ali abdolmaleki

In addition to damaging structural effects, earthquakes also have adverse environmental effects, including polluting water resources. In this article, the quality changes of surface water resources due to earthquakes are monitored. In the present research, in order to achieve the above goal, by using various data from Sunnynell 1 satellites, optical data from Landsat 8, and Madis satellite images, the data has been unified in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing. be placed In this research, by using the combination of satellite images (radar and optics), the Starfam algorithm, the spectral signature of Sentinel 1 data and the use of remote sensing indicators (MNDWI, NDVI and RGB color combination), water resources The studied area was identified and then the quality changes of surface water resources affected by the earthquake were obtained in the environment of ARC GIS and SNAP SANTINEL software. The results show that the earthquake caused shaking and displacement of the surface and subsurface layers of the earth and due to the karstic location of the studied area, it caused an increase in the concentration of dissolved anions and cations in water. In the studied area, the role of faults is very obvious. According to the geological structure of Zagros, Sarpol-Zahab city has numerous faults and the most changes of water resources are located in the main path of the faults and follow the fault lines of the region. Also, in terms of geology,

 Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and profundity. It may even cause the springtime fountain to flow that has dried up over the years. The use of remote evaluation technology in various earth sciences is very common compared to geocentric methods due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of images, and its little cost. Also, one of the important and unique capabilities of digital satellite data is its temporal, spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. These important features of satellite imagery allow for important studies such as the evaluation and monitoring of dynamic phenomena such as quantitative changes in water resources in temporal and spatial dimensions. Because in some cases the information obtained from a sensor alone does not meet the desired needs. Although optical multispectral data provide rich spectral information of various effects, it is significantly affected by environmental factors such as smoke, fog, clouds, and the amount of sunlight. Unlike optical sensors, radar data with virtual aperture (SAR) is independent of different weather and radiation conditions, as well as the sensitivity of its signal, scatter to target parameters such as structure (shape, orientation, size), roughness, and moisture content of the features can provide more information about the study area, but on the other hand, radar images cannot clearly identify the details and edges of objects. Therefore, combining different properties of optics images and radar data using image integration techniques can provide a more complete view of the target and provide higher accuracy and reliability for the results obtained from this method. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and the image combination method, the data have been standardized in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing.

Using the method of combining satellite images of quantitative changes of surface water resources, affected by the SARPOL-E-ZAHAB earthquake in the course of 7 days, 11/11/2017 to 17/11/2017, using radar data (S_1A-IW-SLC), With 100 m spatial baseline and Landsat 8 (OLI) optical data, and obtained by applying remote evaluation techniques and indicators to detect changes in water resources, including Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in ENVI software environment and then analysis in ArcGIS software environment.

Examination of the results of quantitative changes in surface water resources shows that in the time period of 7 days after the earthquake in the study area, the highest amount of small changes (in a decreasing manner) occurred in dams (HAMMAM Strait and GILANGH-GHARB Dam). As the Strait of HAMMAM dam decreased by 0.13 square meters and the Gilan GHARB dam decreased by 0.07 square meters. Also, small changes occurred in the surface (SARPOL-E-ZAHAB SARAB-GARM) (drinking water source of the region), SIRVAN river and canals), and there were a total of 7523421 square meters of changes in the surface water resources of the study area after the earthquake.

The earthquake caused the outflow of groundwater and decreased the volume of dams in the region and fed the surface rivers of the region, including (the Sirvan river) and finally caused water loss and in some places caused the drying of springs and Damage to normal living conditions.

Vulnerability can be attributed to an inherent defect in the specific dimensions of the city 's environment, which is prone to damage due to the biological and physical properties or design characteristics. Studying the structures of a city and micro-zoning its vulnerability from the perspective of passive defense is a step towards the future prospects of a safe city. The main purpose of the present study is to study the vulnerability challenge in urban infrastructure from the civil defense point of view, and the anticipated approach is the application of modeling for identification of these infrastructures. The domain of the present study is the Boroujerd city with the population of 240654 and the area of 33065884 square meters. This research is applied-research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research (based on the approach of spatial-model studies) in terms of methodology. The indicators of special infrastructure, emergency, general, public and management services are classified and extracted in the form of 1062 infrastructures. In order to measure the proximity pattern, 14 layers which are effective on vulnerability are identified and using Anp-dematle-GIS combined analysis, the weighting of distance maps for them is designed and standardized. The FUZZY OVERLAY tool in ArcGIS software is used for spatial distribution and micro-zoning of urban infrastructure vulnerabilities. Spatial results and micro-zoning of vulnerability in Boroujerd city show that 539 infrastructures, namely 50.47% of the infrastructures are in a totally vulnerable situation. It should also be noted that about 59% of the city's area is in a situation from vulnerable to absolutely vulnerable, which shows the importance of the principles and requirements of passive defense in this city.

An earthquake is one of the most important natural events that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year around the world. An earthquake is an earthquake caused by the rapid release of energy, which often occurs due to landslides along a fault in the earth's crust. Earthquakes cause many geological-geotechnical instabilities such as multiple rockfalls, soil and rock landslides, runoff and mud flow, subsidence limestone caves, liquefaction, and expansion rupture. One of the most important effects of an earthquake is the displacement of the earth and the resulting morphological changes. Estimating the rate of land displacement and monitoring the morphological changes of this phenomenon in order to manage the crisis is one of the basic measures after the earthquake. In recent decades, extensive efforts have been made to monitor changes and displacements of the Earth's crust. With accurate alignment and ground observations, changes can be measured with great accuracy, which ground measurements are costly and can be measured sporadically. The use of remote sensing technology in the various earth sciences is very common due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images, and its low cost compared to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of measurement is to show and control the movements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquake, drift, subsidence. The use of radar, satellite images, and radar interferometry methods, due to extensive coverage and periodic imaging and with an accuracy of about cm, is a good tool to monitor changes in the Earth's crust. Satellite imagery of the Sentinel-1 satellite system, which has been made available to the public free of charge by the European Space Agency since 2014 and is currently being continuously imaged, is a good tool for earthquake monitoring. A radar imaging technique is a new tool used for the discovery and display of land subsidence.  In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and radar interferometry technique, the deformation of the earth's crust due to post-seismic movements in Sarpolzahab city has been investigated. 

In this paper, using radar imagery, the deformation field due to the seismic dimension of the county is obtained from 11/ 11/ 2017 to 17/11/2017 using radar data (S _ 1 A - IW), with a baseline of 100 m.

Examination of the results of deformation of the earth's crust after an earthquake shows; The highest rate of land subsidence in the north, northwest of Sarpol-e-Zahab city (about 90 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust) to the west, and land elevation around the epicenter (north of the herd), about 30 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust (towards Darbandi Khan) It has happened. The effects of subsidence and uplift caused by the earthquake in the study area in addition to morphological changes in the area have also affected the hydrology of water resources in the area. For example, earthquakes have caused significant changes in the volume of water in the Strait of Hammam dam and increased the volume of water resources in the Sirvan river.

The results of this study showed that the use of radar interferometry technique, in addition to being an efficient tool in estimating the rate of crustal displacement, can be used in relatively accurate estimation of quantitative changes in water resources resulting from crustal displacement.

This paper investigates the loan verb accommodation strategies applied in the recipient languages of Persian، Kurdish (Sine''i dialect) and Azabaijani، spoken in the geographical area of Iran. The present study builds upon the work by Wohlgemuth (2009) who presents a typology for verbal borrowings. Based on the data taken from one monolingual and two bilingual dictionaries، major loan verb accommodation strategies in the three languages are isolated، described and exemplified. In this connection، it is demonstrated that Persian makes use of three major accommodation strategies of light verb، semantic borrowing، and indirect insertion، while in Kurdish direct insertion and semantic borrowing are applied، in spite of the fact that the latter language is an Iranian language، just like Persian. The reason behind this difference can be ascribed to the donor languages from which these two languages borrow. Most of the lexical items borrowed into Kurdish، have their origin in Persian. Being in the same language family، Persian and Kurdish share many linguistic features; therefore، applying the direct insertion strategy in accommodating verbal loans from Persian is fully justified in Kurdish. This is in contrast to Azarbaijani which makes no use of direct insertion strategy in borrowing verbal items from Persian، in spite of the fact that it has almost the same sociolinguistic standing like Kurdish in Iran. Being from a different language family، Azabaijani applies semantic borrowing and indirect insertion strategies to accommodate loan-verbs from Persian.

Long-term exposure to opiates induces physical and psychological dependency. Despite a large number of studies on this subject، cellular mechanism involved in this phenomenon is not yet exactly clear. In this study، we investigated the effects of donepezil، an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor، on morphin-induced withdrawal symptoms in rats. In this experimental study،6 groups of male Sprague Dawly rats weighting between 225 and 300 g، received 10 mg/kg، ip morphine/ day in addition to 1 ml/kg،ip saline or 0. 5، 1 and 1. 5 mg/kg، ip donepezil. In order to induce dependency، morphine was administered subcutaneously every 12 hours for nine days. On the ninth day،30 minutes after the last dose of morphine، control groups received 1 ml/kg، ip saline and experimental groups received ip donepezil. After 30 min، naloxone (4 mg/kg، ip) were administered for all groups and the withdrawal symptoms including: jumping، rearing، genital grooming، abdomen writhing، body grooming and wet dog shake، were recorded for 60 minutes. Results Our results showed that donepezil decreased withdrawal symptoms، also it could attenuate the total withdrawal score، significantly. The results of this study showed that donepezil as an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor، could decrease withdrawal symptoms in rats.

The exact mechanisms of morphine dependence and withdrawal syndrome remain unclear. Many studies have been performed to find a drug for prevention of withdrawal syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbenoxolone (a gap junction inhibitor) on morphine withdrawal syndrome in male rats. In this experimental study، adult male Sprague Dawley rats with weights between 225 and 275 g were selected randomly and divided into 8 groups. Each group consisted of 8 rats. In order to induce dependency، morphine was injected subcutaneously for nine days (1st day: 5mg/kg، 2nd and 3rd days: 10 mg/kg، 4th and 5th days: 15 mg/kg، 6th and 7th days: 20 mg/kg، 8th and 9th days: 25 mg/kg). On the ninth day only the morning dose of morphine was injected، then control group and treatment groups received IP injection of saline (1 ml/kg) and IP injection of carbenoxolone (5، 25، 50، 100 mg/kg) respectively. After 30 min all groups received IP injection of naloxone (4 mg/kg) and the withdrawal signs including: jumping، rearing، genital grooming، abdominal writhing، body grooming and wet dog shake، were recorded for 60 minutes. Our results showed that carbenoxolone not only decreased all withdrawal signs، but also reduced the total withdrawal scores، significantly. In conclusion we found that carbenoxolone as a gap junction inhibitor was effective in decreasing the symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome.