فهرست مطالب ali abbasi sourki

In order to comparison the effects of growth promoting bacteria on germination of hamadani alfalfa seeds, a randomized complete block design was conducted with 4 replications and 8 levels of bacterial inoculation (include non-inoculation, application of Acinetrobacter calcoaceticus PTCC 1318, Bacillus megaterium PTCC 1250, Enterobacter aerogenes PTCC 1221 lonely and their pairwise and triple combination of them(. Another CRD factorial experiment was also conducted with 3 replications in greenhouse conditions. Mentioned bacterial treatments were as the first factor and injection of bacteria into the soil of pots as the second factor. The results showed that application of bacteria increased the vigor index of seedling, percentage and germination rate, but did not affect other alfalfa traits in the laboratory. Inoculation of seeds with bacteria in the pots had positive effects on alfalfa growth, percentage and rate of emergence, dry weight, root volume and length, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content. Injection of bacteria to the soil also affected some traits, which could be due to better placement and/or a larger population of bacteria in the rhizosphere. Application of bacteria lonely had better results than their combinations. It may be due to antagonistic effects of bacteria on each other, which may reduce positive effects.

Seeds are a good option for propagation and protection of medicinal plants. Although Seed dormancy is an adaptive strategy for wild medicinal plants, but it is considered as an undesirable trait in domestication and cultivation of them, need to be solved. Echinophora platyloba seed has dormancy despite its remarkable medicinal properties. In order to break seed dormancy, three separate experiment including stratification, hormonal treatment and combination of both were performed. For stratification 10 samples of were placed in a wet bed at 5 ° C for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 Week and were compared using a completely randomized design with three replications. For hormonal treatment, the seeds were placed in GA concentrations of 0, 500 and 1000 ppm for 24 hours and then transferred to germination conditions. However, since the breaking of dormancy did not occur, this experiment was not discussed any more. For combined application of hormone and stratification, seeds were placed at mentioned concentrations of gibberellin for 24 hours at 20 ° C and then gibberellin solutions were removed and the seed transmitted to 5 ° C and compared for 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks with a CRD factorial experiment with three replications. The first factor was concentration of gibberellin in three levels and the second factor was the duration of stratification in 4 levels. Stratification had a positive effect on seed dormancy breaking and 16 week chilling lead to highest germination percentage and rate and vigor indices. The combined application of hormonal treatments accelerated dormancy release and improved seed germination characteristics, which peaked at 8 weeks. 8-week stratification treatment at 5 ° C with 1000 ppm gibberellic acid was the best treatment to overcoming of dormancy in Echinophora-platyloba seeds. It seems that seed dormancy of Echinophora seeds is physiological, which broke down by moist chilling and simultaneous application of stratification and gibberellin successfully. Although Gibberellin had no effect on dormancy break, it reduced the need for stratification. Combined application of them showed synergistic effects on dormancy release.     Highlights: Echinophora seed’s dormancy was broken under stratification conditions, but GA had no effect on it lonely. The application of gibberellin reduced the chilling demands of Echinophora seeds and the combined application of them had a synergistic effect on dormancy break

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one valuable medicinal plant due to its efficacy in treatment of many diseases and other industries, so increment of quantity and quality of its essence through agricultural techniques has special importance. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen, in addition to environmental pollution, infers quality risks for medicinal uses. Intercropping with legumes could be a technique to reduce chemical inputs, especially nitrogen. In addition, it may increase desire of farmers to cultivation of this plant and lead to higher performance, while biodiversity and productivity also increase. So the study was conducted to investigate effects of different levels of nitrogen and transplanting date on some growth traits, yield and essential oil of peppermint in different ratios of intercropping with lentils.
This experiment was done as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015 at research farm of Shahrekord University. Treatments include different ratios of intercropped or sole cropping (66% mint: 33% lentils, 50% mint: 50% lentils, 33% mint: 66% lentils, and sole cropping of peppermint and lentils), three nitrogen levels (100%, 75% and 50% of peppermint request) in two transplanting date for peppermint (29 April and 25 May) were evaluated as first to third factor. Growth characteristics of mint like height, leaf production rate, dry matter yield and grain yield of lentil were measured along with essential oil rate and yield of pepper mint.
Effect of intercropping ratios, nitrogen and transplanting date was significant on growth characteristics, yield and essential oil of peppermint. Higher peppermints were seen in sole cropping, at 29 April and 100% nitrogen requirement, more number of leaves per plant also were in this planting date and nitrogen level in sole cropping. But by reducing of nitrogen fertilizer to 75% and 50%, highest number of leaves were acquired in intercropping treatments especially 66% mint: 33% lentils at 29 April. Intercropping increased dry matter yield, the essential oil rate and yield compare to sole cropping. Conversely, late planting and reduced nitrogen fertilizer decreased these parameters. Intercropping could partly compensate for the lack of nitrogen and planting date. In 29 April, dry matter yield of 66% mint: 33% lentils at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer was higher than sole cropping. The highest yield of grain (2614 kg per hectare) also was obtained in its sole cropping, this means that lentil was not dominated in this intercropping system. Total land equivalent ratio for 75% N fertilizer was mar than one in all intercropping ratios, tough in first transplanting date plots with 50%mint:50%lentil and for second transplanting date 66%mint:33%lentil with 1.17 and 1.1 had higher LER.
Since late transplanting (25 may) decreased growth parameters of peppermint, transplanting on 29 April is recommended. But in nitrogen deficiency condition, intercropping may yield better results. This result can be related to the nitrogen fixation of lentils. In order to achieve sustainable agriculture, intercropping of these plants recommended.