ali emami meibodi

This study examines the effect of energy price changes on the intensity of energy consumption in mineral products using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model with calibrated data, to simulate two scenarios (1.%5 price shock to natural gas 2.%5 oil price shock) until the time horizon of 2050, for three groups of regions and countries (Iran, Major trading partners, Rest of World) has been investigated. The simulation results of the DCGE model for Iran in the first scenario suggest a continuous improvement in energy efficiency, where the energy intensity values remain negative in general, the second scenario depicts a temporary increase in energy intensity for Iran, followed by a gradual decrease. which shows the increase in the energy sector of mineral products in the near future. Trade partners and other regions show a sharper reduction in energy intensity under the second scenario with faster rates of decline and more ambitious targets for energy efficiency. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that Iran is becoming more efficient in terms of energy consumption for the production of mineral products, which can be caused by various factors such as technological advances, improvement of production processes be which is running.

One of the most important issues in the field of exporting gas to the European Union through pipelines is understanding the market and the laws and regulations in the EU as well as the requirements of other countries in the face of these regulations. In this article first The European Union and then the laws and regulations in Iran regarding the issue of gas export have been analyzed. The results of the research show that the EU Third Gas Directive 2009 forms the basis of the legal and contractual issues of the EU gas market which provide various legal guidelines, including ownership separation, third-party access to the gas storage facilities, and Regulatory Bodies. Laws on the Third Gas Directive regarding Third Party Access to the Network, Tariff Regulation, Ownership, and Transparency completely apply to existing and future gas pipelines to EU Borders including Territorial Waters and Exclusive Economic zone between EU and third Countries including Iran. It is suggested that third countries review and amend their laws in the event of any inconsistencies with the three laws and regulations.

Technology transfer in the oil industry in developing countries faces many obstacles due to cultural, economic, and political barriers. Therefore, besides preparing the existing infrastructure, the technology transfer process should be undertaken with a managerial focus. On the other hand, as far as the more effective transfer of imported technology is concerned, Iran's oil industry faces political constraints related to economic sanctions in addition to cultural and economic constraints. In this study, an attempt was made to identify critical variables affecting technology transfer in the Iranian oil industry by the qualitative method using the content analysis technique. The relevant literature review is in the form of a library study. The technology transfer approach in the Iranian oil industry has been based on classifying and presenting the structure based on previous research. An interview with a group of oil industry experts, sampled by the judgmental and snowball techniques, was conducted to review and answer the research question. Finally, the final qualitative model of the research was designed based on causal factors, intervening context, leader, and outcome.

Housing, as an asset and shelter after food and clothing, is the most basic human need, which is very important for the life and survival of the individual as well as for the society. Changes in housing prices, on the one hand, as the main asset in households' portfolios, will lead to changes in individual wealth over time, and on the other hand, fluctuations in housing prices, especially their rapid increases, are among the threats that governments aim to provide access to. People face challenges in housing. This issue has become more important especially in recent decades with population growth, urbanization and the formation of new families. Air pollution as one of the most important environmental concerns of this century and the result of increasing population and urbanization and housing construction threatens the lives of millions of people in developing countries as well as in developed and industrialized countries. Therefore, considering the importance of air pollution and its impact on housing and housing prices, this research tries to use the panel data technique of the effect of air pollution on housing prices in developed countries (including: Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Iceland, Denmark, America , Japan and the Czech Republic) and developing countries (including: Turkey, Mexico, Brazil, China, Colombia, South Africa, Indonesia, India) during the period of time (2010-2017) and then this review for Iran using self-explanatory vector technique with extended non-linear intervals (NARDL) and during the years (1375-1996).

As mentioned in the introduction, the purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of air pollution and some economic variables on housing prices in developing countries, developed countries and Iran. For this purpose, the following model has been used:Which in this model: Logarithm of housing price in year t.Logarithm of air pollution index in year t.Logarithm of per capita income in year t.Logarithm of liquidity in year t.Logarithm of the price index of consumer goods and services in year t.Logarithm of exchange rate in year t.Interest rate in year t.It is important to mention two points here: First, the index considered for air pollution is the amount of suspended particles PM2.5. Second; The base year is 2010 for developed and developing countries and 2010 for Iran. The desired statistical information, which is in the form of a time series, was collected through the information portal of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Central Bank of Iran, the Statistical Center of Iran, and the energy balance sheet.

The impact of air pollution on housing prices in developed and developing countries:Due to the short period of time (due to the limited access to information) and the invalidity of the results of the unit root test in these conditions, in the first step, the problem of heterogeneity of units was investigated using the F-test statistic of Limer. Considering that the probability value of the F test for both groups of developed and developing countries is less than 0.01, therefore, Panel Data technique is used to estimate the model in both groups of countries. As the next step to examine the correlation between disturbance components and explanatory variables (i.e. choosing between the fixed effects method and the random effects method), the Hausman test was performed, and the results of this test indicated a probability value smaller than 0.01 for both groups of countries. Investigating and applying the fixed effects method.The results of model estimation are as follows:In developed countries, air pollution leads to a decrease in housing prices by 30%. But in developing countries, there is no significant relationship between air pollution and housing prices. The effect of per capita income on housing prices is positive and significant in both groups of countries under investigation. The effect of liquidity on housing prices is positive and significant in developed countries, but the effect of liquidity on housing prices is not significant in developing countries. Considering the relative stability of the consumer goods and services price index in developed countries, this index has no effect on housing prices in the aforementioned countries. In developing countries, the effect of the price index of consumer goods and services on the price of housing is positive and significant at the rate of 48%.The stability of the exchange rate in developed countries has caused this variable to have no significant effect on housing prices. But in developing countries, an increase in the exchange rate causes a 4% decrease in housing prices. The increase in interest rate causes the housing price to increase by 0.5% in developed countries and decrease by 0.2% in developing countries.The impact of air pollution on housing prices in Iran:As the first step, the variables used in the model were tested for reliability. The results of the ADF unit root test showed that all the variables investigated in this research were I(1) and this means that the vector self-explanatory model with wide ARDL intervals is a suitable method for analyzing the short-term and long-term behavior of the variables in this research. Then, in order to check the classical assumptions, relevant diagnostic tests were used, and the obtained results indicated that the model does not have any problems in terms of the classical assumptions, that is, there is no autocorrelation and heterogeneity of variance, and the distribution of disturbance components is normal.The results of model estimation are as follows:The effect of negative and positive air pollution shocks on housing prices is significant, which means that the decrease in air pollution leads to an increase in housing rent and an increase in the level of air pollution leads to a decrease in the housing rent index in Iran. An increase in per capita income leads to an increase in housing rent index. The variable coefficient of liquidity logarithm is negative and meaningless. An increase in the price index of consumer goods and services and the exchange rate will lead to an increase in housing rent. The results of the model estimation indicate the insignificant effect of the interest rate of this variable on the housing rental index in the long term, but in the short term, with the increase in the interest rate, the demand for housing rent and consequently the rent will increase.

Based on the results obtained in this study, the effect of air pollution on housing prices was negative and significant in developed countries, while this effect was insignificant in developing countries. The results of the model estimation in Iran show that air pollution has a significant effect on housing rent.According to the obtained results, the following suggestions are presented in order to control housing prices:Stability of prices and prevention of excessive growth of the price index of consumer goods and services through control of liquidity and exchange rate.Exchange rate management: Since the fluctuations and instability of the exchange rate can leave destructive effects in the economy of the countries, therefore, the forecasting and use of tools that enable the economy of the countries to face the fluctuations of the exchange rate should be considered.

The present study examines the impact of macroeconomic uncertainties on private sector investment decisions in the Iranian economy. Therefore, macroeconomic uncertainty vectors for four indicators, including inflation, exchange rate, government spending, and oil revenues have been estimated using generalized conditional variance (GARCH) and the impact of each macroeconomic uncertainty on investment in investment. Separately, according to the model estimation of generalized torque (GMM) with seasonal data during the years of 1378-1399. The findings of the study indicate that economic uncertainties have had a negative and significant impact on a statistical influence on private investment in Iran during the period. In addition, inflationary uncertainty has had a greater effect on reducing investment than other variables. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers consider economic growth, the policy of adjusting and stabilizing prices to stabilize the economy and reduce uncertainty. , inflationary uncertainty has had a greater effect on reducing investment than other variables. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers consider economic growth, the policy of adjusting and stabilizing prices to stabilize the economy and reduce uncertainty.

Given the expansion of cities in recent decades, it is necessary to address environmental problems such as air pollution and study its impact on the economy. One of the most important sectors of the economy in which the environmental effects are very evident is the housing sector. The importance of housing is such that has always been introduced as one of the main human needs. However, the increase in housing prices in recent years and the high cost of services, in the housing sector, have led to little attention being paid to consumer tastes and preferences, including clean air, in housing construction. Therefore, considering the importance of air and housing pollution, the purpose of this article is the asymmetric analysis of the effect of air pollution on the housing price index in Iran. In this regard, the macroeconomic model was used in which the variables of air pollution index, per capita income, liquidity, consumer price index, interest rate and exchange rate were used as explanatory variables for the dependent variable of the housing rent index. The model was estimated using annual data over a period of time (1996-2017) for the Iranian economy and using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag Method (NARDL). The NARDL technique is able to examine the effect of positive and negative air pollution shocks in the short and long term separately on housing prices. It should be noted that the indicator used to express air pollution is (PM2.5). The results of the estimate indicate the fact that each negative shock of air pollution leads to an increase in rent and each positive shock of air pollution leads to a decrease in rent. Estimates also show that per capita income is the most effective variable on housing prices, while interest rate and liquidity had no significant effect on housing prices.

In the 2000s, some projects were defined to export Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in order to increase Iran’s presence in gas export markets.However, despite the initial planning until 2020, when this research was conducted, none led to a result, and Iran could not play a role in this market. Delay in executing these plans will lead to losing the opportunity to use the joint South Pars field and billions of dollars of foreign exchange earnings. The purpose of this study, which was conducted 2019 to 2020, is to identify the factors leading to the failure of Iran’s LNG projects. In order to identify and prioritize these factors, the opinion of experts and the Fuzzy Delphi technique is employed. Investigating the condition at the national and international level indicates that some factors have prevented all of these projects from being successful, including political issues, international sanctions on Iran, lack of domestic capital, lack of appropriate foundation for attracting foreign investors, constraints of domestic rules and regulations, especially in the upstream sector for choosing the contract format, not having access to the liquefaction technology, and the issues pertinent to marketing, and the most important one, lack of suitable commercial structural design. Identifying these factors and planning for tackling them is the key to escaping this current situation and a guide for prospering in future projects of the country.

Corruption and political risk are important factors affecting the economies that can affect various aspects of people's lives. On the other hand, one of the important economic indicators that shows the intensity of energy consumption, and in other words, the amount of energy consumption in each country, is the energy intensity. Energy intensity is a crucial indicator by which we can understand the trend of changing energy efficiency in different years. Given the importance of this issue, the present study examines the effect of corruption and political risk along with other factors on the energy intensity of selected countries in the Mena region, including Iran, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE using by a panel data model for 2003 to 2019. The results show that corruption, political risk, and factors such as good governance, foreign investment, and human development are important. Therefore, improving education and awareness by reducing corruption and political risk can lead to better implementation of energy efficiency programs.

Being aware of the criticality of paying attention to productivity levels and their fluctuations over time, the objective of the present study is to measure capital efficiency of companies affiliated with the Armed Forces of Iran. For this purpose, this paper employs a model of Auxiliary Variable Measure related to the Data Coverage Analysis method to calculate capital efficiencies. Thereafter, it compares the results obtained, with the capital efficiency results obtained through other commonly used methods. Additionally, the Malmquist index was used to calculate productivity growth.
Considering that the results obtained from the data envelopment analysis are highly dependent on the sample size used, the bootstrap method was used to correct the skewness of the results. Finally, using our model of auxiliary variables measures related to the data coverage analysis method, we rank the companies understudy in terms of capital efficiency, and furthermore, calculate the exact amount of modification of each of the input and output variables. Moreover, using a larger sample we evaluate the performance of the companies understudy in relation to their competitors. The results obtained show that between 2015 and 2017, Ansar Bank and Hekmat Saba Insurance Company, had the highest and lowest capital and labor productivities, respectively. On the other hand, in terms of total productivity of the surveyed companies, the results show that productivity in 2019 compared to 2017 has either remained constant or has decreased.

Sounding the alarm of the energy crisis around the world has increasingly highlighted the need to move from finite fossil fuels to renewable fuels such as solar energy. The present study aims to study one of the most fundamental challenges that the solar photovoltaic industry is facing in the development path. To fulfill this aim, the opinions of industry experts were collected through interviews in the period from January 2021 to August 2021 and were analyzed by using text mining and self-organized maps for clustering. Based on the results of the research, issues related to the financing challenge of the photovoltaic industry can be examined in 8 clusters, which are; challenging factors, mediating conditions, consequences, government financing strategies, government incentives for the private sector, personal financing strategies, public financing strategies, guarantees and insurance. A comprehensive review of the issue of photovoltaic financing through this clustering showed that at this point of the industry life cycle, the public sector plays a prominent role in overcoming the challenge of financing. According to go over previous industry schedules, the government's planning policies must be reviewed.

Iran's Ministry of Petroleum due to empowerment of Iranian companies for executing local mega projects, regional and international markets penetration and upgrading national technology in petroleum upstream industry, predicted a competent Iranian partner called Exploration and Production (E&P) companies, for cooperating with the International Oil Company (IOC) in Article Four of the Cabinet Approval. Now considering the absence of IOCs, it seems that the capacity of other oil contract models to be used by Iranian oil companies should be examined. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of Concession agreements’ execution, by an E&P company in Iran’s upstream industry. The research method is descriptive and analytical and governing laws of Iran are reviewed in this study. Since the host government makes the final decision on the conduct of oil operations, it cannot be described as domination of oil resources, and therefore does not seriously contradict the Iran’s Constitution. Furthermore, E&P companies will not be subject to Article 81 of the Constitution. In the Oil Laws, the only restriction on the inflow of foreign capital in the upstream industry of Iran has been observed, which again does not apply to E&P companies. In the Laws of the Five-Year Plans, this restriction of oil laws has been adjusted too much in which it seems that the restriction has also been removed for IOCs. Finally, the investigation shows that there are no major legal barriers in applying Concession agreement in case that the operator is an Iranian E&P company.

It is necessary to develop the photovoltaic industry due to the criticality of reducing economic dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating air pollution. Therefore, the present study aims to propose a financing model for this industry in Iran.

This is an applied-developmental study, In terms of purpose. It is developmental because it provides a framework for financing the industry. On the other hand, it is of an applied nature, as its results find direct application in developing this industry. The modeling draws on a mixed-method approach combining the qualitative methodology of grounded theory and the quantitative method of artificial neural networks. The study's population comprises the financial, economic, and technical experts of the photovoltaic industry. Semi-structured interviews took place with 25 experts chosen through targeted sampling, combining maximum variation with snowball sampling methods.

The findings indicate that the investment funds (one of the primary strategies of community financing), bank loans (one of the private financing strategies), power purchase agreements (a government incentive), public funding by modifying the fossil power tariffs, along with guarantees and insurances are among the strategic priorities for financing this industry.

In sum, the financing model of the photovoltaic industry demonstrates that based on the current context in Iran, it is possible to create a profitability perspective and a supportive atmosphere for the photovoltaic industry by adopting diverse strategies.

The high average life of onshore facilities, entering the second half of the life of large fields, reducing the recovery factor of oil reservoirs and Iran's backwardness from the development of common fields are the most important challenges of the upstream part of Iran's oil industry.Due to the impossibility of financing and necessary capital from domestic sources, it is necessary to pay more attention to foreign investment and its contractual methods in this field. Therefore, in this study, the financial-economic performance of Iran's service contracts model and Iraq is being studied and compared in terms of attracting foreign investment and financing projects for the development and exploitation of oil fields. in this regard, the financial simulation technique and sensitivity analysis of the contractor's rate of return on the changes in the financial parameters of the contractual models have been used. The results show that the IPC contract model provides better economic results for the contractor compared to buy back while motivating the contractor to achieve safe production, but the Iraqi service contract model due to the shorter payback period, which facilitates financing the project and reduces the risk of capital expenditure, especially at high oil prices is more attractive to the contractor.

The restrictions on oil reserves and environmental hazards have led resource-rich countries to focus their attention on gas energy. In this regard, the importance of gas as an appropriate energy source will become even more significant in the coming years. The establishment of a cartel consisting of natural gas producers and exporters in order to achieve strategies for managing and controlling the gas market demonstrates this importance. This paper examines the confrontation or interaction between oil OPEC and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (gas GECF); using the time series data for OPEC and GECF gas and oil demand in the period from 1970-1 to 2016-4. Regarding the coefficients obtained from the estimation of OPEC and OPEC gas and solving their equations simultaneously in the MATLAB 2014 software, the following results have been obtained; based on the cumulative response function in the case of the formation of a gas cartel, these two cartels will choose collusion strategies. The reason for this can be searched in some common members of the two cartels. Also, based on the impulse response function, oil demand is evaluated more than gas demand. It can be due to the multiple uses of oil over gas which increase the intensive substitution between these two products..

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of demand management policies on electricity consumption saving in the household sector in Iran during 2010-2017. The results confirm that household electricity demand is an inverse function of electricity price, household dimension, cooling requirement, and gas price in the second 5 months of the year and energy intensity index. Household electricity demand is also a direct function of gas prices in the summer, heating needs and income. According to the results, the average short-term and long-term price elasticity of electricity demand in Iran are estimated at -0.03 and -0.13, respectively. Electricity consumption in the previous period was the most influential variable in the trend of electricity consumption during the studied years in the domestic sector in Iran. Given the diversity of climate and the need for heating and cooling, which is one of the involuntary factors leading Iranian citizens to increase energy consumption, it is necessary to pay attention to non-price policies in the home and building sector

Today, in most countries, especially developing countries, economic growth is at the heart of planning. Since the place of economic activity is the environment, unfortunately, growth has had unfortunate consequences for the human environment. The main objective of this study is to measure the reduction of environmental pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions under policy-making scenarios compared to the reference scenario. The research method in this study is using the scenario analysis method based on Long Term Alternatives Planning Model (LEAP). The research findings show that by designing demand-side and supply-side management scenarios, meaning that replacing renewable energies and electricity in place of fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas), reducing the amount of environmental pollutant emissions for the year 1420 (year horizon) 2014 (Year Zero Planning) is 123.5 million tonnes.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the of investment in human resources to report on internal control over financial reporting. The purpose of this study is applied in nature, descriptive - correlation. In this study, financial data of 60 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, which have offered reported internal control during the period 2017 to 2019 have been investigated. Software was used to analyze the results is spss22. In this study 10 examined the hypothesis that all hypotheses have been confirmed as part of my thesis. To test the hypotheses of this study is the use of regression analysis and Pearson. According to the results of hypothesis testing can be concluded that human resource investment companies reporting internal controls are effective and to achieve better internal control report can be invest in human resources. Results indicate that human resources is the most valuable corporate resource that meaning given to the field of human resources and organizational goals provide.

The economic growth model can examine the direct and indirect effects of human capital on economic growth. One of the indirect factors is environmental pollution. But in the meantime, one should not overlook the limitations of the advocates of this theory, such as the Impact of Human Capital Utilization on reducing environmental pollution, in order to achieve goals and policies similar to those of developed economies. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of human capital on Kuznets’ emphasized relationship, the threshold relation of environmental pollution and economic growth.

Therefore, using the data from 14 countries in the MENA area for the period 2000 - 2016, the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) or dynamic data panel method was used to test the hypothesis.

The relationship between environmental pollution (CO2 emissions) and economic growth is nonlinear and the Kuznets curve hypothesis in the selected research sample confirms the existence of an inverse U-shaped relationship between economic growth and pollution emissions. Higher the human capital with the current level of greenhouse gas emissions, lead to the higher economic growth in selected countries.

Increased growth due to the accumulation of human capital can play a moderating role on the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth of the selected research set. With the increase of human capital at any level of environmental pollution, the threshold point of the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth is delayed. In other words, as knowledge-based and human capital-based development increases the negative relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth is moderated.

The natural gas market is currently undergoing dramatic changes and is becoming globalized. One of the major developments in the global natural gas market in recent years is the establishment of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF). Since the founding of this forum, there have been many speculations about whether GECF would become a cartel like OPEC. Cartels contributes to the coordination of productive behavior between members  and influence  global prices using theirmonopoly power. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the production of Gas Exporting Countries Forum  members,  coordination of production behavior and decisions, and the relationship between the production of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and  global gas prices, using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The results of the study showed that,  there is no harmony of productive behavior between members and that GECF  does not influence the price of natural gas in global markets. Therefore, the assumption  that GECF acts as a cartel is rejected.

T his study examines how oil price shocks interact with the stock market index within a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model in Iran. Based on quarterly data for the period from 1991 to 2017, the findings revealed statistically significant evidence of short-run and long-run asymmetric behavior of stock market index in response to the positive and negative shocks occurring in oil price, industrial production and lending rate. In particular, Unanticipated short-run and long-run positive (negative) oil price shocks trigger an addition (reduction) in the stock market index. Moreover, both short-run and long-run results present that the stock market index is more affected by positive changes in oil prices than the negative ones. Furthermore, the cumulative dynamic multipliers point out a significant asymmetric reaction of the stock market index to oil price shocks and other macroeconomic determinants. The aforementioned multipliers also show that the speed of response and time required to reach a new equilibrium state are sensitive to the direction of changes in the macroeconomic fundamentals. Consequently, the results prescribe that financial participants, energy policymakers and the government should adjust their respective strategies to changes in oil prices and consider the asymmetry when forecasting and managing the negative impacts of unexpected events.

Development of oil and gas fields is facing many risks, which are mainly due to uncertainties about the existence of commercial reserves, natural and economic environment, political conditions of host countries, legal and infrastructure issues and a market for petroleum products. In such an environment, investors are often engaged as contractors to develop and operate petroleum projects, constantly seeking to recover their capital and operating expenditures quickly, through increasing production levels. But some geological and geophysical factors, hydrocarbon structure, technological and scientific constraints, as well as some of the contractual arrangements, such as cost recovery ceiling, virtually prevent the investor from gaining access to high economic benefits and quick recovery. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of contractual factors and arrangements on the optimal production levels of petroleum projects. To this end, information on the South Pars phases 17 and 18 projects were collected as a case and the optimal level of rich-gas production in this project was simulated in form of a nonlinear dynamic optimization model under the Iranian Petroleum Contract and Engineering, Procurement, Construction arrangements. The production levels and scenario analysis indicated that contractual factors and arrangements could affect the optimum level of petroleum production, significantly. Given that the production paths obtained for this project are different from that drawn by the Management and Consolidated Planning department in National Iranian Oil Company, the current production profile for the Phases 17 and 18 is not optimal, in which the executive suggestions are presented. These findings would be applicable to the formulation of Master Development Plans.

The oil and gas industry has huge financial turnover and major projects, especially in the upstream areas, require substantial financing. Hence, securing financing is one of the most important requirements for successful implementation of projects in this industry. In this research, we adopt a descriptive approach and rely on the opinion of experts, to identify and prioritize strategies for improving the financing system in the oil and gas industry. The results of the research show that the success of strategies for improving the financing system in the country's oil and gas industry depends on the three factors of regulatory infrastructure, structural factors and information transparency. In other words, by taking appropriate actions on these three factors, we can improve the financing system in the country's oil and gas industry. Based on our results, improving the regulatory infrastructure has the highest priority, followed by improving structural factors and information transparency.

The present study tries to find out the effect of energy consumption on economic growth and emission through applying non-linear framework, the smooth transition regression model, and threshold regression TAR by using the data from1969 to 2017. The results of empirical frameworks indicate that the economic growth is gradually affected by energy consumption and STR model demonstrates the dynamics. However, the changes in energy consumption on emission has taken place faster and the parametric changes have been more severe. In both states, there is one model which consists of two regimes. In this model, the fossil fuel energy consumption growth variable is selected as transition or threshold variable which is optimal model. The fossil fuel energy consumption variable is considered as a policy variable which in both frameworks have been selected in 12 percent level. The results of TAR model revealed that in high regime of fossil fuel consumption, the first lag of fossil fuel consumption and the logarithm of population have impact on emission and in high regime of low fossil fuel consumption, the fist lag on variable growth of fossil fuel consumption and electricity have impact on emission. Also, the results of TAR model indicated that the electricity energy consumption growth in low regime, the growth in electricity consumption and first lag investment affect the economic growth. The fossil fuel consumption in high regime, the growth variables of fossil fuel consumption and investment have impact on the economic growth.

This study is carried out to measure the technical and environmental efficiencies of reverse osmosis desalination plant by Data Envelopment Analysis (DAE) approach in the South Pars Special Economic Zone during the nine years from 2007 to 2016. The energy efficiency is estimated by Total Factor Energy Efficiency Index. The results reveal that the technical efficiency of the plant throughout the years in operation averaged out at 90.8% and 98.4%, based upon the assumption of constant and variable returns to scale, respectively. Scale inefficiency proved to be the most decisive factor leading to technical efficiency under the assumption of CRS, implying the relative neglect of scale efficient production in this unit. Eco-efficiency is assessed by adding undesirable outputs to this model. The highest level of eco-efficiency (99.9%) was observed in the year 2008, while the year 2016 demonstrated the lowest figure in this regard, i.e., 76.8%. The average eco-efficiency of the desalination plant in question during the whole years in operation amounted to 90%. Finally, using the Total Factor Energy Efficiency Index the average of energy efficiency of the desalination plant is estimated at 91%. The results showed that the temperature is the most important factor in energy efficiency, whose increase would result in significant energy efficiency decrease.

The purpose of this study is to compare stringency of and compliance with environmental requirements in upstream sector of oil and gas in law of Iran and the USA. This study is conducted using the inter-spinned mix method (qualitative – quantitative). In the qualitative part, library studies are used. In the quantitative part, the studied society is a group of six professionals in the field of oil and gas, who filled out a questionnaire consisted of 34 questions prepared by the Worley Parsons in a similar research approved by jurisdictions of ten countries. The questions are prepared by a team of experts with international experience. The components of stringency and compliance with law during the phases of approval, operation, and closure of a hydrocarbon project are studied using the Delphi method. At the level of stringency, the environmental assessment in the US is carried out with 10 times more human resources and 26 times more costs than in Iran. In the US, with 13 scores, it is more stringent than Iran with 5 scores. In the project closure phase, Iran does not put in place any obligations for rehabilitation and restoration. At the level of compliance, the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) is mandatory in both countries. In Iran, the list of violations and their consequences will not be published. The US regulatory mechanisms of restoration are an appropriate model. Totally, Iran gains 29 and the United States 42 scores. The recommendations are based on these two scores.