فهرست مطالب ali mohammad akhund ali

Revealing the contribution of each of the climatic and human factors can help the management of water resources. Firstly, trend analysis and change‐point tests were performed to determine the status of the parameters affecting the groundwater resources of the Mahidasht aquifer during the period from 1981 to 2019 by using statistical methods and the Pettitt test. The GMS model was calibrated as a tool to simulate the Mahidasht aquifer system. After determining the change point, modeling of the groundwater level before and after the change point was done using the GMS model. By removing the effect of human factors in the model, the contribution of the effects of climate variability and human activities on groundwater was obtained. The results showed that there was no significant trend in annual rainfall, but the annual runoff has a significantly decreasing trend at the confidence level of 99%, and the trend of the groundwater level is also significantly decreasing at the confidence level of 99%. Pettitt change point test showed precipitation without a change point, but the runoff in 1998 and the groundwater level in 2001 had a change point. Finally, the modeling of the aquifer showed that the contribution of human activities in the reduction of the groundwater level of the Mahidasht aquifer was 78 and climate variability is 22%.

Gilan-e Gharb Reservoir Dam in Gilan-e Gharb County in the southwest of Kermanshah Province is one of the dams designed to provide agricultural water to downstream lands in a hot and dry region. This dam is one of the structures where the calculation errors in the estimation of the water entering the reservoir have caused the failure of the planned goals in such a way that to compensate for this calculation error and to supply agricultural water to the Gilan-e Gharb dyke area in front of the Gilan-e Gharb spring flow, it was designed and was executed After 25 years of dewatering this dam, the volume of the reservoir has not yet reached the estimated value. The studying consulting engineers company mentioned the reason for this failure due to the quality of the reservoir dam inlet station, the quality of statistics and information, the occurrence of drought, and finally the effects of watershed operations in the catchment area of this dam. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the methods of estimating the inflow to the Gilan-e Gharb dam reservoir and to investigate the factors affecting the calculation errors by using HEC-HMS software to analyze the runoff rainfall model of the Gilan-e Gharb dam reservoir and to investigate the effect of water management operations on the productive runoff and peak flood discharge.

In this study, maps of land use, geology, vegetation and soil hydrological groups were prepared along with field assessments, and then the CN map of the basin was prepared from the integration of the said maps using GIS software. According to the historical record of the statistics and information of the inlet station of the Gilan-e Gharb Reservoir Dam in recent periods and even before the construction of the Reservoir Dam, the volume of the reservoir due to several reasons such as the low amount of incoming runoff, the existence of karst formations that collect most of the runoff, the volume of runoff with the amount 17 million cubic meters does not match.

The results of this research showed that the estimation of the dam inlet was accompanied by gross errors due to the lack of knowledge of the hydrological conditions of the reservoir dam area. Taking into consideration that the watershed operations in the carried-out periods have also had an impact on the water intake of the mentioned reservoir dam, the watershed cannot be the main obstacle for not reaching the predicted watershed.

The results of this study showed that the methods of estimating the water input to the Gilangreb dam reservoir due to the use of statistical relationships and its extension could not be in accordance with the basin realities and the construction of this dam with high costs actually did not reach the pre-designed goals.

Undoubtedly, floods can be considered as one of the most effective natural hazards that cause many human and financial losses every year. A flood is defined as an overflow of water or its overflow in a river or spring, which is a threat to the life and property of residents near these sources. In simpler terms, any relatively high flow that impinges on natural or artificial banks in any direction of a stream is called a flood.  In this research, the effective criteria related to the estimation of flood design discharge in reservoir dams in 17 in Kermanshah province were identified and prioritized, and then in order to review and analyze the effective factors in estimating the flood estimation separately for each reservoir dam, were evaluated using 8 different multivariate decision-making methods.  Considering the large number of studied dams the four hydrological agents and comprehensive options such as design flood estimation in connection with the occurrence of hydrological events in the area by human origin, with natural origin, the quantity and quality of information and hydrometeorological data and the limitations of methods (statistical, experimental, models) were selected and prioritized with SAW, AHP, FAHP, VIKOR, TOPSIS, FTOPSIS, PROMETEE, Electre III methods. Based on the mentioned 8 methods, 22 criteria involved in estimating the flood yield of 17 reservoir dams were ranked.  In the SAW method, experimental methods with 6 rank 1, statistical methods with 5 rank 1 and physiographic parameters with 2 rank 1 are the most important effective criteria in estimating the flood entering the reservoirs of dams studied in this research. In the AHP method, hydrometric stations and the true limit of the basin were the most important effective criteria with 5 and 3 ranks, respectively. In the FAHP method, experimental methods with 6 and statistical methods with 5 ranks were recognized as two important criteria. In TOPSIS method, statistical methods, physiographic parameters and conversion of maximum flow to maximum instantaneous flow rate each with 1 first rank, and Fuzzy TOPSIS experimental methods, statistical methods and conversion of maximum flow rate to instantaneous flow rate with 6, 4 and 2 first rank respectively. In ViKor's method, only experimental methods have 1 rank. In the Electra method, the criteria of meteorological stations, the true limit of the watershed and experimental methods were evaluated as effective criteria with 1 rank. Finally, in the PROMETHEE method, only the experimental method with one item was ranked 1 rank.  The results showed that more than 76% of the dams have priority in the option of conditions and limitations of flood estimation methods (statistical, experimental, model, etc.) and 24% have problems in the option of quantity and quality and water and meteorological information.. The option that has more frequency than other option of the conditions and limitations of the flood estimation method (V4) of each reservoir dam. Based on the review of documents and documents of flood analysis and achieving the design flood in the studies of the first and second stages of reservoir dams of the studied dams, this conclusion is confirmed, in the statistical methods, the length of the statistical period is low and the frequency distribution function is not recognized properly. In addition, the use of experimental methods, which are mainly applied without recalibration of relevant coefficients and without necessary precautions and checks, is one of the weaknesses of flood estimation.

Estimating the inflow to the reservoir of dams is of particular importance in planning and optimal management of water resources, water supply needed by different sectors and flood management. Therefore, in the current research, it was tried to evaluate the performance of random forest (RF) and Gaussian process regression (GPR), machine learning models by using the preprocessing method of complete ensemble experimental mode decomposition (CEEMD) for estimating the monthly inflow to Dez Dam in the period of 1971 to 2017. For this purpose, the input patterns in four different scenarios, including the use of flow data with time delays, the combination of flow and precipitation data with time delays, and adding periodic term to the previous two modes, were prepared and introduced to standalone models. The results showed that each model achieves its maximum accuracy with different scenarios, and in the meantime, the performance of the GPR model was the best with an RMSE value of 97.49 (m3/s). After determining the best input patterns in each scenario, the relevant data were analyzed by CEEMD method and the modeling process was performed with RF and GPR methods. Based on the evaluation criteria, the error reduction and accuracy increase in the developed integrated models were significantly evident. So that the CEEMD-GPR model was able to reduce the value of the RMSE index by about 47 (m3/s). The same behavior was observed for the CEEMD-RF model. In general, the performance of CEEMD-GPR is more suitable compared to all the developed models (single or integrated) and it is recommended for predicting the inflow to Dez Dam.

Groundwater is a limited and vulnerable resource that is reversible in the conditions of balance between nutrition and extraction. Mahidasht plain of Kermanshah province, which in the past was one of the most fertile and vast plains in the west of Iran, the trend of decreasing groundwater, especially in recent years, is quite evident. Methodology It has been tried in this article by using Mahidasht plain underground water modeling using ModFlow model, Mahidasht plain underground water stability based on analysis of the current situation and four management scenarios (scenario of continuation of the current trend, scenario of adjustment of permits and reduction of 30 The percentage of underground water extraction, the scenario of removing unauthorized wells and adjusting the permits and reducing the extraction of underground water by 40 percent and the scenario of increasing the extraction of underground water and developing unauthorized cultivation) should be investigated. The results show the unstable situation of the Mahidasht aquifer, and the application of the management scenario of 30-40% reduction in groundwater extraction will not stabilize the central areas of the aquifer. The unstable situation of this plain means many social, economic, political, security and environmental risks. In other words, this plain, more than ever, wants to control the harvest and should be prioritized in the water scarcity adaptation programs of politicians, planners, managers and all water guarantors in the region and removed from the list of susceptible areas for agricultural development. It is recommended to follow the principles of quality sustainability of the aquifer, and encourage farmers to change the harvesting pattern from agriculture to industry with incentive policies.

Iran is facing severe water shortage.Modernization of irrigation systems and improving the efficiency of water use is typically presented as an opportunity for large water saving in the agricultural sector. For this reason, the Iranian government strongly supports the modernization of irrigation systems and has implemented many water-saving irrigation measures with the objective of improving water productivity and reducing agricultural water use. In this regard, some progress has been made. But total agricultural water use did not decline as expected. Thus, agricultural water use in Iran may experience a rebound effect. The hypothesis of a rebound effect as a consequence of water saving investments is taken from the Jevons paradox in energy economics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the water rebound effect (WRE) at farm level in Bakhtegan basin using corrected land allocation model and direct comparison approach. The results indicated that the magnitude of the agricultural WRE in Bakhtegan basin can fluctuate between 10.1% and 109.38%.

TrTransparency, participation, sustainability, standardization, monitoring and effectiveness are the fundamental principles of good governance in resource management. In the present study, the extraction of indices representing the principles of agricultural water governance in irrigation and drainage networks of Khuzestan was examined using the Delphi method. The weight of each of the indices was then calculated using the special vector. The required data was obtained through designing some specialized questionnaires and also sharing the views from Khuzestan province water and Soil specialists. Drawing upon the results of the study, 16 indicators were identified as the indicators of the water governance principles. The results showed that in the special vector method of water resources' management indicators of transparency principle, self-regulation of agricultural water utilization system of participation principle and ready-made pumps with numerical values of standardization principle of 0.211, 0.155 and 0.100 had the highest weight, irrigation intervals of sustainability principle, efficiency of electrical facilities of standardization principle and rate of irrigation quarrel of monitoring principle with numerical values of 0.017, 0.019 and 0.027 had the lowest weight. On the other hand, the total numerical values of the indicators indicate that the principles of transparency, participation and standardization in the management of water resources for irrigation and drainage networks in Khuzestan have attracted more attention from the water and soil experts of Khuzestan province compared to the principles of sustainability, monitoring and effectiveness.

Previous Water management policies failed under development pressure, Corrective action has been taken to review and track past behavior and find ways to increase the efficiency of water management in the country The prevailing belief is that the current water crisis is the result of inadequate governance. The principles of transparency, participation, sustainability, standardization, monitoring and effectiveness are the principles of governance in water resources management. In this study aims to develop indices of the principles of agricultural water governance in Khuzestan province using the comments of the expert group of 32 water and soil experts and the Delphi method, 16 indicators were identified as indicators of agricultural water governance principles in irrigation and drainage systems in Khuzestan province. Among the indexes, the water resources management index with an agreement level of 100%, as the most important indicator of the transparency principle, Obtaining water's price was 89.9%, the most important indicator of the principle of participation, irrigation efficiency index with 100% agreement level, the most important indicator of sustainability principle, ready-made valves with standard agreement of 98.3%, the most important index of the principle of standardization, the index of land of non drainages at the level of agreement was 98.6% as the most important indicator of the principle of control, and satisfaction index for water distribution management with a 100% agreement level represents a more important impact principle than other indices.