ahmad hashemi

In this article, the use of solar energy and its advantages and its problems and challenges in the construction industry are discussed. In order to further investigate and analyze this issue, explanations are also given regarding the design of integrated solar cells in the building, and by using statistics and figures, an investigation and comparison between different countries in terms of the use of solar energy in the building industry is done in order to find out the patterns and Their examples should be used for our country, Iran.

The purpose of this article was to first know the advantages of solar energy by using the patterns and results of the day as well as the experienced cases, and then check that in order to advance the goals of using solar energy as a clean and endless energy, with what Challenges and problems such as solar energy devices and problems in solar energy storage are dealt with and solutions for some of these challenges are also presented. The results obtained from this research can definitely be fruitful for those who are active in the construction industry in some way.

This study aimed to clarify the aspects of human epistemology and its educational implications within Immanuel Kant's philosophical framework. The researchers utilized descriptive qualitative content analysis, specifically employing MAYRING's inductive model to collect information. After analyzing the data, the obtained findings revealed that regarding human epistemology and its educational implications, Kant emphasizes the role of consciousness, senses, experience, and reason as sources of knowledge. The research highlights the recognition of human beings' capacity for change, aiming to improve individuals within the process of societal transformation. It underscores the role of experience as a source of knowledge and the contribution of successive generations' experiences in human upbringing, gradual habit formation instead of abrupt elimination, the elimination of rewards and punishments in education, skepticism towards them, equality and sameness of human freedom and nature, resistance against elitism and human exploitation, and the non-influence of values in education. It emphasizes the responsibility of individuals in their educational journey. Kant's perspective on the philosophy of education is based on fulfilling one's duty, which essentially stems from the practical reason and pure conscience of every human being. Regarding education, Kant believes in the elevated position of education and the potential and educability of human beings. It is important to note that Kant's perspective on human beings is humanistic and non-religious. He does not consider humans as inherently valuable or religious beings. Therefore, his educational orientation cannot be interpreted solely through ethical approaches.

 This study aimed to identify the dimensions and components of the preschool curriculum based on Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory.

The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate the dimensions and components of the preschool curriculum model. The researchers investigated articles, books, and research papers conducted both domestically and internationally on reputable and authenticated online database networks, spanning from 2000 to 2023. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software in the quantitative phase. The statistical population of the study was 371 principals of pre-schools located in Bushehr province in the academic year 2021-2022, and by using the Krejci-Morgan table, we selected 181 Principals as a sample.  To validate the quantitative section of the study, the confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. 

The results of the study revealed that the preschool curriculum model had seven components,  including: paying attention to educating and informing families; utilizing new and creative teaching methods in preschool; paying attention to the role and effects of communication and an appropriate educational environment; comprehensiveness and appropriateness of the educational content of preschool programs; educational facilities and resources, appropriateness of the preschool programs with society’s culture; and the role of governance of macro-management in supporting preschool program.

Based on the findings, we conclude that the integration of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory into the design of a preschool curriculum holds great potential for creating a more comprehensive and effective educational experience for young children.

The objective of this article is to propose a model for the professional competencies of managers based on the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE). The research employed an applied mixed method study (qualitative-quantitative) with an exploratory approach. Qualitative stage participants consisted of faculty members of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, staff specialists of the Ministry of Education, and senior organization managers. The quantitative stage target population comprised all middle school educational managers in Tehran city, from which 335 individuals were selected using the cluster sampling method and Morgan's table. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used to collect data, and structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data. The results revealed that six areas were identified concerning the professional competence of the managers of the country's education system. These six areas include personal competence, moral competence, technical competence, administrative competence, organizational competence, and communication competence, each of which had sub-components suitable for the country's school management system's needs and requirements.

Schools try to get out of the nature of mere education and enter into life and career skills. In this regard, entrepreneurship is considered one of the most important topics in the present era, and schools try to promote entrepreneurship. Therefore, the main goal of the current research was to design an entrepreneurial curriculum model for the second secondary level of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This research is one of the qualitative researches that has been conducted using meta-composite method. The statistical population of the current research was actually all the printed and published sources of articles and books in the field of entrepreneurship that were published in the last 15 years. The data was evaluated by experts and finally the sample size was the same as the statistical population (published sources).

The results showed that the model of the entrepreneurial curriculum of the second secondary level of Iranian education in the form of 9 elements (goal, grouping, content, materials, learning resources and tools, learning activities, teaching-learning methods, evaluation and tools of that place, space and time) and 10 main themes including (entrepreneurial curriculum, identifying and stimulating entrepreneurial talents and skills, teaching entrepreneurial ethics, creating necessary competencies in the field of knowledge, attitude and skills, systemic and problem-oriented thinking, collaborative projects, using various evaluation tools and methods, self-evaluation and periodic feedback, spatial flexibility of the curriculum and scheduling of activities).

Based on the results, it can be said that the entrepreneurship curriculum has several indicators and dimensions that the planners of the education system should help to promote entrepreneurship in schools by prioritizing them based on the fundamental transformation document.

Human capital development is one of the latest theories of development. The importance of this issue is to the extent that in the course of human life from ancient times until now, his first and most important need in relation to life and survival has always been to provide medical and health needs and provide the growth of science and technology in the medical sector that can Provide her daily medical and health needs (1).Therefore, the efficiency of a health care system, in itself, requires the creation of a systematic model based on the understanding of various potentials, including human resources, systems and production processes in the field of health and treatment (4). In this regard, planning for the development of human resources in health enterprises and the resulting benefits for enterprises, has become increasingly attractive for them. The success rate of national health systems depends significantly on the workforce employed in them (5).Considering the above, the need to pay attention to the health system and the performance of the treatment community and the need to perform its effective evaluation due to the complexity of activities in this area and consequently the complexity and important impact of the role of this group as a guardian of the health system. Rapid developments in this area and their interconnectedness are not covered by Brexit. Performance management allows the organization to modify its path based on changing conditions and give it dynamism. The study of conventional models in the field of evaluating the performance of organizations in the world, indicates the need to pay attention to the performance and efficiency and effectiveness of this performance and pay attention to the effects of the performance of organizations, especially in the health community. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question that the model of human capital development in the health economy system of the country has a proper development?

The present study is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted within the framework of quantitative and qualitative approach and using the strategy of the optimal model of health economy management system. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative sector consisted of managers of the countrychr('39')s health sector (senior and middle managers). Based on the level of literacy, scientific knowledge and managerial background, 20 managers of the countrychr('39')s health sector were selected as a sample and interviewed. Finally, the standard questionnaires of the Health Economics Management System, which include 15 questions and are scored based on a 7-point Likert scale, are among 302 managers of the countrychr('39')s health sector (senior and middle managers) and university professors related to the research topic. Which were selected by stratified random sampling method, distributed and collected. Finally, for data analysis in the quantitative part, the researcher used confirmatory factor analysis and modeling with PLS, analysis of variance and t-test. In the qualitative part, open methodology and exploratory factor analysis were used.

The results of the four stages showed that the requirements for financing human capital, health services management, internal processes and human capital participation are the final requirements based on the model of human capital development for the health economy management system (Table 1). It was also found that the research model and model indicators have a good fit (Table 2).

In many health care systems around the world, much attention has been paid to human resource management. Which play an important role in the health network. In this context, labor training is an important issue. It is essential that HR personnel consider the composition of the health workforce both in terms of skills and level of training. New options for in-service training are needed to ensure the awareness and readiness of the workforce to meet the current and future needs of a particular country. Therefore, to increase efficiency, various human resource initiatives have been used. Outsourcing services has been used to convert fixed labor costs into variable costs as a means of improving efficiency.Given the challenges facing health care, hospitals and health systems can support organizational success by developing and implementing a strong human capital strategy. Doing so does not only support a high-performance workforce. It also improves the patient experience. Research has shown that health care organizations with exemplary talent management practices score 13% higher on patient satisfaction than those without it.

The aim of this study was to present a model of talent management in high schools of Tehran. The research was applied and developmental in terms of purpose, and was mixed in terms of data collection. In the qualitative part, the deductive content analysis method was used and in the quantitative part, the survey method was used, specifically based on the structural equation model (SEM). The statistical field of the research included all researches in the field of talent management and 33 researches were selected by purposive sampling method. In the quantitative part, among 460 high school principals in Tehran as the statistical population, 200 principals were randomly selected using Morgan table as the statistical sample. Data in the qualitative part were collected through taking notes from research in this field and in the quantitative part through a questionnaire of 75 questions obtained of qualitative categories. Validity and reliability of the qualitative data were confirmed by coding between the two tests and the questionnaire by experts and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha (.71).  In the qualitative coding stage, 193 sub-categories and 7 main categories were identified, which are: identifying and discovering, attracting, selecting, developing, maintaining, evaluating and results of the talent resources. In the quantitative part, the components of the model with factor load, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient and high combined reliability (0.7), significance coefficients, standard coefficients and appropriate fit indices were confirmed.

Leishmaniases are tropical diseases caused by various types of intracellular protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. The infection is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by the infective bite of female sandflies. Depending on the location of the parasite in mammalian tissues and Leishmania species, leishmaniasis presents at least three primary clinical forms: visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), and mucocutaneous (MCL). Iran is one of the significant endemic areas for CL in Asia. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the literature published from 2009 to 2019 and focused on the distribution, clinical aspects, causatives agents, reservoirs, and vectors of CL and VL in different parts of North Khorasan Province, northeast of Iran. North Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran is one of the principal foci of CL, but VL is just known as an endemic parasitic disease in some areas of this province. Based on a comprehensive literature search on studies published from 2009 to 2019, distribution, causatives agents, reservoirs, and vectors of CL and VL in different parts of North Khorasan Province were determined. Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis )ZCL( due to Leishmania major is the main form of CL in this province. The principal animal reservoir hosts of the infection are rodents and Ph. sergenti is the most predominant species. VL, caused by Leishmania infantum, occurs in some parts of the province, and wild canines were confirmed as reservoirs.

This study entitled "Satire in Romances of Hafez" tries to introduce some artistic subtleties and techniques in the creation of romantic comedy and satire with a different view to comedy. It has introduced comedy as one of the most serious, the most influential and the purest word array elements. The main research questions are what place the satire has in romantic works of Hafez and if it is one of his poetry characteristic. Does humor apparent in Hafez Romances or it is subtle and secret and is in need of explanation and analysis? What are the techniques used in Hafez humor? Possible answers and hypotheses Hafez uses humor to convey romantic concepts and humor is the most outstanding characteristics of his poetry. Comic by Hafez, in many cases, is subtle and secret and in desperate need of description, analysis and explanation.Technics used in humor of Hafez is among excellent samples of aesthetical examples of Iranian literature and includes broad literary area of eloquence and elegance.

The purpose of this research is to prioritize the factors affecting the commercialization of knowledge with the knowledge management approach. The type of research is descriptive of survey type. For analyzing quantitative data, inferential methods were used. Friedman test was used to prioritize the factors and to determine the effect of each of the factors of the knowledge commercialization, the confirmatory factor analysis was used. By summing up the quantitative and qualitative findings, the exogenous organizational factors effective in commercializing research results with the following priority were obtained: customers and customer orientation with a rating of 13/8 and factor load of 80/0 education with a rating of 47 / 7 and factor load 0.75. Information and communication technology with a rating of 11.7 and factor load of 0.66 technological advances with a rating of 63.6 and factor load of 0.63 economic and market forces with a rating of 30.60 and factor load of 62. 0 parks and centers of growth Science and technology with a rating of 5.81 and factor load of 0.56 risky investment funds with a rating of 47.5 and factor load of 0.55 government forces with a rating of 5.5 and factor load of 0.54 familiarity and belief in religious teachings With a rating of 12.5 and factor load of 0.52 Laws and programs rank high load factor 47.4 48 0 / rank competitors and competitive factors and factor loadings 47/0 36/4.

Today, due to the growth of technology in various societies and in line with the industrialization of the global community, environmental issues are becoming a serious threat to human health and consequently, to the economy of the international community. The city of Zanjan, as a case study of this research, has been witnessing various civil protests in this regard and over the past years due to environmental concerns.

System Dynamics (SD) methodology is applied to simulate the dynamics of environmental pollutions of the various industries affecting health costs. Dealing with SD, study has been applying content analysis technique to select the most repetitive variables applied with similar studies which led study to the early mental model (causal loop diagram). Interview with experts is the next step which would assist the study to make the early dynamic model. The modified dynamic model has been grasped as the structural validation is conducted within 4 divisions of boundary adequacy test, extreme condition test, dimensional consistency test and parameter assessment test. Finally, the secondary validation including: behavior replication test and family tests have been assessed to assure the compliance of model outputs with the historical records.

According to the simulation, the most prior recommendations are: "Long-term policies for less utilization of non-renewable resources", "Increasing the life of industrial capital through the promotion of maintenance and repair departments", "Replacing fossil fuels with natural gases and enhancing their combustion quality" and "desertification policies to combat the release of solid PM10 particles".

Based on the results of the study, long term policies to find out the appropriate tradeoff for exploitation of renewable and nonrenewable energies in order to minimize their pollution will have a bigger effect on the citizen’s health costs comparing other policies like desertification.

Mammographic screening to diagnose the breast cancer showe false-negative and false-positive results in young women and therefore a non-invasive and low cost method is needed, to diagnose the breast cancer in the early stages. DNA methylation changes are the most common molecular changes in human cancers and including breast cancer. Therefore, The pattern of tissues methylation can be used in the early diagnosis of cancer. Also similar methylation patterns found in tumors and in plasma shows potential application of molecular detection of breast cancer, based on blood. The aim of this study was to assess the promoter methylation for the clinical diagnosis of breast cancer.
Material and To examine the promoter methylation 21 tumor tissues and 21 normal tissues have been studied for clinical diagnosis of breast cancer. 6 gene methylation status (NANOG1, RASSF1A, SFN, CASP8, WIF1 and CTSL2) was analyzed by methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR).
The results show that NANOG gene was methylated in 94.7% of tumor specimen and 100% of normal specimen, RASSF1A gene was methylated in 9.5% of tumor specimen and 0% of normal specimen, SFN gene was methylated in 14.3% of tumor specimen and 27.8% of normal specimen, CASP8 gene was methylated in 30% of tumor specimen and 23.5% of normal specimen, WIF1 gene was methylated in 80% of tumor specimen and 27.8% of normal specimen, CTSL2 gene was methylated in 28.6% of tumor specimen and 23.5 % of normal specimen were methylated. Data analysis did not show a significant relationship between these results. (P >0.05).
The results of this study demonstrate that 6 gene methylation status was not enough to differentiate between the cancer and normal groups. This study demonstrates the methodological problems (MS PCR) which was used to assess the methylation markers to evaluate the methylation status as diagnostic biomarkers.

 The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Organizational justice and Organizational Trust and Organizational Behaviour Citizenship. The research method is descriptive (surveying). The population consists of 315 heads of different departments of Islamic Azad University (region one) in 2010-11.  118 of whom were selected through simple random sampling. Three questionnaires of Organizational justice, Organizational Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour were used as the study instruments. Their reliability was estimated as 0.831, 0.828, and 0.884 respectively. For data analysis, SPSS, and the statistical methods of correlation coefficient matrix, simple and multiple regressions and path analysis were used. The findings showed (a) there is a positive significant relationship between the components of Organizational justice, Organizational Trust and Organizational Behaviour Citizenship; (b) There is a positive relationship between Organizational justice, Organizational Trust, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour; (c) There is a positive relationship between the Trust of friendship and respect, duty, virtue and generocity of the civic dimensions of organizational behavior, and (d) there is a positive relationship between the Competence, Reliability, and benevolence of the dimensions of organizational trust and organizational justice.

The present study introduces some artistic delicacies and techniques used by Hafez in creation of love humor. With a different view towards humor, this paper considers Hafez poems as one of the most serious, effective, and artistic works and attempts to discuss smart techniques used by Hafez. It also analyzes the factors influencing the humor in his work. It is concluded that humor is one of the most significant concerns in language and mind of Hafez in creation of love atmospheres and are used in a very mystic and complicated way.

Textbooks are regarded as important elements in learning and curriculum which should be valid in terms of content. This study aims at investigating the readability levels of “socio-economic skills” textbook which is designed for bradyphrenic students. The study was conducted by both descriptive and content analysis methods. The population of this study consisted of the bradyphrenic students and their teachers. The sampling method for the textbook was purposeful for the content and systematic for the pictures. All the items, students and their teachers were used as samples. The materials were cloze test, teacher’s attitude survey, pictures and items list. In order to analyze the data from readability tests, one-way analysis of variance and Post Hoc tests were used. The results showed that the amount of text and pictures coefficient of readability is 50.09 % and 53 % respectively. The order of items is appropriate with regard to the order of paragraphs so they cause better learning. The items continuation is 4.86 % so it is less than appropriate level. All of the texts, pictures and items are designed appropriately and the differences among the teacher’s ideas about the level of readability are statistically significant (P=0.01). In sum, the texts and pictures readability is suitable but the items require more corrections.

This research has directed to gain the seismic instability hazard assessment in the southern coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea as main target. Main active faults have been recognized by correlation the seismic source points with faults location map. Mazandaran great fault, Alborz, Lahijan, Badeleh, Lavij and Astara was known as the most active faults during the Quaternary period. High vulnerable area has been distinguished by applying seismic occurrence probability with magnitude more than 5 Richter. Then geotechnical hazard degree has been evaluated by overlapping the other information layers such as: topography, slope and its direction, sediments composition, precipitation amount, roads and construction, land use and water table condition in the universal ranking model in the geographical information system. Data results as GIS maps show that the seismic hazard risk is relatively high grade at near the main faults (Mazandaran great fault, Astara and Lahijan faults). The occurrence probability of land slide is concentrated near the centre part of the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea (Noor- Neka) and along the Gorgan plain with lose sediment.Other geotechnical hazard events such as: liquefaction and settlement are dominated along the east part and west part of the study area (Amirabad- Babolsar, Talesh, and Astara) with high concentration of sand sediment near the beach and rivers mouth.

Culture and Civilization Dept., EncyclopaediaIslamica Foundation, Tehran Hunayn b. ’Ishāk is one of the most hardworking scholars of Islamic period. He has many works and translations on medicine, philosophy, logic, ethics, natural sciences and Christian theology. This article is to introduce his most important works on medicine, philosophy and logic and also to present a brief report of his views about Christian theology. Table 2 is also a useful summary of Hunayn’s treatise on Galen’s works which contains a rather complete list of his circle’s medical translations.This article is in fact the second part of a survey which its first part entitled “Hunayn b. ’Ishāk’sTranslationSchool” is published in the last issue of this journal.

Researchers of intellectual history of Islamic period count truly Ḥunayn b. ’Isḥāḳ (died 260 A.H.) as the representative of Greek-Roman culture in the first Abbasid age. He was considered as a strong translator, a skilled physician and as one familiar with Christian philosophy and theology. Undoubtedly Ḥunayn can be counted as the greatest translator of the translation movement in the Abbasid age, as the old sources have also named him “Shaykh al-Mutardjimīn” (the master of translators). He had his own style and school of translation. In Ḥunayn’s opinion each translation depends on the ability of translator and the taste and knowledge of one orders it. Therefore in translating different texts, somewhere he attempts to give an extensive account, but elsewhere provides an intensive summary; despite there are certain characteristics in Ḥunayn and his followers’ style of translation.This research considers episodes of Ḥunayn’s scientific life, his style of translation, his students and also the relation between his circle and the scientists and statesmen of that time.

The present article is a survey into the epistemology of thought in the Islamic era. It does not intend to examine the content of the heritage of Islamic thought but to search the structure of the rationality that created it. This rationality is not merely Arabic but some of its constituents are Arabic and some of them are non- Arabic. Moreover, the formation of Arabic Constituents of that rationality were also affected by the Characteristics of non-Arabic cultures.