, health risks may be caused by chemical and radioactive compounds of water. In fact, some chemicals dissolved in water may be essential substances for food consumption, and some may be harmful in higher than permissible concentrations. These compounds can include various metals, synthetic organic materials and essential elements such as fluoride, iodine and selenium. This is why drinking water quality is a global health concern, especially in developing countries. This review study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the current and past researches in the field of waterborne diseases and most importantly the effective factors in transmitted diseases as well as methods of prevention and finally identifying potential gaps in studies related to waterborne diseases. The review of the literature showed that unsafe water and lack of access to basic sanitation facilities are the main causes of the outbreak of water-borne diseases. Improving drinking water conditions, proper sanitary facilities, especially sanitary disposal of feces, leads to the reduction of water-borne diseases.

Iron and manganese are common natural minerals that are primarily found in groundwater, especially in deeper wells. Iron and manganese in drinking water, at permissible levels, do not pose a risk to human health. Instead, they both have secondary or recommended drinking water standards because they lead to aesthetic problems that may make the water undesirable and unpleasant for drinking and other domestic uses. The presence of both often causes stains on clothes, and the loss of color in plumbing installations, as well as creates an unpleasant taste and appearance in drinking water. The iron and manganese in the water cannot be seen with the naked eye, and the water appears practically clear and unpolluted, but if they are mixed with oxygen, they quickly lead to the creation of orange, brown, or black spots. The black stains are caused by the presence of manganese, and the brown and orange stains are caused by the presence of iron in the water. Removal methods depend on the concentration and form of iron and manganese in the water. Therefore, it is important to carefully test the water and determine the type and amount of iron and manganese before treatment. Considering the importance of these elements in drinking water, the purpose of this review article is to investigate the sources, standards, types, health and environmental effects, and methods of removing or reducing iron and manganese in drinking water.

Pesticides are widely used to prevent unwanted attacks of pests on plants and agricultural fields. The uniqueness of their chemical structure or their interaction with the environment determines the nature of pesticides. In most cases, farmers and consumers of these products, although they know their serious effects, still cannot limit their consumption. Pesticides have harmful effects on soil and human ecosystems that affect molecules, tissues and biological organs and cause acute or chronic disorders. These disorders affect people of all ages, including during pregnancy. These pollutants affect aquatic systems when released. Water molecules in the river are affected by the accumulation of these toxic pollutants with alkaline pH and heavy metals, which can negatively affect the health of plants and animals. This article discusses the scientific literature on the various modification technologies available for safer pesticide use. The use of microorganisms and biological methods for the decomposition of chemical substances in the soil is monitored. However, the effectiveness of this method in the future to save the environment is debatable.

Antibiotics are one of the largest groups of medicinal compounds that are used in medicine and veterinary medicine. These compounds, despite having positive effects in preventing and treating diseases in humans and animals, also have adverse effects on the environment. Recently, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and the subsequent entry of these compounds into the environment have led to an increase in concerns at the global level. These compounds are not traditionally considered environmental pollutants, however, there are concerns about the emergence of these compounds in aquatic systems, due to their biological effects and potential risks to the environment and health. It is human. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are not designed to remove small amounts of chemicals such as antibiotics. Therefore, the entry of these compounds into the environment from different sources leads to the pollution of plants, animals, and water and soil environments and also creates problems for public health. In addition, the presence of these medicinal compounds in the environment leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that potentially threaten the functioning of the ecosystem and human health. Then, the occurrence and the ways of their entry into the environment, as well as the negative effects of antibiotics on the environment and human health, were surveyed. Finally, the topics related to their fate and management and risk assessment of antibiotics in the environment were studied.

Road transportation uses notable amounts of fossil fuels and accounts for a remarkable share of CO2 emissions and other pollutants worldwide. The transportation sector uses nearly 20% to 25 of global energy and is responsible for approximately 25% of global energy-related CO2 emissions, 75% of which is disseminated via road transport. Eco-driving is one of the 40 measures that should contribute to a 60% reduction in emissions of traffic-related pollutants by 2050. Eco-driving technology can be considered as a set of choices and behaviors adopted by drivers in order to energy-saving and environmental protection. This approach is a relatively inexpensive and immediate measure to dramatically reduce fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants. The finding of researches in this field indicate that although the efficiency of car engines has been developed due to recent technological advances and the integration of new types of fuels, but the behavior of drivers has not improved in line with this development. Thus, it is expected to with proper training and information of drivers, this procedure leads to further reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The main factors affecting eco-driving include acceleration/deceleration, driving speed, route select and idling. The present research is a study review in which data were obtained through library studies. The purpose of this study is to review and compare the major factors influencing the implementation of eco-driving technology. Finally, the challenges and future research for eco-driving technology are proposed. Therefore, due to the high price of fuel and the concern of conserving natural resources and energy, eco-driving technology is one of the best and most rational approaches for sustainable development, energy conservation and environmental protection.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in environmental health indicators in rural areas of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province during the years 2015-2019. The present study is longitudinal retrospective research that was conducted using the data available in the Environmental Health Department of the Health Center of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province over a period of 5 years. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics indicators such as mean as well as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and Wilcoxon one-sample statistical tests using SPSS software version 26. Studied indicators in this research include the percentage of rural households with access to drinking water, public plumbing network, sanitary toilets, Sanitary collection and disposal of wastewater, solid waste and animal excrement, desirability of microbial and chemical samples, Measurement of residual chlorine, food preparation, distribution and sales centers and public places with health criteria and employees of centers and places with a valid medical card. The average percentage of desirability of these indicators in the 5-year period in the villages of Uremia County was 99.04%, 92.44%, 81.82%, 65.24%, 80.32%, 98.61%, 95.32%, 79%, 97.28%, 78.84%, 78.92% and 86.22%, respectively. The upward and downward trend of environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia County, as well as West Azerbaijan province in a period of 5 years was equal to 50% and 41.66%, respectively. The findings of the present research indicated that the trend of changes in 50% of the indicators in rural areas of Uremia and 75% in the rural areas of West Azerbaijan province was significant during five years. The average of 58.33% of the indicators in the villages of Uremia County was lower than the provincial index. Except for the indicators of desirability of water chemical samples, sanitary collection and disposal of animal waste, and food preparation, distribution, and sale centers with hygienic criteria, other environmental health indicators (75%) have a significant difference with the provincial index. The status of most environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province is favorable. Except for indicators of sanitary collection and disposal of wastewater and animal waste, the desirability of 83.33% of the indicators was more than 75% both in the villages of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province during five years. In general, the results of the present study showed that 50% of environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia have improved over a period of 5 years, but the desirability of more than 50% of indicators was lower than the provincial index. Therefore, the efforts and participation of authorities, villagers, Islamic councils, environmental health experts, and health workers are necessary to improve environmental health indicators.IntroductionEnvironmental health is one of the main challenges of sustainable development in most countries. The most important health priorities of most countries, especially developing countries in rural areas are sanitary collection and disposal of solid waste, animal waste as well as access to drinking water and sanitary toilets. Environmental health indicators are very essential because they reflect the changing state of people's living environment and the existing health threats. Studies indicated that environmental quality can affect health status and costs. Therefore, improving the environmental situation will have positive effects on the health of the community. The health of individuals in society has positive effects on the standard of living of people, and measuring health indicators is one of the most desirable and appropriate approaches to assess the level of health in a society. Rural society, which accounts for more than 27 percent of the country's population, plays a key role in the country's economic and social life. Given the importance and position of rural society in the country and the problems and challenges that this society faces in the development process, recognizing and analyzing the features of rural development planning in the country is necessary. In the process of rural development planning, attention to rural environmental health is essential and can lead to improving the quality of rural environmental health. Environmental health indicators are very important because they reflect the changing state of people's living environment and the existing health threats. The environmental health status of an area can indicate the status of development or underdevelopment of that area.Improving environmental health indicators in rural areas, in the implementation of rural health development and with the aim of reducing the risk of infectious diseases, play a critical role in improving the quality of life and health of villagers with inter-sectoral cooperation and public participation. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, many programs related to the rural environment have been implemented since 2006. Nevertheless, the evidence suggests that the level of health in rural areas is low. The production of information and indicators on various aspects of health is essential and must be addressed. Assessing and monitoring people's health is one of the most significant principles of public health science, and the health status of a community is measured based on the indicators of the health of that community and the rate of change of these indicators over time.At present, health information related to the environmental health status of rural areas is regularly prepared in the form of statistical forms and health indicators. Despite the great value of these health indicators, the trend of changes in environmental health indicators in rural areas over time has been less analyzed and limited scientific articles have been published in this field. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, this study was conducted to investigate the trend of changes in environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia County during a 5-year period (2015-2019).MethodologyUremia County is located in the northwest of Iran, which has 39 comprehensive rural health service centers and 6 urban-rural health service centers, and in total has 200 health houses with 315 health workers and 625 villages. The present study is longitudinal retrospective research that was conducted using the data available in the Environmental Health Department of the Health Center of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province over a period of 5 years. The data collection tool was a checklist with a list of desired indicators. These indicators are standard values that are calculated and recorded in accordance with the guidelines for environmental and occupational health. These indicators have been selected by environmental health experts and included in this list, so the tools of this study had the necessary validity and reliability. The 12 environmental health indicators studied in this research are the percentage of rural households with access to drinking water, public plumbing network, sanitary toilets, Sanitary collection and disposal of wastewater, solid waste and animal excrement, desirability of microbial and chemical samples, Measurement of residual chlorine, food preparation, distribution and sales centers and public places with health criteria and employees of centers and places with a valid medical card. After collecting data, the indicators were compared with existing provincial indicators. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indicators such as mean as well as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and Wilcoxon one-sample statistical tests using SPSS software version 26.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the trend of changes in 6 environmental health indicators (50%) in the villages of Uremia County and West Azerbaijan province in 2015 compared to 2019, was upward and the trend of changes in 5 indicators (41/66%) was downward. The maximum improvement in the villages of Uremia County was related to the index of public places with health criteria with 10.5% and the maximum decrease was related to the index of access to the public drinking water network with -4.1%. While the maximum increase in the villages of West Azerbaijan province was related to the index of measurement of residual chlorine with 23.5% and the maximum decrease was related to the index of desirability of water chemical samples with -11.7%. The trend of changes in 50% of the indicators in the villages of Uremia County and 75% of the indicators in the villages of West Azerbaijan province was significant during five years. Also, the finding indicated that the average of 7 environmental health indicators (58.33%) in the villages of Uremia County was lower than the provincial index and the average of 5 environmental health indicators (41.67%) was higher. The highest increase was related to the index of water chemical samples with 8.36% and the highest decrease was related to the index of sanitary collection and disposal of animal waste with -3.35%. Except for the indicators of chemical samples of drinking water, sanitary collection and disposal of animal waste and centers of preparation, distribution and sale of food with hygienic criteria, other indicators of environmental health (75%) in the villages of Uremia have a significant different with the provincial index. In general, the results of present study showed that 50% of environmental health indicators in the villages of Uremia have improved over a period of 5 years, but the desirability of more than 50% of indicators was lower than the provincial index and need to be upgraded.

The importance of paying attention to mosques, as sacred places, and the emphasis of Islam on its hygiene is clear ande meeting health criteria in mosques as a public place is essential. In case of not paying enough attention to this issue, mosques can be a center from which pathogens spread and endanger health of the population. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental health status of mosques in Ahar in 2018. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. All urban mosques were selected using the census method. Data were collected using a questionnaire of mosques' health regulation through visits and direct observation. The data were analyzed using Excel software. The finding of this study indicated that Ahar's mosques in terms of personal hygiene, instruments and tools and building conditional were favorable in 34.3%, 57.1% and 80% and were undesirable in 14.3%, 8.6% and 11.4%, respectively. Overall, 80% of the mosques had a favorable status (score above 75) and only 8.6% of the mosques had an undesirable status (score below 50). According to the obtained results, the health conditions of studied mosques were relatively desirable. It is recommended that the health status of the places, especially personal hygiene criteria improved, in cooperation with the health authorities and public participation.

The healthiness of drinking water from physical, chemical and biological aspects plays an important role in the health of consumers. The presence of some chemicals in concentrations higher than the standard can endanger the health of consumers in long-term exposure.

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study and was analyzed using library, internet, article and other information systems in recent years.

There were relative changes in nitrates, heterotrophic bacteria and trihalomethanes, but most of the water smell and taste problems in the distribution system are due to the materials that make up the pipelines or are caused by the growth of biological agents on the pipe walls. to be Musty-earthy smell is the main cause of complaints about the distribution system. Although actinomycetes and fungi are usually responsible for these odors, many heterotrophic bacteria can also cause similar problems

Although nitrate has been increasing with the passage of time, it is within the permissible and acceptable limit. The main current problem is the smell and taste of the water in the distribution system, which must be controlled, and since the fluoride is less than the optimal level, it can be said that the water quality of Tabriz city has the necessary standard due to the attention to the correct and effective management of water resources.

The importance of the topic:

Lake Urmia is one of the rare and unusual lakes in the world whose water is saturated with salt and has special features in terms of its size, depth, chemical composition of water, type of sediment, ecology and water circulation. The water of this lake is very salty and it is mainly fed by the rivers of Zarine Rood, Simine Rood, Godar, Barandoz, Shahrchai, Nazlu and Zola.

This is a descriptive-analytical study and an environmental and library survey based on the observation of the current situation in Lake Urmia. The resulting information was analyzed after obtaining.

Algae in Lake Urmia is the beginning of the food chain used by Artemia. And this hard skin forms the food of the birds. By creating any disturbance in the ecosystem and the destruction of Artemia, the algae will increase and cover the entire lake and practically turn it into a swamp. Moreover, with the destruction of Artemia, there will be no other source of food. 

Among the factors of the destruction of Lake Urmia, we can mention climate changes and the global warming phenomenon and the lack of management and systematic management of the resulting water resources. Among the necessary measures to save the lake, we can examine and modify the cultivation pattern and irrigation methods in He pointed out the watersheds of Lake Urmia and other necessary solutions that are fully elaborated in the text

The gradual drying up of Urmia Lake has created the environment for environmental, social and economic crises in the northwestern region of the country. Human activities are one of the main threats to these ecosystems.

This article is a review article in which related documents were searched using Google Scholar and Jihad University and Normexa data. In this period of time, more than 20 documents were reviewed and extracted according to the relevant criteria.

Surveys showed that human factors play the most important role. Among the human factors, we can mention the construction of structures such as dams in the watershed of the lake, as well as the construction of a highway on the lake, and among the climatic factors, we can mention the recent droughts that cause a decrease in rainfall and an increase in evaporation. And the influential factors have been the agriculture and tourism sectors.

among the causes of the crisis, dam building, changing the pattern of rainfed to irrigated agriculture, drilling unauthorized wells, excessive water extraction from surface and underground sources, and climate factors such as recent droughts that cause a decrease in rainfall and an increase in evaporation. They are involved that these factors have caused the drying up of Urmia lake and this drying has affected the vegetation of the region, the economic and social conditions of the residents of the region, which should be considered in the formulation and implementation of long-term plans.

swimming pools As a recreational center and direct relevance of different human groups as a potential source of pollution, swimming pools (swimming pools)is a potential source of pollution, which in sound of lack of attention to health issues can be a source of transmission and outbreaks of bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases. so the present study was carried out to study the pools of pool.

in this descriptive study of the active site of the saqqez city of 34 visitors and 34 sampling cases for کلرباقیمانده assay and pH of 15 and samples of microbial sampling were done randomly and with suitable culture medium to be tested on the samples. The amount of the remaining chlorine and the amount of water on the water were measured and recorded in a standard manner. the data were investigated using central inclination indices and person correlation coefficient.

all the items of کدورت were undesirable, and about 50 percent of the cases were favorable. On average, an average of 80 % of the safety points and swimmers average 60 % of their health points.

pay attention to disinfection, water control, turbidity and pH reduce contamination microbial is effective, but disinfection is the only way of prevention of the landfill is not. Health behaviors, including showers of soap before entering the pool, are likely to be effective from the pool of Bashawy and the basic sanitation of the pool environment in Decrease pollutions.

Microbial, physical and chemical properties of drinking water according to the type and amount of judgment on the potability and effectiveness of each of the above components on improving quality, increasing acceptance or threatening the health of its consumer. The purpose of this Investigating the physicochemical parameters of drinking water in Ilkhchi city and comparing it with national and international standards.

This study was conducted in the fall of 1996. Twelve water samples were randomly taken from two main wells in the city and the concentration of physico-chemical parameters was measured. Experiments were performed by standard method reference method.

Soluble solids, hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, chlorine, nitrate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, pH, EC and sulfate measured in the standard range were within the allowable and desirable range.

In general, the physicochemical quality of drinking water in the city is in accordance with national standards, but due to increasing population and the need for more water may be observed in the future changes in chemical parameters. Therefore, water quality should be constantly monitored. To take.

providing safe drinking water for human society is of vital importance. the purpose of this study was to determine the importance and performance of chlorination in the distribution network of drinking water in the level of utility of microbial quality and chlorination status in Tabriz and its surrounding villages.

this descriptive-analytical study, environmental and library study, and the necessary information were prepared using data collected from other articles and Tabriz water and Wastewater Company. after analysis, it was analysed.

the results of the study showed that the chlorination method used in the villages is a type of liquid chlorination or pottery method. chlorine is injected into the liquid by pressure. the chlorine type is used as a powder or crystalline perflorester. 95.5% of the rural population of the East Azarbaijan province benefited from water utilization. every day, various stages, such as chlorination, chlorination, sampling and testing, are carried out at the 7th level laboratory of the province, so that people will enjoy a healthy blue dream. The health center also monitors the company's performance and controls the supply of water and water entering and extinguishing, so that the water supplied is free from any pollution. of the 127 villages of over 20 households without plumbing, plumbing 95 villages are being run in rural or rural communities. about 400 villages, 20 percent of the province's population, have water facilities but are not covered by this company.

due to the fact that in recent years, the important chlorination of rural water reservoirs has been delegated to rural water and Sewage company, and perhaps the juicy juices of this company have not understood the necessity of the problem, in many villages of the country that covered this companies should be given more attention to chlorination, as well as villages that are not covered by this company, are virtually uncertain and do not assume the responsibility of chlorination, which requires that decisions be taken as soon as possible.

Planning of a proper medical waste management program is a necessary for communities. The objectives of this study were investigated the knowledge and attitude of hospitals staffs and their practice toward proper medical waste management.

Among the 25 active hospitals in Tabriz 10-hospital were selected. An especial questionnaire was designed and distributed among the staffs in 7 different jobs category and the staffs practice condition was evaluated by 7 days monitoring and completing another especial check list by research team. The results were analyzed by SPSS software.

The level of knowledge and attitude were different among different hospitals and different job categories. The maximum level of knowledge and attitude belonged to physicians and specialists and the minimum for ancillary workers assigned to collect and transport medical waste and other cleaning workers. There were significant associations between knowledge and attitude and level of education and work. Monitoring of staffs practice indicated that their practice were not in agreement with a proper medical waste management.

In the implementation of medical waste management program the role of training of staffs is significant only in combination with monitoring and enhancing of their practice level. Having staffs with good level of knowledge and attitude is not enough. It is necessary in addition preparing basic needs، the motivation of staffs is being enhanced and then legal control of system، evaluation، monitoring، encouraging of staffs and etc altogether be implemented.