ali arabi

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the social processes of the formation of single life in Ahvaz city. The research method is based on a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach, which was conducted in order to identify and understand the formation processes of single life through interviews with men who have this type of life in order to achieve a systematic understanding. In this study, 14 men who lived unmarried in Ahvaz city were selected by theoretical and purposeful sampling method. The data were collected and analyzed based on in-depth interviews. The analysis of the interviews based on of Strauss and Corbin coding system resulted in the formation of 18 sub-categories, 7 main categories including 1) single life as a continuum from situation requirements to lifestyle choices, 2) single life inspired by personal history, 3) single life, permanent process of legitimization, 4) single life, living against cultural prescription, 5) celibate life, living in the shadow of celibacy, 6) single life, an opportunity for personal and professional development and fulfillment, and 7) single life, a possibility to escape from pervasive surveillance, and finally led to the discovery of a core category under the title "single life; deconstruction of lifeworld of youth.

In recent years, the inclination of young people towards addictive substances has been steadily increasing. This study aims to develop a paradigmatic model for the analysis of causal, contextual, and intervening conditions related to substance relapse in Khuzestan province of Iran, from the perspective of experts and specialists in specialized addiction treatment clinics.

This study was conducted using the Grounded Theory methodology. The data required for analysis was collected via in-depth interview technique with 21 active doctors in addiction treatment clinics in Khuzestan province, who were selected using purposive and theoretical sampling.

According to the paradigmatic model developed, a significant reason for relapse is the health system's failure to adapt to changes in the production and consumption of addictive substances. Current guidelines for addressing substance abuse—from combating production and distribution to prevention and treatment—are still primarily focused on opioids.

The fragmentary understanding of drug abuse has caused the stop addiction paradigm to prevail over treatment, in such a way, relapse is considered an inevitable consequence for those suffering from addiction. This is so while considering substance abuse (addiction) as a biosocial phenomenon and its treatment is completely possible and accessible.

This research was conducted with the aim of predicting the attitude towards infidelity based on the quality of marital relations, sexual performance in married women: the mediating role of empathy. The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the present study included all married women in Najaf Abad city in 2019, and 225 of these women were selected by random cluster sampling and the Whatley Infidelity Attitude Questionnaire (ATIS) (2006), Busby et al.'s Marital Relationship Quality (RDAS) (1995), Rosen et al.'s Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (FSFI) (2000), and Jolliffe et al.'s Empathy (ICBC) (2006) were completed. Data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that there is a negative and significant relationship (p<0.01) between the quality of marital relations, sexual performance and empathy with the attitude towards marital infidelity. Also, the results showed that there is an indirect and significant relationship between the quality of marital relations and sexual performance with attitude through empathy (p<0.01). The results of this research showed that the quality of marital relations and sexual performance explains the attitude towards cheating based on the mediating role of empathy, and the research model has a favorable fit. The findings of this research can be used by experts in the fields of mental health to improve couples' relationships

Participation in elections, as one of the main pillars of religious democracy, increases the social capital of the system and strengthens the foundations of governance. Types of political participation arise from the social and cultural conditions in which people live and ethnicity as a cultural context is effective on various actions of individuals, including electoral participation, so in this article, the political participation among the ethnic groups of Fars province with emphasis on The elections of the Islamic Consultative Assembly has been covered. In the present study, according to the subject, logic, and purpose of the research, a quantitative approach and survey method was used, and the statistical population of the investigation included 600 citizens aged 18 and over in three cities of Shiraz, Noorabad, and Firoozabad (representatives of Fars, Lor, and Turk) is. The required data were collected using a questionnaire. The results show that offline and online political participation among the sample members is lower than average, however, in both variables, the ethnic context of cities has a significant positive relationship with political participation, which can be considered as a threat to democracy in Its all-encompassing meaning should be taken into account.

The spread of the Covid 19 virus has affected human life on Earth to varying degrees. Some of the effects of this virus can be seen in the field of everyday and public culture. One of the areas affected by this pandemic is the mourning style. Cultural changes in mourning style due to their gradual nature are not very noticeable unless we take a process look at them. In the present study, the method of multi-sited ethnography was used. The term ethnography broadly refers to qualitative research projects that provide detailed and in-depth descriptions of everyday life. This method is the art of describing human groups, institutions, interpersonal behaviors and beliefs. In the central and southern Zagros, which is home to the Bakhtiari and Bahmaei tribes, lifestyle changes, especially in mourning ceremonies and other collective actions, have become evident in recent months. Among the people of the mentioned tribes and in the cities of Izeh, Baghmalek and Ramhormoz, affected by the spread of the virus, there is a cautious retreat in order to maintain survival in holding public rituals and ceremonies. The purpose of this article is to study the ethnographic changes that have taken place in this region from a mentioned perspective. Study data have been collected from field work in recent months in rural and urban areas of Izeh, Ramhormoz and Baghmalek. Daily observations, listening to related narratives, and attending or participating in daily life and mourning-related situations have helped to produce field notes. Based on this, analytical themes and codes were formed. The results showed that the spread of the virus, with the withdrawal of some mourning rituals, has shortened the ceremony in terms of duration.

 Theater actors are a subgroup of professional voice users who may present their performances at a high-pressure vocal demand, like loud talking, shouting, or even stage singing. Disturbances in auditory-perceptual or acoustic parameters of voice are commonly experienced by theater actors and are known as a frequent occupational hazard for them.

 This study aimed to examine the relationship between auditory-perceptual and acoustic parameters of the voice in Iranian theater actors.

 This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 45 Iranian theater actors, including 22 females and 23 males, with a mean age of 30.76 ± 7 years. The auditory-perceptual evaluation was performed using the Persian version of the Consensus Auditory-perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V). Acoustic characteristics, including mean fundamental frequency (F0), local shimmer, local jitter, and harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), were extracted from the subjects’ “speech sample.” Correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationship between the measures of auditory-perceptual and acoustic voice characteristics.

 The overall auditory-perceptual severity was negatively correlated with mean F0 (r = -0.592, P < 0.05) and HNR (r = - 0.324, P < 0.05). Roughness was also negatively correlated with voice mean F0 (r = -0.629, P < 0.05) and HNR (r = -0.322, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with voice local jitter (r = 0.310, P < 0.05). We also found that pitch was negatively correlated with voice mean F0 (r = -0.309, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with voice local jitter (r = 0.292, P = 0.050).

 Acoustic measures, including F0, HNR, and jitter, correlate with auditory perceptual parameters of the voice quality in Iranian theater actors. These findings highlight the significance of acoustic parameters in assessing voice quality in professional voice users such as theater actors.

The change of structures and culture is a continuous process in all societies throughout history, and as a result, it is necessary to study sociological variables with continuous monitoring of society for social policies. In the last century, one of the fundamental changes was the redefinition of the identity of women and their widespread presence in the public arena of society. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and study women's sense of security as a variable affecting the quantity and quality of their activism in society. 

Methods and Data:

 The present study was conducted through the social survey method. The required data were collected from 376 women aged 15 to 65 living in Haftkal, who were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling using a questionnaire. 

The variables of education, marital status, ethnicity, and economic status had a statistically significant relationship with the sense of security of Heftkal women. In this regard, women with diploma education, married, Lur ethnicity and middle class are reported to have the highest sense of security. Also, the findings indicated that the perception of social vulnerability had a significant and reverse relationship with the sense of security, while women's positive perception of social controls significantly increases their sense of security. 

A very important point that is highlighted in this study from a sociological point of view is the necessity of overcoming women's feeling of insecurity as an individual problem and raising it to the level of a social issue. 

Key Message: 

The results remind us of the necessity of designing and implementing research on a wider scale and paying special attention to ways to improve women's sense of security in social policies.

In the last two years, due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and its consequences for the society, such issues as health behavior have attracted the thinkers and experts’ attention. The health behavior includes the activities performed to prevent or diagnose diseases and improve health. This concept like other phenomena is influenced by many factors. In this study, the role of the variables of attitude towards Covid-19 and health literacy in Ahvaz citizens’ health behaviors were investigated. The main aim was to study the mediating role of attitudes towards Covid-19 in the relationship between health literacy and the citizens’ health behaviors.

This research was based on a survey method. The statistical population of this study included 15-65-year-old citizens in Ahvaz City (839148 people), of whom 384 people were selected as the study sample based on Cochran's formula by using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research instruments consisted of the Health Behavior Scale used by Lou et al. (2020), the Health Literacy questionnaire by Zareban et al.  (2016), and the Attitude questionnaire by Hanawari et al. (2020). In the current study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to estimate the reliability of the scale. The research data were analyzed by using SPSS2 and AMOS 18 software.

Discussion of Results & Conclusions :

The results of this study indicated that the level of Ahvaz citizens’ health behaviors was higher than the average. The results of the correlation test between the variables of attitude towards Covid-19 and health-oriented behaviors were as follows:1) There was a significant relationship between the attitudes towards Covid-19 and health behaviors in the Covid-19 pandemic period.2) The correlation between health literacy and health behavior was significant in the Covid-19 pandemic period.  The results of path analysis showed that the variables of health literacy and attitude towards Covid-19 had a high power for predicting health behavior in such a way that these two variables could explain 51% of the variance of health behavior among Ahvaz citizens. In general, it could be concluded that health literacy and attitude towards Covid-19 played a key role in improving the citizens' health behaviors. Upon comparing the beta coefficients, it could be concluded that the total effect of Covid-19 attitude was 0.679 more than that of the variable of health literacy. Consistent with this finding, the results obtained by Rinken Orib et al. (2021) revealed that the attitude towards Covid-19 prevention had a significant effect on health behavior in the Covid-19 pandemic period. The Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior (KAB) model also demonstrated that changes in the health behaviors occurred gradually. Therefore, the content of the knowledge-attitude-behavior theory was congruent with the research findings.Given the importance of health literacy and attitude towards covid-19 in the development of health behavior during corona outbreak, it is necessary to invest in the promotion of health literacy. Based on the research findings, physicians and scientific, sports, religious, and artistic reference groups in Khuzestan Province are suggested to emphasize observing social distance in the social media and networks so as to promote a responsible attitude towards Covid-19 and health behavior. It is suggested that Khuzestan Health Center set up free online and telephone counseling centers in cooperation with academic elites, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and psychologists to ameliorate the citizens’ health-promoting behaviors in the Covid-19 pandemic period. One of the limitations of the present research was the prevalence of the Covid-19 pandemic in Ahvaz at the time of data collection. This limitation was partially overcome by teaching how to collect the data in corona conditions and observing health protocols when collecting data.

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders that has cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. The disorder is associated with abnormalities in the cortical activity of the brain. Many neuropsychiatric diseases, such as depression, are associated with abnormal connectivity functions in the neural networks of the brain. These abnormalities can be analyzed using a variety of tools, including electroencephalography (EEG) and quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). The coherence pattern is one of the components calculated by the QEEG and is a scale that examines the coordination of connectivity across areas of the brain. There are two types of coherence abnormalities in depression including the high intracranial coherence between bands; & the low coherence abnormality between hemispheres in bands. It is hypothesized that the differences observed in the coherence patterns of depressed patients are mainly due to the increase in functional short-distance connectivity in the left hemisphere and long-distance connectivity in the right hemisphere. This increase has been interpreted as a mechanism of adaptation and compensation in order to overcome the inefficiency of the integration of cortical activities. Research has shown that EEG-based functional connectivity change following transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on the cortical coherence patterns of patients with major depressive disorder.

Methods 

A sample of 36 patients were selected through structured interview by psychiatrists based on the criteria specified in DSM-5, by purposive sampling procedure based on including (age range 18 to 40 years, at least 9th grade education, minimum duration of 3 months from disorder onset and right handed) and excluding criteria (psychotic illness, mental retardation, history of seizures or epilepsy, head trauma, concomitant use of other disorders, concomitant use of drugs). All participants were assigned randomly in one of the research groups: recipient transcranial direct electrical stimulation (experimental group), the group receiving pseudo direct transcranial electrical stimulation (sham group) and the waiting list group (without any intervention). All participants were matched based on age, severity and duration of the disease. All participants completed the Beck depression inventory and their brain activity was recorded using a 19-channel EEG. Then, the data related to the subjects' brain waves for cortical coherence analysis were converted into quantitative electroencephalography by Neurogide software. After these steps, the subjects of the experimental group and the sham stimulation group were introduced to the process of treatment sessions. The experimental group (tDCS) received electrical stimulation by single-site method. In this stimulation, the anode electrode was placed in the left DLPFC region and the cathode electrode was placed in the right DLPFC region. This stimulation was presented to the subjects with a current of 2 mA, for a duration of 20 minutes and for 10 consecutive days. Subjects were then re-evaluated by EEG. The sham excitation group was such that the anodal electrodes were placed on the left DLPFC and the cathodal electrode on the right DLPFC. Subjects were then stimulated for 30 seconds, after which the device was turned off and received no stimulation; But the electrodes were attached to the subjects' heads until the end of twenty minutes, and the subjects were unaware of the lack of stimulation. At the end of ten sessions, the electrical activity of the subjects in this group (stimulation sham) was recorded again by EEG device. The waiting list group was also recorded by the EEG device at the same time with the interventions on the experimental groups and the false stimulation in two phases apart (10 days) by the EEG device. To analyze the results, the method of multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures was used in the design of a 7 * 3 * 2 * 2 * 3, in which 3 expresses between group variables (tDCS groups, sham stimulation and waiting list). 2 represents the within group variable of experimental condition (pre and post-test), other within group variable are including the cerebral hemispheres (right and left), brain areas (anterior, central and posterior) and different bands of electrical activity (Delta, Theta, Alpha 1, Alpha 2 and Beta 1, Beta 2, Beta 3).

At first, an attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of tDCS on reducing the severity of depressive symptoms in participants. The results of one-way analysis of covariance show that the tDCS in comparison with sham group and waiting list, also compared to the pretest, significantly reduced the severity of depressive symptoms in participants. Although the sham group also showed a decrease in symptoms, these changes were not as significant. Also, multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to compare the scores of intra-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric coherence and the interaction of its factors. The results show that the main effect of activity bands and brain areas were significant. The results also show that the interactive effect of hemisphere * group, condition * hemisphere * group, condition * regions, condition * hemisphere * band * group, regions * band, condition * regions * band and condition * hemisphere * regions * band were significant. However, based on the significant interactions obtained, the interaction related to the condition * band * region * group is significant. It caused electrical differences in different areas of the brain between the experimental groups. They showed a reduction in symptoms, but these changes were not as significant as the stimulus-receiving group. Also, multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to compare the scores of intra-hemispheric and intra-hemispheric coherence and the interaction of its factors. To follow this interactive effect, the multivariate analysis of variance test was used. The results of this analysis showed that direct transcranial electrical stimulation caused the coherence pattern in the anterior, central and posteriorly in different electrical bands in the experimental group (tDCS) have significant changes compared to the two groups of sham stimulation and waiting list. The post hoc test was used to examine more accurately the differences between the mean scores of experimental groups (tDCS), sham stimulation and waiting list in the hemispheric coherence pattern between groups. The findings of this analysis showed that the experimental group (tDCS) performed better in cerebral coherence than the sham when receiving extracranial stimulation, compared with the waiting list group. In other words, electrical stimulation significantly reduces the coherence in brain bands, especially theta, alpha and beta bands in all three anterior, central and posterior regions, except alpha 1 band in the anterior and posterior regions compared to the sham stimulation group and the list group.

The results showed that there are significant interactions on coherence modulation based on brain areas (anterior, posterior and central) in different bands (delta, theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3) and between groups (real stimulation, sham stimulation and waiting list) after tDCS. The findings of the present study showed that stimulation of tDCS led to a decrease in coherence in different bands of electrical activity, especially theta, alpha 2 and beta bands; This decrease in coherence was more significant in the central areas than in the anterior and posterior regions. Based on the findings of the present study, it should be acknowledged that transcranial stimulation has been effective in reducing intracranial coherence of patients in theta, alpha and beta bands.It has been shown that there is an inverse relationship between positive and negative emotions in brain waves, with positive emotion associated with high beta activity and low alpha activity in the left frontal cortex and low beta and high alpha activity in the right frontal cortex; Whereas in depression when emotion is negative, high alpha and beta activity is reported in the left frontal cortex and low alpha and beta activity is reported in the right frontal cortex. In fact, high alpha activity in the left frontal cortex means less left frontal cortex activity and superior hemispheric activity, in which people are less affected by positive emotions, which indicates that a biological background for depression is provided.These coherence patterns represent the activity of brain regions involved in specific sensory processing patterns in patients in a way that plays a significant role in autobiographical memory and the relationship between abstract and concepts. The excitatory effects of the anodal electrode on the areas receiving the stimulus are the product of a change in the excitability of the neuron due to the polarization of the membrane-resting potassium and a rapid change in the ion density below the electrode location.

Ethical considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
In order to observe the principles of research ethics, before starting the research, an informed consent form that explained the objectives and the process of the research, was provided to the participants. The information of all participants was coded with respect to the principle of confidentiality. This research has an ethical code from the Research Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences with the ID (IR.TBZMED.REC.1396.385) and a clinical trial code (IRCT20180704040344N1).

Authors’ Contributions

Seyed Ali Arabi (first author) has presenting the initial research plan, collecting information and preparing the initial framework of the article, his contribution was about 35%. Gholamreza Chalabianloo (second and responsible author) contributed in data analysis, article writing and all correspondence and correction of the article and monitoring the research implementation process, his contribution was about 40%. Reza Abdi (third author) contributed through assistance in writing the article and supervising the performance, his contribution was about 25%.

No financial support has been received from any organization for this research.

Acknowledgments

This article is based on the master's thesis of cognitive sciences in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Seyed Ali Seyed Arabi, with the guidance of Dr. Gholamreza Chalbianlou and the advice of Dr. Reza Abdi. The authors consider it their duty to express their gratitude to all the patients participating in this study who finally made it possible for them to cooperate. We also thank the esteemed staff of Bozorgmehr Neuroscience Treatment Center for their assistance in recording brain activity and performing interventions. We would also like to thank the Vice Chancellor for Research and the Director of Graduate Studies of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University for supporting the implementation of this dissertation.

Conflict of interest

This study did not have any conflict of interest.

Transition to organic communities is an inevitable necessity for contemporary societies. NGOs have been considered as facilitators of this transition in theoretical models of democracy. In this study, in connection with these theoretical models, from a problematic approach, the relationship between social capital and tolerance is investigated. The statistical population included all non-governmental organizations registered in the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Shiraz.  The data required for this research have been collected using social survey method and questionnaire tools.   The results of data analysis clearly showed that the amount of social capital and tolerance in all dimensions are lower than the theoretical average. Also, the relationship between social capital and tolerance was not statistically confirmed. These findings remind the social policymakers and the scientific, cultural and political community of the need for qualitative research in connection with the exploratory explanation or description of such findings.

Political participation plays a critical role in establishment, preservation, and continuity of democracies. Therefore, a considerable amount of literature attempted to address factors contributing to the political participation. In this study, we tried to prepare a critical meta-analysis of internally published papers on the political participation through the mixed method. In this vein, according to the purposive sampling strategy, 13 papers were selected among papers published in the last decade at Iranian nation-wide journals. Our analysis on the main sections of selected papers including the definition of the dependent variable, theoretical foundations, and theoretical framework, show fundamental epistemological shortcomings in all parts. Most samples did not follow a coherent theoretical framework, while methodological problems seriously influenced the validity of their results. Regarding their findings, we conclude that the political openness and consequently the perception of effectiveness, as well as media and membership in the communities are the main incentives of conventional political participation, mainly voting; meanwhile, fatalism and feeling of powerlessness are recognized as obstacles.

This study investigates the relationship between study habits, achievement goals, and academic self-efficacy with high school students test anxiety. This is a descriptive-analytic correlational study. The statistical population included all high school students in Kashan during the academic year 99-98 (over 8000). For the purpose of sampling, 449 persons (224 males and 225 females) were selected by random sampling. Research instruments included test anxiety questionnaires (Abolghasemi et al., 1996), study habits (Palsani & Sharma, 1982), achievement goals (Elliott & McGregor, 2001), and academic self-efficacy (Jinks & Morgan, 1999). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (average, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and stepwise regression) by SPSS-20 software. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between test anxiety and study habits (p <0.01), achievement goals (p <0.01) and students academic self-efficacy (p <0.01).School counselors and education specialists should pay more attention to study habits, development goals, and self-efficacy of students in order to reduce anxiety of students and try to reduce anxiety through effective planning based on students’ abilities.

Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites negatively affecting ruminant performance; however, little information is available on their impact on rumen fermentation.

This study aimed at determining the effects of different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from Aspergillus flavus on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation parameters using two experiments (Exp.).

In Exp. 1, two concentration ranges (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 µg/ml of rumen inoculum as low and 0, 5, and 10 µg/ml as high concentration ranges) were used to evaluate AFB1 effect on gas production kinetics using 96-h incubations. In Exp. 2, only the high concentration range was used to investigate AFB1 effects on ruminal fermentation parameters using 24-h incubations.

In the low concentration range, the half-time of asymptotic gas production (T1/2) increased and the fractional rate of gas production (µ) decreased linearly with AFB1 dosage (P<0.05). However, in the high concentration range, the asymptotic gas production (A) and T1/2 decreased; and the lag time (L) and “µ” increased linearly (P<0.001) by increasing the concentrations of AFB1. In Exp. 2, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) disappearance, microbial biomass (MB) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentrations were depressed, but pH and ammonia-N concentration increased (P<0.01) by increasing the concentrations of AFB1. The pattern of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was also modified by AFB1, as the propionate proportion increased at the expense of acetate.

Aflatoxin B1 had an adverse effect on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters in high concentration ranges (5 and 10 µg/ml).

The role of trace minerals in animal production is an area of strong interest for producers, feed manufactures, veterinarians and scientists. Zn (Zn) is one of the most important elements that has been recognized as a essential catalytic factor for more than 300 enzymes enzyme. Zinc also has an essential role in metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The National Research Council (1985 and 2007) recommended about 30 mg/kg zinc for ewes and growing lambs. However, the soil status and zinc concentration in native plants are also affected. In many regions of Iran, the Zn content of soil and plants is commonly low (less than 0.8 mg/kg). As a result, health and performance of animals reared on mainly homegrown roughage and grains may be affected as a consequence of nutritional deficiency. Recently, the use of organic sources of mineral supplements (complexes, chelates and proteinates) has increased. However, the results of organic and inorganic sources in ruminants are contradictory. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effect of zinc on lipid parameters in ruminants. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of supplementation of 30 mg/kg Zn from the three organic sources and conventional inorganic source on performance, hematological parameters and mineral profile of Mehraban growing lambs.

 Thirty male lambs with 4-5 months of age and 30.8±2.8 kg average in weight randomly allotted to 5 groups. Treatments were: 1) Basal diet without zinc supplement (containing 19.72 mg/kg DM zinc); 2) Basal diet+30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc methionine; 3) Basal diet +30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc proteinate; 4) Basal diet +30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc glycinate, and 5) Basal diet +30 mg/kg DM zinc as zinc sulfate. This trial lasted for 70 days. The dry matter intake, daily gain and feed conversion ratio were determined. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 35 and 70 before the morning meal. Chemical composition of experimental samples including (crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and dry matter) and blood parameters including (hematological, mineral and lipid profiles) were measured according to standard methods. This experiment was analyzed in a completely randomized design.

Average daily gain and dry matter intake for all groups fed the supplement were significantly higher than control group and feed conversion ratio also improved (p

Changing is a crucial issue in sociology. Nowadays women have important role in changing world. It can be said that change appear in the literature context of society and for this reason, the study of literature and society and especially text representations in social sciences have a historical record. In this research, by qualitative method and mimesis technique, we are trying to answer this question that how women personality in interaction with their life world, represented in novels before and after revolution. For this purpose, two novels of “Suvashun” and “I turn the lamps off” have elected as a sample. The results show that Suvashun novel represents psychiatric feminist perspective belongs to the second wave of feminist theories in which family and its internal relations represented as the main factor leading to unequal condition between women and men. But I turn the lamps off, illustrates cultural values of the Islamic revolution that highlighted family and separating of a feminine and masculine role as a preserver of discipline and integration of family and society.

Iron is one of the essential trace elements for livestock, which is essential for the transport, storage and use of oxygen. Iron is one of the components of hemoglobin, myoglobin, transferrin, cytochromes and many enzymatic systems including catalase, peroxidase, phenylalanine and hydroxylase. Providing iron in the diet improves hematologic parameters and growth performances of calf and lamb. Also, the presence of iron in the diet is necessary for appetite, secretion of thyroid hormones and glucose metabolism. Recently compounds as nanoparticles using nanotechnology have been released. Changes in particle size to the nano-particle (size less than 100 nm) increase surface to volume ratio and change their other characteristics. Increasing the surface area of the nanoparticles allows their interactions with organic and inorganic molecules occur differently. One of these compounds is iron oxide nanoparticle which is used in various industrial fields and even as feed additive. Since the experiments and research on iron nanoparticles have not been carried out in the field of ruminant nutrition, so far this experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of two types of iron (nano iron oxide and iron sulfate) on performance (feed intake and average daily gain), plasma concentration of some minerals, thyroid hormones and hematological parameters of growing Mehraban lambs.
Material and In this experiment, 30 male lambs with 4 ± 0.5 months age and average live weight of 27.1 ± 1.51 kg in a completely randomized design were used for 60 days. The lambs were placed indoor in 2×1 meter individual cage with a cement floor and received water and feed individually and ad libitum. The treatments were: 1) basal diet (control), 2) basal diet 25 mg/kg iron as nanoparticles of iron oxide, 3) basal diet 50 mg/kg iron as nanoparticles of iron oxide, 4) basal diet 25 mg/kg iron as ferrous sulfate and 5) basal diet 50 mg/kg iron as ferrous sulfate. Diets were offered to the animals in the morning (8:00) and evening (16:00). In the beginning of the experiment, before morning feeding, lambs were weighed in two consecutive days with 16 hours feed and water deprivation and the average weight of these two days for each animal was considered as weight of day zero. Feed intake on a daily basis in every single lamb was measured. All lambs every 15 days (2 consecutive days) before morning feeding (with a 16-hour feed and water deprivation) were weighed to determine changes in body weight. On days 30 and 60 before the morning feeding, blood samples through the jugular vein were taken from all lambs. Immediately after blood collection, 0.5 ml of heparinized blood was poured into 1.5 ml micro tube and sent to a medical laboratory and using automatic cell counter, hematological parameters (number of red cell, concentration of hemoglobin and red cell percent) were determined. Plasma concentrations of iron, zinc and copper were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry and calcium and phosphorus were determined according to standard methods. Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were measured based on the immunological competitive enzyme assay using ELISA in accordance with relevant guidelines.
Dry matter intakes of iron supplemented treatments (treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5( were 1.32, 1.42, 1.36 and 1.39 kg/d, respectively, which were significantly higher than control (1.23 kg/d), (P In overall, the obtained results of this study showed that iron supplementation improved performance, blood iron and thyroid hormones concentrations in lambs. Also blood concentrations of iron and thyroid hormones in all the treatments were within the normal range. However concentrations of above mentioned compounds in control group were in down the ranges and in iron supplemented treatments were in top the ranges. Also no significant difference was observed between the two types of supplements for performance and thyroid hormones at the end of the period. But nano-iron supplement was more effective on hematological indices compared to ferrous sulfate.

Speech sounds disorders are regarded as the most significant problems among children’s communication disorders. Employing the clinical experience and expertise alongside with preserving the patient’s virtue, a therapeutic approach should be adopted based on valid clinical evidence. The Cycles Approach is proposed by Hodson for the treatment of moderate to severe phonological disorders. Given that the results are sometimes controversy in the field of pathology of speech and language, to ensure that time and resources are used ethically is of considerable importance. Therefore, the research studies using this approach in the treatment of speech disorder are analyzed in this review study.
The keywords of Phonology, Evidence-based Practice and Cycles Approach are chosen. Databases include Science Direct, PubMed, ASHA, and Springer. Sixteen papers were extracted from 1983 to December 2017. After the initial review, nine papers were selected for this review study.
The reduction of all phonological processes as well as development of phonological awareness of the child and improvement in phonological production and phonological awareness are approved following the treatment. Production of non-irritable sounds showed a significant improvement in the succeeding group and individual combination therapy. Furthermore early intervention leads to an increase in the percentage of correct consonants as well as mean length of utterance. The Cycles Approach results in the reduction of the spelling errors patterns at phoneme, word, sentence and conversation levels.
Considering the research studies over the past three decades, Cycles Approach can be considered as an evidence-based treatment and the therapists can apply it as an appropriate method to interfere with the speech sound disorders in children having moderate to severe phonological disorders.

Today, the cultivation of forage crops that are resistant and adaptable to dry conditions and droughts is important in Iran. Therefore, recently amaranth as a crop imported from abroad has entered to crop pattern of country. Since, very little research has been conducted on the possibility of using this crop as an animal feed, so, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of its ensiling and comparing with corn silage.
Green amaranth and corn forages were chopped into 5-3 cm pieces after harvesting. In order to produce silages, both forages separately were ensiled within polyethylene pipes with a 75 cm length and a 16 cm diameter (four replicates). Silos were opened and sampled at zero, 40 and 60 days after ensiling. Chemical composition, pH, chemical characteristics (water soluble carbohydrates, ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations), digestibility (in vitro) and ruminal fermentation kinetics (gas production test) of both silages were determined at zero, 40 and 60 days.
Results showed that DM and CP of amaranth forage at all sampling times were significantly higher than those of corn forage (P Overall, according to the appropriate level of crude protein, cell wall components and digestibility of amaranth and its silage characteristics, such as pH and amount of the water soluble carbohydrates, this forage can be used as a fine silage in animal nutrition.

The essentiality of cobalt (Co) in ruminant nutrition and its key function in ruminal vitamin B12 synthesis has been clearly demonstrated by previous literature (Russell, 1944; Marston, 1952; Smith and Loosli, 1957; Smith and Marston, 1970). The National Research Council (NRC, 2007) lists the dietary Co requirement of goat kids with 20kg body weight to be 0.07 mg Co/d; However, in lambs Bishehsari et al. (2010) demonstrated that supplementing the diet with more than twice the NRC recommendations with cobalt-sulphate increased plasma vitamin B12 concentration, final body weight, average daily gain and gain efficiency. It has also been demonstrated that increasing amounts of dietary cobalt supplementation causes elevated serum and liver vitamin B12 concentrations in sheep, however no benefits in animal performance were observed (Kawashima et al., 1997a). The NRC (2007) recommendations of 0.1-0.2 mg Co/kg dry matter (DM) in sheep are based on observations in grazing animals (Wang et al., 2007). For a long time, mineral requirements of goats have been considered as a halfway between those of cattle and sheep (Meschy, 2000). However, based on several reports (Kišidayová et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2007; Bishehsari et al., 2010), the levels of 0.1-0.2 mg Co/kg DM do not meet rumen microbial Co requirements for vitamin B12 synthesis in sheep or goats.
Material and Thirty weaned male goat kids, with an average body weight of 17.8 kg were randomly assigned to five treatments including: 1) Basal diet containing 0.076 mg Co/kg DM (Control); 2 and 3) basal diet 0.25 and 0.5 mg Co/kg DM as Co-sulphate (sulphate 0.25 and sulphate 0.5); 4 and 5) basal diet 0.25 and 0.5 mg Co/kg DM as Co-glucoheptonate (glucoheptonate 0.25 and glucoheptonate 0.5). This study was conducted in two trials. The first and second trials were carried out in 75 and 14 days, respectively, as a 2×2 factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. Blood samples were collectedon days 0, 35 and 75 of the first trial. And during the second trial, feces, urine and feed orts samples were collected.
Serum vitamin B12 was elevated during the trial in the Co supplemented groups as compared to control. Although the differences between treatments were not statistically significant on day 35, the 0.5ppm levels (sulfate and glucoheptonate) had numerically higher vitamin B12 concentrations. On d 75, differences between organic and inorganic supplements were more pronounced as the two organic treatments regardless of level had higher serum vitamin B12 concentrations (P The overall data obtained by comparing the Co treatments showed that the concentration of 0.076 mg Co/kg dry matter of the basal diet seems to be marginally insufficient for goats and additional Co may be required.

Chromium (Cr) plays an important role in ruminant’s metabolism. Situations such as accelerating growth, stress and low bioavailability of Cr in feedstuffs, result in depletion of chromium stores of body, therefore, metabolic disorders and growth retardation occurs. In addition, L-carnitine (LC), a compound of lysine and methionine, is involved in many metabolic processes. It affects energy production and performance by influencing lipid metabolism. Using Cr and LC together, a positive interaction has been reported on lipids and carbohydrates metabolism in some species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic chromium in form of chromium methionine (Cr-Met) and L-carnitine as a dietary supplement for feedlot lambs on growth performance, glucose metabolism and some blood parameters.
Material and This experiment was performed for 60 days with twentyfour 3-4 month-old male lambs in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments of six lambs each. The treatments were included: 1- control (basal diet) 2- treatment of chromium (Cr) (500 µg Cr per lamb per day) 3- treatment of L-carnitine (LC) (500 mg L-carnitine per lamb per day) 4- treatment of chromium and L-carnitine (Cr × LC) (500 µg Cr and 500 mg of LC per lamb per day). Supplements were added to the basal diet as topdress. At the end of experiment, feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. In order to evaluate blood metabolites and rumen liquid parameters, blood and rumen liquid samples were taken at the end of experiment. Four lambs randomly were selected from each groups for intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). For this purpose, 0.5 ml/Kg BW dextrose (50%) was infused and blood samples were taken at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after glucose infusion, Then glucose clearance rate (CR), half-life (t1/2) and area under curve (AUC) was calculated.
Feed intake, ADG and FCR and also rumen volatile fatty acids and ammonium was not different between treatments (P>0.05). Interactions of chromium and L-carnitine for performance parameters and also rumen volatile fatty acids and ammonium were not significant (P>0.05). High density lipoproteins (HDL) in treatments two and four was significantly higher in compared to treatments three and one (P0.05). Activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was lower in treatments three and four than treatments one and two (P0.05). Area under curve was lower in treatment three in compared to treatment one and four (P0.05).
Results of this experiments showed that, adding chromium and Lcarnitine to feedlot lambs diet (the concentrations used in this study) did not impact fattening performance, but resulted in an increase in HDL and improvement of glucose metabolism.

The basal ganglia (BG) controls different patterns of behavior by receiving inputs from sensory-motor and pre-motor cortex and projecting it to pre-frontal, pre-motor and supplementary motor areas. As the exact role of BG in swallowing process has not been fully determined, we aimed at reviewing the published data on neurological control in the swallowing technique to have a better understanding of BG’s role in this performance.
English-language articles, which were published before December 2015 and eligible for the present research, were extracted from databases according to the inclusion criteria, i.e. articles related to “neurological aspects of swallowing” and/or “lesions of sub-cortical or BG relevant to swallowing disorders”.
This systematic review indicates that BG is a complicated neurological structure with indistinct functions and that swallowing is a sophisticated process with several unknown aspects.
Swallowing is a multifaceted performance that needs contribution of the tongue, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus as well as the neurological structures such as neocortex and subcortical regions - BG and brainstem.

In order to compare the existing traditional conditions and the use of slow release bolus containing zinc, selenium and cobalt on performance of pregnant ewes and their lambs, six weeks prior to lambing, 105 ewes were divided into three groups (35 heads each) including: 1) control group; 2) selenium vitamin E injected group; 3) slow-release bolus given group. Data obtained from all the 35 ewes in each group were used to determine the performance of lambs, but to determine the blood and milk parameters 6 of ewes and their lambs from each group were used. Ewes were blood sampled at 10 days prepartum and 45 and 90 days postpartum, and samples of their milk were collected on day 45 also blood samples of lambs were collected at 10, 45 and 90 days old. Body weight on birth and weaning of lambs and average daily gain of lambs were highest in bloused animals (P

Addiction is a wide scope problem with which the cross section of different approaches is ‘prevention’. The first part of the research at hand, takes a qualitative approach and pathological view to investigate drug imaging policies in Karaj city; the second part takes a quantitative approach to test the first part’s result by Social Survey Methods. The required data for this part by researcher made questionnaire were gathered. The findings suggest that current decades’ policies has caused the addiction’s image to be associated with features like homelessness, disorderliness, aimlessness, and unemployment, and addiction to be an issue mostly related to lower classes in society. These findings were confirmed by a social survey, which includes that 80% of the respondents had similar images about addiction in mind. It must be noted that not only this image has failed to increase prevention in young population of Iran, but actually has acted in reverse.

Phenylketonuria is a kind of disorder in phenylalanine metabolism which is caused by hepatic enzyme deficiency that transmitted in autosomal recessive mode. The prevalence is 1 in every 12000 birth and mental retardation is its prevalent phenomenon. Delay in language and cognition development is significant among the effects of mental retardation that will lead to communication disorder. Since the most important means of communication is language, it is likely that language impairment in patients with Phenylketonuria is caused communication disorder.
Two children with Phenylketonuria were studied, a girl (7.3 ys) and a boy (8.11 ys). The standard score in three areas of picture vocabulary, oral vocabulary and conjunction vocabulary was used to determine the semantic use. Finally, standard scores and the semantic use of cases compared with age-matched healthy children.
The first case averagely in 3.1 ys shows semantic delay with the decrease in semantic point from 106 to 81.The second cases averagely in 5.5 ys shows semantic delay with the decrease in semantic point from 107 to 71.
Observations demonstrate noticeable semantic delay among both cases.

Selenium has a special place in the natural antioxidants and prevents the oxidation of cell structures.
This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of different sources of selenium on blood parameters and antioxidant response in Holstein dairy cows fed fat rich diets.
Twelve Holstein cows with average milk production of 40±4kg were used in merged incomplete Latin squares design with 4 treatments and 3 repeats in each treatment. The experiment was designed and conducted in 3 periods of 28 days and 4 treatments including; group 1 (basal diet containing 20% cottonseed meal, without selenium supplement), group 2 (basal diet 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium, as sodium selenite), group 3 (basal diet.3 ppm organic selenium, as selenised yeast) and group 4 (basal diet.3 ppm selenium, as nano selenium). At the first and last days of each period, blood samples were collected and milk production was also recorded.
The results showed that however adding different selenium sources to the diets had no effect on dry mater intake; it increased milk and 4% FCM production. Selenium supplementation did not affect blood glucose concentration, urinary nitrogen, ceratenin, total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations of dairy cows. Selenium supplementaition, specialy organic and nano selenium, significantly decreased concentration of serum fat metabolites and activity of Alkaline phosphatase and Aspartate Amino Transferase activity (p Overall results of the present study showed that supplementation of 0.3 ppm selenium to the diet containing high level of unsaturated fat decreased concentration of serum harmful fats and increased antioxidant capacity of serum which is reflected in improved milk production of the cows.