ali mohammad latifi

In the field of nursing, there are many entrepreneurship and innovative opportunities, however, its education in nursing, especially nursing students, has been less. For this reason, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of education on the attitude and entrepreneurial intention of nursing students.

In this semi-experimental study, 102 nursing students were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. In order to collect data, a questionnaire that included a demographic section and a section to measure Linan and Chen's entrepreneurial intention and attitude, which was based on the planned behavior model, was used before and immediately after the intervention. The intervention was implemented as a one-month entrepreneurship training workshop for the intervention group. Data analysis was carried out with a significance level of 0.05.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the control and intervention groups (P>0.05). However, after the intervention, except for the attitude variable (P>0.05), there was a significant difference in other variables in the intervention group (P<0.05). The mean scores of intention variables (P = 0.001) and behavioral control (P = 0.003) were significant, but for attitude (P = 0.16) and subjective norm (P = 0.052) was not significant.

These findings show that entrepreneurship education can improve the intention and behavioral control of nursing students regarding entrepreneurship. This study can help administrators and educational planners in the field of entrepreneurship to design appropriate educational programs for the development of entrepreneurship in nursing students.

Pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pose significant environmental and health risks. Exposure to PAHs has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal exposure to PAHs and Preterm Birth.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases were searched without a time limit until June 16, 2024. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE framework to evaluate the credibility of the evidence. Data analysis was done using random-effects models and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval to synthesize association estimates. Heterogeneity between studies was investigated using Cochran’s Q test and I-squared (I2) statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test. All statistical analyses were conducted using STATA version 17 (Stata Corp; College Station; TX, USA) software.

Out of 5695 studies screened, 6 with a total sample size of 45158 were included in our final review. The results of the meta-analysis showed a non-significant overall association between maternal exposure to PAH metabolites and preterm birth (OR: 1.09, 95%CI: 0.80-1.49, P=0.59) and the I-squared index indicated significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 88.23%, P<0.001). Based on the funnel plot analysis and the results Begg's test (P=0.964) and Egger's regression test (P=0.855) both suggested no significant publication bias.

This study underscores the no effect of PAHs exposure on preterm birth. However, further well-designed prospective studies with standardized exposure assessment methods and rigorous control of confounding factors are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking PAH exposure to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Iran is one of the hardest hit countries by COVID-19 and has witnessed a high incidence and prevalence of mortality and morbidity cases. This study generally aims to highlight the main economic aspects of government responses to the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran.

In order to benefit from a comprehensive tool to evaluate direct and indirect costs of approvals, a preliminary systematic review was conducted.  Qualitative content analysis and simplified method of activity-based costing (ABC) were used in order to calculate the aggregate cost of a given set of activities. The direct and indirect costs of approvals based on the aggregated costs of categorized activities were analyzed. All costs were converted into US dollars using the monthly mean exchange rate.

Totally, 164 publications were included in the systematic review. Designed tool was approved by expert opinions (met CVI>0.79 and CVR≥0.6) and seven aspects of economic consequences of COVID-19 interventions were assessed. The overall tangible and calculable costs were estimated about 25,755,700,000 US$. Direct support and compensation for losses of industries and companies accounted for the largest costs (41%) related to COVID-19 interventions (10,587,000,000 US$).

Establishing economic security for industries, rapid and simultaneous measures of prevention, treatment and vaccination, and increasing household income can significantly reduce the costs of controlling similar diseases in the future.

Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are chemical compounds used in pesticides that contain synthetic esters, amides, and thiol derivatives of phosphoric, and phosphonic acids. The OPs are harmful to humans and animals because of compounds such as parathion. By acting on nerve cells, parathion creates very dangerous cellular oxidative stresses, which in turn activate programmed cell death. In this study, the enzyme Organophosphorus Hydrolase (OPH) having esterase activity was selected with the aim of influencing its reaction product with parathion on the viability of human nerve cells. The neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was exposed to parathion (700 µg/ml) (≈ 40% reduced cell viability) and the product of OPH esterase reaction (1 µg/ml) with the same parathion concentration for two hours to determine their cytotoxicity (≈ 25% reduced cell viability) by MTT, real-time PCR and flow cytometry techniques. The results revealed that parathion (100 µg/ml) inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity by ≈ 65% while OPH-related product reduced acetylcholinesterase activity by ≈ 26%. Considering the widespread use of OPs in modern agriculture, the OPH can be used to reduce the OPs’ destructive effects and the current study could provide new insight into healthy modern agriculture.

Some bacteria commonly found on plants can catalyze the freezing of water at a higher temperature than others, at or near 0 °C. The freezing point of pure water is about -40 °C and is initiated by creating ice nucleations. However, when ice nucleation proteins (INPs) are present, ice nucleations form at temperatures close to or above 0 °C. INPs are often attached to the outer membrane by a phosphatidylinositol anchor and are sometimes secreted extracellularly. The monomers of INPs in Pseudomonas syringae are 120 to 180 kDa. INP has three domains, and the central domain is highly repetitive. The central domain consists of the consensus sequence of eight amino acid repeats. Eight amino acid repeats create a 16-residue fragment, and three 16-residue fragments form the 48-residue fragment. Studies have shown that INPs may have a β-helical fold and interact with water through the repetitive motif. Most ice nucleation bacteria are gram-negative, including P. syringae, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas compestris, Erwinia ananas, and Erwinia herbicola. For optimum protein activity, the presence of the complete bacterial cell is essential. INPs are influential in different aspects, including snowmaking, agriculture, freeze-concentration in the food industry, signal transduction, atmospheric applications as cloud condensation nuclei, and surface display (expression of a foreign protein on the cell surface for biotechnological purposes). This study provides a brief overview of ice nucleation proteins and their applications since ice nucleation is an important phenomenon that affects various aspects, from climate to biological systems.

Several isolated species from symptomatic frozen leaves and soil produce ice nucleation proteins and have been exploited for their Ice Nucleation Activity (INA). Ice nucleation proteins can be employed as promising substances for biotechnological applications such as artificial snow-making, cryopreservation of tissues, and the condensation of ice nuclei in clouds. Considering INA has a direct relationship with bacterial growth, optimization of the culture medium seems indispensable. In this study, the INA of a newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. IRL.INP1 was evaluated. Plackett–Burman was applied for screening several cost-effective carbon and nitrogen sources affecting bacterial growth and INA. The response surface method was employed for medium optimization. Moreover, biomass, whole-cell protein, specific growth rate, and INA were estimated. Rice bran, ammonium sulfate, temperature, and olive oil had significant effects on the INA of Pseudomonas sp. IRL.INP1. Results demonstrated that 5% rice bran, 31 °C, 1.0% olive oil, and 6 g/L ammonium sulfate led to the best INA. The final optical density at 600 nm was 2.3. Also, 1.94 g/L biomass, 1.75 µg/µl whole-cell protein, and 0.26 specific growth rate (day-1) were obtained, and INA was observed after 5 sec at -5 °C. The present research is the first study using agricultural waste for INA optimization. Since rice bran is a cost-effective agro-waste and a qualified replacement for glucose, it can be utilized as a promising substrate for bacterial growth and INA.

Spirulina platensis microalgae contain strong antioxidants and its health properties are related to antioxidant pigments, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and blue pigment unique to its phycocyanin. In this research, the amount of phycocyanin, beta-carotene, chlorophyll a and b were evaluated in Spirulina platensis microalgae.

In this experimental study, Spirulina platensis strain was cultured in Zarrouk liquid medium. Then the microalgae were dried and ground. The amount of beta-carotene at the wavelength of 451 nm and the amount of chlorophyll at the wavelength of 665 nm were read. The amount of phycocyanin in Spirulina platensis was calculated after reading at wavelengths 280 and 620 nm.

In Spirulina platensis microalgae, the amount of chlorophyll a was 0.8 mg/g and chlorophyll b was 0.2 mg/g. The amount of phycocyanin was 0.9 mg/g. The amount of beta-carotene was 7.9 g/100g. Antioxidant compounds include propyl gallate > 2.5 mg/kg, butylhydroquinone > 2.5 mg/kg, butylated hydroxyanisole > 2.5 mg/kg, butylated hydroxytoluene 208 mg/kg and the total amount of antioxidants > 215.5 mg/kg was recorded.

According to the current findings, Spirulina platensis microalgae has a high antioxidant capacity and can be useful in terms of nutrition, which of course needs more studies.

With the industrialization of aquatic ecosystems, the concentration of ammonia in surface water and groundwater have been much higher than standards, and large amounts of industrial, municipal and agricultural effluents containing ammonia are released into water sources, producing unhealthy and harmful products. The aim of this study was to synthesis the biological nanocomposite hydrogels based on kappa-carrageenan/Fe3O4 nanoparticles to absorb three samples of agricultural effluent containing ammonia.

Hydrogels are the most suitable bio-sorbents that exist naturally and synthetically. In this study, carrageenan and acrylic acid hydrogels in the form of radical polymerization were prepared in the room by methylene bis-acrylamide as the crosslinking agent and ammonia persulfate as the initiator. Then, a magnetic hydrogel was prepared using divalent and trivalent iron by co-precipitation method.

By adsorbing the ammonia in the two prepared effluent samples, the optimal values ​​for contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent were 40 minutes, 5, 15 ° C and 40 mg, respectively. The ammonia equilibrium adsorption process by nanomagnetic hydrogels was studied by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms, which show that the maximum adsorption belongs to the Langmuir isotherm. Comparison of experimental data with adsorption models showed that these data follow a quasi-quadratic adsorption model. The optimum temperature for the removal of ammonia from both effluents is 15 ° C and the removal capacity in both effluents increases with rising pH from 2 to 10.

According to the results of this study, it can be estimated that the adsorbent studied in this study, which is a nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide, had a significant reduction in the amount of ammonia in the effluents. It can be said that the nanomagnetic hydrogel of iron oxide is an effective adsorbent for the rapid removal of ammonium ions from an aqueous solution.

Synthetic organophosphates (OPs) inhibit acetylcholinesterase resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine, failure of organs, and eventually death. Diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase (DFPase) is one of the OPs degrading enzymes that has broad substrate from OPs. In this study, for the first time, the secretory expression of DFPase in Bacillus subtilis was investigated in order to accelerate the biodegradation rate of OPs.

DFPase gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the pET28-inaV/N-dfpase plasmid. The PCR product was subcloned in the pWB980 plasmid. Competent B. subtilis WB600 were transformed with recombinant plasmid. SDS PAGE technique was used to study the expression of protein secreted in superrich medium.

Appearance of the 946 bp band in agarose gel after digestion of transformed plasmid confirmed the presence of DFPase gene in this construct. Approximately, 35 kDa protein band was shown in culture medium after incubating at 35°C for 72 hours and 150 rpm. Measurement of enzyme’s activity was done by monitoring the release of fluoride from diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), using ion-meter. Results showed that enzyme’s activity was 3333 U/L.

Bacillus subtilis is a suitable host for production of secretory and active form of DFPase.

Wide applications in research, clinical and cosmetic industry of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) made it a research interest target. Its production in different expression systems has shown several limitations. Recombinant expression of hEGF in E. coli is always accompanied by inclusion body formation. The object of this study is to the evaluation of a chromatography-independent approach for the production of EGF in E. coli as soluble form. In order to evaluate a chromatogram independent purification approach for recombinant hEGF production in a soluble form, the hEGF gene was fused to an elastin-like protein (ELP) and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using pET26b expression vector for secretion the product into periplasmic space. Periplasmic protein content analysis confirmed that the recombinant protein is secreted into the periplasm. The purification process was done by using 0.4 M ammonium sulfate in two cycles of inverse phase transition (ITC). After two cycles of purification, purity reached more than 95%. Western blotting analysis with the monoclonal anti-EGF antibody has confirmed the accuracy of EGF. Biological activity of the purified protein was investigated on NIH-3T3 cell line and results indicated EGF-induced proliferation in treated cells. Our results showed periplasmic expression is the proper approach to the production of soluble recombinant hEGF. By using ELP fused to EGF, the purification process was established without applying chromatography which will result in decreasing in final costs. This study introduced a new economic and efficient approach to the production and purification of recombinant hEGF.

Although radiation is recognized as the most effective nonsurgical treatment, the outcomes and control rates are generally poor. However, a combination of radiation therapy with hyperthermia and chemotherapy can improve the efficacy of treatment. The aim was to explore the potential of morphological and gradient-based features on microscopic images in improving the identification accuracy of subtle differences in cell structure during different treatments. Fifty single-cell images were used for each group and treatment regimen. The groups were individually subjected to: 1) hyperthermia at 43°C; 2) temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy at 10% inhibitory concentration; 3) radiotherapy at 2Gy; 4) combination of TMZ chemotherapy and hyperthermia; 5) combination of radiotherapy and hyperthermia; 6) combination of TMZ chemotherapy and radiotherapy; and 7) combination of TMZ chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hyperthermia. Morphological and gradient-based features were extracted from each cell. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for each significant feature to evaluate the performance of cell change detection. According to AUCs, gradient-based features showed superior performance to morphological features in identifying cell changes during all treatment regimens in all groups. In this regard, the AUC of the gradient-mean feature exceeded 0.599 for all groups. The ratio of maximum to minimum cell diameter was the best morphological feature, with an AUC above 0.588 for all groups. Quantitative analysis of features is a reliable indicator of damage, with the potential to characterize cell changes during treatment regimens.

One of the effective methods for protein engineering, especially for improving the capabilities of industrial strains, is the genome shuffling method. This study is based on biocatalytic engineering techniques and DNA shuffling methods.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild strain was prepared under the access number JQ917006.1. Mutant strains were evaluated by DES method and compatibility with diazinon concentration. After the protoplast was prepared, the genome was mutated from the mutant library. Fused protoplasts were evaluated for activity.

The activities related to IR1.G1, IR1.D8, IR1.D4 and IR1.D5 strains are 0.234 U/ml, 0.1 U/ml, 0.098 U/ml and 0.066 U/ml, respectively, and IRL1.F2, IRL1.F3 and IRL1.F1 strains have activities of 0.541 mg/L, 0.523 mg/L and 0.509 mg/L, respectively.

The results of evaluation of the first generation of genome shuffling (first round of protoplast fusion) showed that the shuffled strains that were able to grow in the presence of toxin (3000 ml/L diazinon concentration) had better activity than the obtained strain through both methods (toxin concentration gradient and DES method).

Organophosphorus compounds are widely used in pesticides, insecticides in agriculture and as nervous chemical agents. These chemicals inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity that is responsible for the nervous impulse in organisms. This effect leads to an increase in acetylcholine level and finally neuronal complications.
Many methods are used to degrade and decontaminate these compounds, such as: the use of chemicals, burial of toxins, burning and biodegradation. The chemical and physical methods are often toxic, allergic, corrosive and nonspecific and harmful for the environment and are not usable in war spaces. Biodegradation is an effective and safe method that is performed under controlled conditions for the decomposition of various constituents, including organophosphorus compounds, by biological agents. Biodegradation is performed using microbes to detoxify and decompose contaminants. These strains contain broad substrate-degrading enzymes.
Although the use of natural strains as vital catalysts is an interesting method for the treatment of organophosphorus compounds, the inability of organophosphorus compounds to cross the membrane width reduces the total catalytic power, so the use of recombinant enzymes for the decomposition of organophosphorus compounds can be of great help in removing contaminants, especially in war environments. Many enzymes have been identified and used for this purpose, but most notably include: Diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase (DFPasae), Organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA) and Organophosphorus Hydrolase (OPH).
In this review, in addition to describing the organophosphorus compounds and their effects, biodegradation especially by use of enzymes was considered. The understanding and mastering of this knowledge could help researchers in the use of chemical degrading enzymes, especially organophosphates, in spray and enzymatic ointments in military environments.

Dickkopf (DKK) family of proteins are known as antagonists for the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway. It is suggested that the Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) has a role in several diseases such as hepatocellular carcinomas, hepatoblastomas, Wilms’ tumors, lung cancer and Myeloma bone disease. The aim of the present study was to produce a chimeric-recombinant DKK-1 protein in order to induce immune response against the antigen. The recombinant Dickkopf-1 (rDKK-1) protein was designed using bioinformatics analysis. The standard methods were used for cloning, expression and purification. The structure of recombinant protein was analyzed by spectroscopy methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting were performed to confirm the recombinant protein using a commercial anti-DKK-1 (whole protein) polyclonal antibody. The immunogenicity of the recombinant DKK-1 was assessed by immunizing, intraperitoneally, BALB/C mice four times with the 31-kDa and 45-kDa purified rDKK-1 cloned in pET28a and pET32a vectors respectively. The antibody titer was measured in due course of time. Stronger immunogenic parts of the protein were selected based on in-silico predictions and recombinant protein was successfully designed. The chimeric gene was sub-cloned, expressed, purified and refolded. The purified protein was confirmed by Western blotting and ELISA. The three dimensional structural was confirmed by CD spectrum and predicted structures by bioinformatics tools, revealed the stability of helix structures. rDKK-1 protein was capable of inducing immune response with high titer antibody and  excessive humoral immune response. No significant difference was observed between immunization by 31-kDa and 45-kDa antigen.

Bioregulators are biological agents that are present in all cells and in all organisms and have a regulatory role in intracellular physiological processes and pathways and the neural mechanisms, homeostasis, immune system and endocrine secretions.

With the advances in neuroscience and other technologies, the study of these biological agents has gained particular attention. These agents have various applications in the medical, veterinary and agricultural fields. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies have begun manufacturing based on the biotechnological and chemical methods of these elements.

In addition to the general applications of Bioregulators, the military applications of these agents in the production of a new generation of biological weapons with the aim of temporarily disabling the enemy are of great interest.

Until now several bioregulators as potential factors in the production of biological weapons-debilitating have been introduced. Therefore, our Armed Forces need to become familiar with the application of these factors to maintain and enhance the preparedness and provide the necessary strategies for identifying, neutralizing, and treating those involved with these factors.

It is suggested that bioregulators as important agents in hostage-release processes or factors that advance military objectives, both during military operations and in support of those involved in the battlefield have been mass-produced and placed at the disposal of certain forces.

Organophosphorus hydrolase(OPH) is an enzyme that can degrade organophosphorus compounds in pesticides. High expression levels of OPH in Escherichia coli lead to form inclusion body in cytoplasmic space which is an inactive form of protein and needs a solubilizing and refolding process. The aim of this study was to compare different methods for solubilization and refolding of recombinant OPH expressed in E. coli. OPH was expressed in E. coli and purified by the Ni-NTA column. The refolding efficiency of this protein was assessed by 4 strategies: dialysis, rapid dilution, on column and combination of rapid dilution and dialysis. In each case, the refolding efficiency was evaluated by SDS-PAGE analysis and enzyme activity assay and was compared to find the best procedure. The refolding efficiency of these 4 strategies was estimated at about 12%, 10%, 14% and 50% for on column, rapid dilution, dialysis and combination of rapid dilution and dialysis, respectively. Results showed that during the refolding process, most proteins did not reach the correct structure and aggregated again while the combination of 2 methods, rapid dilution and dialysis provided an appropriate procedure to refold. The combination of rapid dilution and dialysis is an efficient method for refolding OPH. The efficacy of this method for refolding other recombinant proteins can be further investigated.

Organophosphorus compounds are frequently used as pesticides and insecticides in agriculture, livestock and home. Because of the high toxicity, it seems is very important its removal from the environment. An enzyme called organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is responsible for the decomposition of organophosphorus compounds in most of the strains. Production of enzymes and strains with more efficiency is frequently performed by genetic engineering techniques. In this study, we used PCR-based method for quick and easy improvement in activity of OPH enzyme. We selected 5.5 mM Mg2+ and 0.2 mM and Mn2+ concentrations for high PCR product. After one round of error prone PCR (epPCR), The 5 number of screened strains (29%) were shown more ability than the native strains to degrade of diazinon, with more than 25% raising ratio. The E6 strain was found to have highest improvement degradation, with 29.3% improvement. At 48-hour time point, the E6 strains were able to completely remove of diazinon. The epPCR method has the low complexity than other methods and can provide a diverse library include efficient mutants.

Hydrogels based on natural ingredients, such as alginate, are considered promising wound dressings. Alginic acid, a polysaccharide polymer, is a structural component of the cell walls of brown algae. The important features of alginates used in biological dressings include non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and excellent swelling behavior.

In this study, the effects of alginate hydrogels and commercial alginate dressings were studied with regard to wound recovery in a rat model.

Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups of five. One wound measuring 1 × 1 cm square was made on each rat using a template. One rat in each group was euthanized on the 4th, 7th, 14th, and 21st days, and skin samples were taken for histopathological analysis.

The findings showed that the average total time of wound healing in the synthetic alginate dressing group was similar to that of the commercial dressing group. In this study, we found that synthetic alginate hydrogels were much more convenient for wound dressings and for the treatment of surface wounds.

The treatment outcomes showed that our synthetic alginate hydrogel dressing was highly promising as an alternative wound-healing system, opening a new path toward future research and development.

Poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the most important commercial source of analgesic drugs and of compounds related to them. Because of the excellent medicinal prop- erties of poppy, finding genotypes with changed alkaloid content through breeding or by producing transgenic plants in tissue culture has attracted great interest. The present research was conducted to optimize rooting in somatic embryos of trans- genic poppy plants. Sensitivity of hypocotyl explants to the antibiotic paromomycin was first determined in kill-curve experiments. Transformation of the hypocotyl explants was carried out using the GV3101 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens having the vector with the NPT II gene. The explants were then transferred to MS- based medium containing the 2, 4-D plant growth regulator (PGR) at 1 mg/L, 10 mM MES, and paromomycinat 15 mg/L. After the somatic embryos were pro- duced, a factorial experiment was conducted in the rooting stage with two factors including medium (MS and 1/2 MS) and PGR (500 μM IBA PGR and no PGR). Also, confirmation of derived transgenic plantlets was confirmed by PCR tech- nique. Results of ANOVA and comparison of the means indicated the highest root- ing percentage happened in the 1/2 MS medium containing the IBA.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens in hospital- acquired infections. Annually, many people are infected with S. aureus in hospitals. Rapid detection of this bacterium is extremely helpful in preventing and managing this bacterium mediated diseases. Aptamers are powerful probes, which can be used as a target explorer in a wide range of diagnostic systems.To isolate a specific aptamer against S. aureus, a library of single-stranded DNA molecules was designed, and enriched through Cell-SELEX procedure. In the Cell-SELEX, the DNA library was exposed to the S. aureus bacterium in 8 reiterative quadruple rounds including: binding, separation, elution and amplification. After 8 rounds, the PCR product was cloned and sequenced. Cloned aptameric sequences were evaluated through enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA), and a sequence with the best outcomes was selected as ideal aptamer. Eight rounds of Cell-SELEX procedure led to isolation of a specific ssDNA aptamer against S. aureus and named as “STAPT” (conflation of STAphylococcus and APTamer). Using ELONA 3 technique, the detection limit of this aptamer was determined as 4 × 10 CFU/ml. The aptamer “STAPT” showed the promising and potent abilities and features to be utilized as a bio-detection element likely in advanced detection systems. Although more extended researches are needed for this purpose.

Organophosphorus pesticides are a group of dangerous substances that were widely used as warfare agents or agricultural pesticides. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the detoxification of diazinon pesticide (as a model of organophosphorus compounds) from water with mesoporous silica.
The mesoporous silica was produced via sol-gel method and characterized its structure by using XRD, FTIR, BET and SEM techniques. Adsorption tests were carried out in a batch system to study the effect of various parameters (pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration) on the detoxification. Also, the kinetic and adsorption isotherms have been investigated in this study.
The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity (135 mg/g) based on Langmuir adsorption isotherm is at pH=6, initial concentration 50 mg/L, 50 min and adsorbent dose 0.1 g/L, and also the maximum removal percentage (72%) was obtained at adsorbent dose 10 g/L. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic model were obtained to be conforming to Langmuir model and pseudo-second order, respectively.
Based on the high adsorption capacity of mesoporous silica for diazinon removal, it can be concluded that the mesoporous silica is an effective adsorbent for detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides from water.

Organophosphorus chemicals, used as pesticides and warfare nerve agent, are highly toxic compounds that inhibit acetylcholine esterase enzyme rapidly. A novel effective treatment for nerve gas poising is using of hydrolytic enzymes to degradation of these agents. DFPase from loligo vulgaris is highly stable and robust biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of various chemical warfare agents such as sarin, soman, tabun. Unfortunately, wild-type DFPase prefers less toxic isomers of these agents leading to slower detoxification. Also, due to non-human origin of the enzyme, immunological reactions occur when it injects into body. Engineering of the enzyme for creating of new efficient variants is an interesting research field which leads to occurrence of novel and prominent bioscavengers.

The human body needs essential nutrients in order to function, grow, and stay healthy. Our bodies cannot make these nutrients, so get them from our diet.
On the other hand, some diet-related diseases can be caused by certain improper food ingredients and body inability of absorbing them. Then the idea of purifying beneficial ingredients formed. Poly-unsaturated fatty acid such as gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) is a group of essential fatty acids particularly favorable for its application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. GLA plays significant roles in improving human body functions. It has gained its importance in the last four
decades for having a positive effect on the most of the chronic diseases of modern society, in­cluding cancer, diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Then, it has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of various health problems and have inflammatory component. One of the richest sources of GLA is a kind of microalgae; Spirulina. Spirulina is a blue-green alga primarily originated from two species of cyanobacteria and is believed to be the first form of plant life on the earth. This article reviews GLA applications and properties; favorable conditions for increasing its amount within Spirulina; and how to extract it from the algae.

Bacteriorhodopsin operates as a light/proton transfer pump which converts the light energy into a proton gradient. Energy stored in the proton gradient can be used in a variety of ways. Bacteriorhodopsin producing sources are some Halobacterium species such as Halobacterium sodomense and Halobacterium salinarum which continue to grow in harsh and salt-saturated conditions. Two types of red pigment (IRLS.1) and orange pigment (IRLS.2) producing strains were isolated in order to isolate bacteriorhodopsin producing strains from Aran-Bidgol Lake. Spectroscopy reviews and the results of SDS Page of membrane proteins of two isolated strains and Iranian native Halobacterium salinarum showed that there is bacteriorhodopsin protein in the sample. Spectroscopic studies showed that Halobacterium salinarum produces the maximum amount, then IRLS 1 and finallyIRLS.2 with the lowest amount of bacteriorhodopsin. The results of biochemical and molecular identification based onthe16srRNA of both mentioned strains indicated their highest similarity with Natrinema sp. XA3-1 and Archaeon RC34, respectively. In this study, the presence of bacteriorhodopsin protein in Iranian native strains was examined for the first time and was isolated purely from Halobacterium salinarum membrane by gel filtration chromatography that given the widespread use of bacteriorhodopsin protein, it will be so effective.

Organophosphorus Compounds are highly toxic chemicals that have application in production of warfare agents and agricultural pesticides. Detoxification of areas that have been exposed to these types of materials is of vital importance and several approaches have been used for this purpose. Biodegradation of organophosphates is one of these approaches that is in the center of attention due to its high performance and environmental friendly nature. The key component in this approach are enzymes. Like many other industrial processes that employ enzymes, biodegradation of organophosphates has its own limitations. During recent years researches have focused on addressing this limitations and devising new ways to overcome them. One possible method is improving enzymatic formulations to gain decontamination systems with better detoxification efficiency. Immobilization has also been exercised in many ways to answer some of shortcomings in biodegradation of this compounds. Here, we will review enzymatic formulations of Organophosphates degrading enzymes with specific focus on polymer based approaches and immobilization techniques.