ali mostafavi

In this study, iron oxide/cellulose acetate nanocomposite was prepared by electrospinning method and its performance was evaluated for removal of arsenic. Here, oleic acid coated magnetite nanoparticle was synthesized by co-precipitation method and was impregnated in cellulose acetate solution. This magnetite impregnated polymer solution, was electrospun to form nanocomposite polymer fiber. The cellulose acetate/iron oxide nanocomposite membrane was characterized by SEM and FTIR. The magnetic properties of composite nanofibers were characterized by using vibrational sample magnetometry analysis. The nanocomposite was used to remove arsenic ions from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the sorption behavior of arsenic ions as a function of pH, contact time and initial concentration. Experimental results showed that the maximum capacity of the cellulose acetate-iron oxide nanocomposite membrane for removal of arsenic from low concentration is 0.36 mg/g at pH 9. For better investigation of the adsorption mechanism, two isotherm models, Langmuir and Freundlich were tested. Based on the isothermal results, adsorption data were fitted well to Langmuir isotherm. The reusability of the nanocomposite membrane was confirmed for several adsorption and desorption processes by acid-alkali treatment.

Deviation from the traction path affects the operation of composting machines that work in an offset manner and reduces their performance. In this article, a compost mixing machine behind a tractor, which deviates from the movement path during operation, was investigated and evaluated. The equations governing the performance of the extraction machine and the effective parameters in the optimal performance of the device were determined and their effect on the deviation of the device was investigated. The results of this research show that by changing the parameters of the machine without increasing its weight in order to reduce the deviation from the movement path, it is possible to significantly increase the balance of the machine and work efficiency and reduce the deviation from the movement path. In this investigation, it was found that by changing several parameters such as the longitudinal and transverse distance of the composting machine, the friction coefficient, etc., the deviation angle of the machine decreases from 17 degrees to less than 4 degrees. Based on the theory presented in this article, the device was designed, built and used in Gulab Zahra Kerman Company, and its performance is satisfactory, and the practical review of each of the parameters presented in this article will be presented in other articles.

Antihistamines are the most common drugs used for treating allergic rhinitis. They, significantly, reduce nasal symptoms by blocking the action of a chemical cytokine called histamine.  This study aimed to compare cetirizine and desloratadine's efficacy and adverse effects in children with allergic rhinitis.

This randomized single-blinded clinical trial was conducted on 400 children with allergic rhinitis, aged 6-12 between February and September 2022. The patients were randomized to receive cetirizine or desloratadine for four weeks. We recorded the symptoms and adverse effects at the baseline and four weeks after starting the intervention.

A total of 248 patients completed the study: 109 patients (47 female, 62 male) in the cetirizine group and 139 patients (53 female, 86 male) in the desloratadine group. The scores related to symptoms of allergic rhinitis before starting the drugs and after 4-week therapy were not significantly different between the two treatment groups (p= 0.1, p= 0.7, respectively). Cetirizine had more side effects than desloratadine in the treated patients (p = 0.02).

This study showed that cetirizine and desloratadine improved symptoms of children with allergic rhinitis; however, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of these two drugs.  Desloratadine caused fewer side effects in patients after 4 weeks of treatment.

Nowadays, the problems of solid waste, which is the natural output of human daily activities, have become one of the most important issues. The amount of solid waste generated has increased significantly over the past three decades, and the characteristics of the waste have changed due to changes in people's lifestyles, developments in the environmental industry, and significant population growth. In many developing countries, inappropriate management of hospital and health care waste has direct adverse effects on community health and the environment. Solid and hospital wastes are mixed and complex subjects and at the same time critical for cities. It is predicted that waste production will increase from 1.3 billion tons per year to 2.2 billion tons by 2020. As a result, many cities in developing countries face many problems in landfill management. The city of Kerman, like other cities in the third world, has experienced population growth in different periods of time and this growth and development of urban planning in most developing countries has become an uncontrollable process. Hospital waste disposal machines in Kerman are operating with limited capacity and identifying a suitable location for the establishment of the main hospital waste disposal center of medical, medical and laboratory centers seems necessary. The main purpose of this research is to find the safest place and the most efficient scenario for disposing of hospital waste in Kerman.

In this research, information has collected through library, field studies and descriptive-analytical methods. Scope of the study is the political border of Kerman city. In the first step, the most effective criteria and data identified; Data related to communication routes, waterways, rural urban areas have removed from the 1: 25000 topographic map as the main research tool. The slope layer also has extracted from the Aluss-Palsar. The geological layer extracted from the 1: 100000 scale geological map. Land use maps and protected areas extracted from Landsat 2020 satellite imagery. After classifying the available indicators, valuable questionnaires 1 to 9 provided to experts to prioritize the indicators. At this stage, each layer evaluated and prepared based on how it affects the determination of suitable land for sanitary burial. Then, using GIS software and AHP-Fuzzy model, the optimal location was determined to determine the landfill of hospital waste in Kerman. In order to evaluate the scenarios of hospital waste management in Kerman, Fuzzy- RIAM method used. In the fuzzy Riam method,first the activities of each project are identified and then their effects on each of the environmental components, including physical / chemical, biological / ecological, social / cultural, economic / technical parameters, are determined.

In the AHP model, the slope criterion with a score of 0.218 has the highest weight among the studied indicators, followed by lithology and distance from the waterway. The location of landfills due to issues such as water pollution, air pollution, pests, dust, fire, traffic and noise, as well as the economic cost of the surrounding areas cause dissatisfaction of urban and rural residents. Accordingly, in the distance index from the city, the distance of 35-45 km has gained the most weight. The most desirable distance for rural areas according to the obtained weights is 5-10 km. According to Figure 10, the density of villages in the western and southwestern parts of the city has reached a maximum. Waterways and rivers are very sensitive to the entry of pollutants into their systems. According to the results, the distance from the waterways should be at least 3 km. Figure 12 shows the distance of waterways at the city level. The Protected Area is located in the southwest of the region, which is of great ecological importance. According to the results, the most appropriate distance from protected areas is more than 4 km. Among all the land uses in Kerman city, the highest weight related to barren lands and then poor pastures. The most unsuitable places for landfilling are located in the western and southern parts of the region, which mainly include agriculture and orchards. The most suitable slope for landfilling is less than 5 degrees and the aftermath is 5 to 10 degrees. Geologically, in the city of Kerman, the western and northwestern parts are in an unfavorable situation, because these parts are the location of young bed alluvium and alluvial fans, which provide agricultural land. The density of the fault in the western part of the region and parallel to the eastern heights of Kerman has made this area unsuitable for locating landfills. According to the criteria studied in this study, waste landfills are located more than 35 km from the city of Kerman and more than 5 km from the surrounding villages. In the study area, suitable places for disposal of hospital waste cover an area of about 17,000 square kilometers, which covers 37% of the area. Evaluation of waste management scenarios showed that plasma method in hospital waste management has the least negative environmental impact in terms of physical-chemical components and in terms of biological-ecological components and the most negative effect in terms of economic-technical components is related to plasma.

The results of the AHP-Fuzzy model showed that the most unsuitable places for landfilling of hospital waste in Kerman city for reasons such as location on permeable formations, proximity to fault lines, high groundwater level, proximity to protected areas and proximity to residential centers in the western parts of the region and the central part of the region is studied. In case of financing the plasma method, this method recommended for hospital waste management in Kerman. The least negative effect in terms of economic-technical (operational) components related to the landfill.

The outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is complicated by various comorbidities; asthma, a common chronic disease, may be considered one of these conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of asthma as a potential comorbid condition on the COVID-19 prognosis.
This retrospective study included all RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 cases recorded on the Shiraz health department's electronic database from January to May 2020. A questionnaire was designed to collect information about patients' demographics, their history of asthma and other comorbidities, and the severity of COVID-19 by contacting them by phone.
Of 3163 COVID-19 patients, 109 (3.4%) had self-reported asthma with a mean age of 42.7 ± 19.1 years. Most patients (98%) had mild-to-moderate asthma, while 2% had severe disease. Among asthmatic patients, fourteen (12.8%) were admitted to the hospital, and five (4.6%) died. Univariate logistic regression results showed that asthma had no significant effect on hospitalization (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.54-1.63) and mortality (OR 1.18, 95% CI: 0.48-2.94) in patients with COVID-19. Compared living and deceased patients with COVID-19, the pooled OR was 18.2 (95% CI: 7.3–40.1) for cancer, 13.5 (95% CI: 8.2–22.5) for age 40-70 years, 3.1 (95% CI: 2–4.8) for hypertension, 3.1 (95% CI: 1.8–5.3) for cardiac disease and 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3–3.5) for diabetes mellitus.
This study showed that asthma is not associated with an increased risk of hospitalization and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Further studies are needed to investigate the risk of different asthma phenotypes on the severity of COVID-19 disease.

In the present work, a three-layer magnetic nanocomposite containing ceria nanoparticles was synthesized as Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 by precipitation method and after characterization was used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of malachite green dye from industrial wastewater under visible light. The influence parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, photocatalyst amount, and process time on the malachite green dye removal were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions (pH = 9, the photocatalyst amounts of 0.05 g, the reaction time of 40 min, and the initial solution concentration of 10 ppm), the results indicated that the synthesized nanostructure has a desirable performance for dye. The removal percentage remained higher than 90% after 5 times use and the photocatalyst could be quickly separated from the aqueous solution with the assistance of the external magnetic field. According to the calculation, the second pseudo-model was selected as the kinetic model of photocatalytic degradation.

There has been considerable interest in target immunotherapy in patients with diabetes. This study was designed to identify the effect of BCG vaccination in the treatment of Iranian patients with longstanding diabetes mellitus type 1.

After approval of the cross-sectional study protocol by the ethics committee under number IRCT2017042919940N2, a total of 19 Iranian volunteers with diabetes mellitus type 1 completed this 48-month study. These patients received three 0.1 ml intradermal injections of BCG vaccination in weeks 0, 4 and 24.  The serum level of glucose, HgbA1C and c-peptide was measured before and serially after the interventions. Insulin requirements were recorded for each patient in different weeks as the mean and standard deviation..

This study showed a decrease in the blood sugar level of 171.15±75.54 mg/dL in baseline to 133.77±76.97 mg/dL in 12 weeks after the first dose of BCG vaccination in these patients. There was no significant change in the mean± SD of serum blood sugar, HgbA1C and c-peptide after BCG vaccination in the baseline and week 48.    

Our results showed that small doses of BCG vaccination were not effective in long-term treatment of Iranian patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 up to 48 weeks.

In the present study, the core-shell magnetic nanostructure of Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 was synthesized to investigate its use as an effective photocatalyst for methylene blue removal. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The photocatalytic activity for the Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 core-shell magnetic nanostructure was investigated under visible light by determining the degradation rate of methylene blue for 50 min. At the end of the photocatalytic degradation process, the magnetic catalyst was recovered by an external magnetic field. The performance of the proposed catalyst for the degradation of methylene blue was improved with the optimization of the effective parameters such as the amount of catalyst, pH, and reaction time. Under optimum conditions, the efficiency of methylene blue removal with the proposed photocatalyst remains higher than 92 % after five times of use. The second pseudo-model was selected as the kinetic model to calculate catalytic degradation. The present results show that the Fe3O4@SiO2@CeO2 can be an efficient nanocatalyst for the photodegradation of dye pollutants.

MIL-53(Fe) with huge porosity has been synthesized by microwave radiation in the different ‎conditions: various powers (80, 100W) and time (5, 10 min). Nano-sized crystals were ‎characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier ‎transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and specific surface area analysis. After performing the characterization, MIL-53(Fe)-1 with the best porous structure for Pb (II) and Cd (II)‎ removal was used for all tests from aqueous solution. The best condition for synthesis was 5 min and 80 W. Then the best porous structure was selected for removal of Pb (II) / Cd (II) from aqueous solution. The ‎response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was applied to ‎optimize the removal capacity. In these experimental designs, four independent variables were studied and the best condition was evaluated as ‎‎pH(in the range of 6-8), temperature (40-50◦C), contact time (50 min), and adsorbent amount (0.1-0.3 g.L-1). The removal efficiency and ‎capacity of MIL-53(Fe) for Pb (II) and Cd (II) was further surveyed. Langmuir equation was the ‎best isotherm to describe the adsorption manner of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions (qmax values ( 178.57 and 714.28 mg g−1) for Pb (II) and Cd (II)). The adsorption ‎process was confirmed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic pattern. The result of thermodynamic ‎studies displayed that the sorption process was spontaneous and exothermal.

In spite of large resources that have been allocated to manage the obesity, growing obesity trend is still a warning. Some investigators have mentioned global trade liberalization, economic growth and rapid urbanization as factors that may be responsible for this. It seems that lack of using managerial techniques in obesity control programs may be the reason for unsuccessful attempts to stop growing obesity trends. Thus, a systematic review was performed in the field of obesity control programs and management in various databases and a commonly used management approach was explained which seems to be overlooked in the field of obesity management. In the end, an example of an obesity management model was given based on this approach and obesity issue was investigated through a new perspective.

Family habits and the lifestyle of parents play an important role in the mental and social health of children. Given the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iran and the lack of information on the factors associated with these disorders, it is necessary to study the relationship between the lifestyle of parents with common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. The present analytical cross-sectional study was undertaken from 2016 to 2017. A total of 1,022 children and adolescents aged 6 - 18 in Ilam, Iran, were enrolled in the study. The participants were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of the city. Data on children were collected by using a semi-structured interview with the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) Questionnaire, and the Life Style Questionnaire (LSQ). Using IBM-SPSS software V. 24, the chi-squared test, Student’s t-test, and multivariable logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. There was a significant association between the mental health of parents with separation anxiety disorder (SAD) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.86, P value [P] = 0.01). In addition, significant association was found between physical health (aOR = 1.17, P = 0.04), disease prevention (aOR = 1.22, P = 0.04), spiritual health (aOR = 0.83, P = 0.04), and avoidance of drugs, alcohol, and opiates (aOR = 0.87, P = 0.004) with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with sports and fitness (aOR = 0.82, P = 0.01), social health (aOR = 1.33, P = 0.007), and social phobia with spiritual health (aOR = 0.76, P = 0.04) showed a statistically significant association. This study supports the hypothesis that the lifestyle of parents is an important determinant in the mental health of children.

Fenitrothion is one of the common pesticides used in pistachio orchards. Although strict rules have been laid down for the use of sustainable organic pollutants, they are still detected in natural water.

In this work, highly ordered mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2 mesoporous) with large pore size and high surface area, iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and graphene oxide (GO) was successfully fabricated and GO-Fe3O4/TiO2 (GFT) mesoporous nanocomposite proposed as a heterogeneous photocatalyst. The physicochemical and morphology, properties of GO-Fe3O4/TiO2 mesoporous were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and specific surface area by the BET method.

The GO-Fe3O4/TiO2 mesoporous showed a good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of fenitrothion, achieving almost complete removal of 6 ppm fenitrothion after 60 min contact with 0.06 g/L of the nanocatalyst in nutral pH. The degradation of fenitrothion was found to follow the pseudo-first order according to kinetic analysis.

GO-Fe3O4/TiO2 mesoporous is a recyclable catalyst that effectively degrade fenitrothion pesticide in aqueous media.

The aim of this study was investigation optimum conditions of four Iranian commercial pistachio kernels (Fandoghi, Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari and Kale Ghoochi cultivars) infrared roasting. The roasting process was optimized by response surface methodology. Optimization was done by central composite design for every cultivar separately. The independent variables were infrared lamp voltage (V) and sample-lamp distance (m). The responses were chosen based on different aspects of quality factors: texture, color, taste, and time of roasting. For texture, the first and second fracture point; for color, browning index (BI); for taste, roasting taste; and for time, the roasting time to 2% moisture samples. The samples first fracture point were in range 20-40/5 N, second fracture point were in range 37-55 N, browning index were in range 38-41, roasting taste score were in range 4-9/12, and roasting time were in range 127- 746 S, in the optimum points. A full quadratic model was fitted for responses by considering trial and error. The fitted model was significant based on ANOVA and R2. At last, results shown optimized points were different for every cultivar. The fitted model and experimental responses had a good correlation ( P ≤ 0.05). Considering final products quality, it seems that pistachio kernels IR roasting can be a useful method to pistachio nut kernel roasting and can reduce the process time, at least 50%.

Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ) is a popular tool in assessing food craving which consisted of a trait (FCQ-T) and state (FCQ-S). The aim of the current study was to provide reliability and validity of the Persian version of FCQ-Trait-reduced (FCQ-T-r 15-items) in overweight and obese women. The subjects were 168 overweight and obese women who were consented to participate. The subjects completed the FCQ-T-r and subsequently, anthropometric, body composition and psychometric assessments performed to assess the inter-correlations and concurrent validity. The confirmatory factor analysis was done to derive the potential factors and internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed. Two weeks later, FCQ-T-r repeated for 126 subjects to assess test-retest reliability. The confirmatory factor analysis of by varimax rotation, show that three principal components were loaded on expected factors. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.90. (0.91, 0.78, and 0.71, for factors). The test–retest analysis shows an acceptable level of reliability ( P=0.001) and Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92 between the two administrations. In split-half reliability analysis the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the part 1 was 0.80 and for the part 2 was 0.86. The correlation coefficient between part 1 and part 2 was 0.81. This preliminary study provides evidences in favor of reliability and validity of the Persian version of the FCQ-T-r. In general, the results showed a high level of internal consistency for FCQ-T-r, and none of the 15 items had to be deleted to improve α.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous administration of synthetic eugenol (EG) for disbudding of goat kids, as a new chemical method. Thirty apparently healthy Raieni (Cashmere) goat kids (five-day-old) were divided randomly into six groups (n = 5). In the pathology (P) groups (P3, P8 and P60 according to the sample collection day after injection) an amount of 0.10 mL of EG was subcutaneously administrated in both horn buds. In the disbudding 1 and 2 (DB1, DB2) groups, 0.10 mL of EG, and in the control (C) group 0.10 mL normal saline was subcutaneously injected in the right horn buds, respectively. Eugenol injection in DB2 group was done in twelve-day-old goat kids. The left horn buds of DB1, DB2 and C groups were considered as control of horn outgrowing. The horn buds, kidneys, liver, lung, brain and heart, tissue specimens were collected from P3 and P8 groups, and bud skin samples were collected from P60 group. The results showed that the EG was able to stop the horn growth in the first week of goat life. There was no significant difference between left and right horn size in the C group. Histopathological study revealed complete necrosis of bud tissue in dermal and epidermal layers, in P3 animals. Healing and re-epithelialization were seen in the samples taken from P8 group. Subcutaneous injection of the synthetic EG can be considered as a new method for goat kids disbudding.

Melatonin is involved in regulation of circadian rhythm and alleviation of sleep disorders, such as insomniadue to jet lag and shift work, as it plays a major role in synchronization of the sleep/wake cycle This study is devoted to extraction and determination of melatonin in Pistacia atlantica using anultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (SLE) combined with UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The volume and type of extractionsolvent, sonication time, and extraction temperature on the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under optimum conditions, use of 30 mL of ethanol and 30 min sonication time caused to achieve the limit ofdetection (LOD) of 0.047 ppm. The method accuracy was confirmed according to the calculation of recovery using standardaddition method that, exhibited the successful applicability of the present method for real sample analysis. In addition, theobtained results were compared to those using gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Combination of SLE andUV-Vis leads to greater sensitivity and lower cost for accurate and repeatable extraction of melatonin from Pistacia atlanticawith acceptable recovery and RSD% (1.04%). Therefore, we efficiently extracted and purified of melatonin from an inexpensive source (Pistacia atlanticafruit). The extracted melatonin can be replaced synthetic drugs.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex TLR 2/4 gene expression and depressive like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Sucrose preference and forced swim tests were adopted to examine the antidepressant effect. Control (CON), OEO, CUS, and CUS OEO groups were used. The OEO and CUS OEO groups received OEO (0.2 mL/kg, i.p.), CON and CUS received saline (0.2 mL/kg, i.p.), and the positive drug groups of CUS rats received fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and diazepam (3 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days. The expression of TLR 2/4 was determined using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction with the SYBR green reporter dye. The compositions of the OEO were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The main constituents were thymol (20.72%), gamma-terpinene (8.83%), borneol (8.72%), cymene (6.83%), carvacrol (6.274%), alfa-terpinene (5.26%), and sabinene (4.92%). Administration of OEO significantly alleviated the depressive symptoms of CUS. A higher level of TLR2/4 mRNA was seen in the brain of CUS group (P

 The purpose of this work was design and performance investigation of a nanocarrier based on magnetic nanofibers containing core-shell nanostructuresfor anticancerdrug delivery of daunorubicin (DAN) by measuring their drug release at different pH values.
Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe3O4@SiO2core-shell nanostructures were synthesized through coprecipitation and Stöber methodrespectively. The composite nanofibers of polyvinyl alcohol containing core-shell nanostructures and anticancer drug of daunorubicinwere fabricated by electrospinning method.The nanostructures were characterized bySEM, XRD,VSM and FTIR techniques. The drug release was investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at different pHs.
The results is shown that in vitro drug release at pH= 6.0 is promisingly more and faster than drug release at pH= 7.4. The fitted equation of release curves is corresponded to Peppas model.
It can be concluded that the proposed nanocarrier is capable of responding to pH changes, that is an advantage in the targeted delivery of the drug. Also, this method has the advantages of magnetic sensitivity, high drug loading capacity and sustained release.

The purpose of this study was to compare novel sandwich-structured nanofibrous membranes, and coaxial and usual methods, to provide sustained-release delivery of morphine for drug delivery. In this work, synthesis ofnanofibrous cellulose acetate (NFC) was carried out by electrospinning. A weighed amount of cellulose acetate (CA) powder was dissolved in 3:1 v/v acetone/dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtain a CA solution at a concentration of 8 to16% w/v. Acetaminophen or morphine-loaded CA solutions were prepared by dissolving CA powder and Acetaminophen (A) or morphine in the weight ratio of 5:1, in an acetone/DMF mixture. Under optimum condition, they were electrospun into sandwich structured membranes with the coaxial method and cellulose acetate as the surface layer and cellulose acetate/drugs as the core.  Characterization of the radius of fiber is shown as 52.9 ± 0.1nm with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The full range drug release profiles of nanofibers are shown as 80.7% of the contained drug in 8h. The drug release from nanofiber was controlled through a typical Fickian diffusion mechanism from the cellulose acetate matrix by a release exponent value of 0.24 for conventional nanofiber, 0.35 for coaxial nanofiber and 0.40 (less than 0.45) for sandwich nanofibers. All the cellulose acetate nanofibers showed that they could release large amounts of drugs in vitro for more than one day. However, among these three methods, the best one is a sandwich method because its release is slower than that of the other methods.

Compulsive or binge eating is a kind of disturbed eating behavior, which is mostly observed among dieting women, and is integrated with appetite disorder, and uncontrolled eating of plenty of junk food. The Compulsive Eating Scale (CES) created first by Kagan & Squires in 1984, is an eight-item self-reporting instrument that is made to measure the severity of binge eating disorder. The aim of this study was to provide the reliability and validity of the Persian version of Compulsive Eating Scale (CES) among overweight and obese women in Iran.
One hundred and twenty six (N = 126) overweight and obese women consented to participate in this study. We estimated the anthropometric indices, including body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, a total body fat percentage, and visceral fat level with body analyzer all in standard situations. Then, the participants completed the CES. Next, to assess concurrent validity, Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger anxiety scale, appetite visual analogue rating scale, Food Craving questionnaire, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18, and Restraint eating visual analogue rating scale were performed simultaneously. To assess test-retest reliability, CES was repeated for all the participants two weeks later. Moreover, we reported the internal consistency and factor analysis of this questionnaire. Furthermore, we estimated the concurrent correlation of CES with logically relevant questionnaires and body composition and anthropometric indices.
Based on the reliability analysis and factor analysis of the principal component by Varimax rotation, we extracted two factors: eating because of negative feelings, and overeating. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the CES was 0.85 (Cronbach alpha of the factors was 0.85, and 0.74, respectively). The test-retest correlation of the CES was 0.89. Also, the split-half reliability of the questionnaire was established with the correlation coefficient between Sets I and II. The correlation was 0.85.
This study provides preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the CES. This instrument would be helpful in measuring the clinical practice and research studies of obesity, appetite and eating disorders reliably and validly.

Visual illusions and hallucinations may accompany a wide variety of disorders with many various etiologies; therefore, they are nonspecific phenomena. In a partial seizure, a localized hyper synchronous neuronal discharge evolving into a partial seizure affecting a particular cortical region or cerebral subsystem can give rise to psychotic symptoms like visual hallucination. This case study introduces a patient with metamorphopsia, a rare visual illusion, that was treated with lamotrigine..
This case study introduces a 34-year-old man with a history of falling. After a while, his seizures became accompanied with aura and, during the attack, he saw people and objects as bloody. He was asymptomatic between the attacks, with no visceral feeling and with dysphoric mood and borderline IQ. He was resistant to various treatments. After 6 months administration of lamotrigine, he has not had any seizure attacks and the psychotic symptoms have improved..
The psychotic symptoms due to temporal lobe epilepsy can be resolved with lamotrigine administration..

Ducrosia anethifolia (DA) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat a wide spectrum of illnesses. DA contains a series of antioxidant compounds, including alpha-pinene, which give it a sedative and relaxing effect. In spite of these effects of DA, the effects of DA essential oil on anxiety and locomotor activity in open field tests have not yet been studied. In the present study, the effects of DA essential oil and its main component of alpha-pinene on locomotor activity and anxiety were studied using open field tests..
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of DA essential oil and its main component, alpha-pinene, on locomotor activity and anxiety behaviors using open field and antioxidant capacity tests in Wistar rats..
Sixty-three adult male Wistar rats (weighing 200 - 250 g) were divided into 9 groups: control, positive control (diazepam), essential oil treated groups (25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, (i.p.)) and alpha-pinene groups (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, i.p.). For precisely 30 minutes after each injection in all groups, open field tests were used to assess behaviors such as rearing, line crossing, walling, grooming, and stretched attend posturing. In addition, oxidant and antioxidant parameters (malondialdehyde [MDA] and catalase [CAT]) were assessed in the rats’ temporal lobes..
DA (200 and 500 mg/kg doses) and alpha-pinene (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg doses) significantly reduced locomotor activity, whereas doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of DA failed to show such an effect. Treatment with DA and alpha-pinene resulted in a significant decrease in MDA levels and a significant increase in CAT activity in comparison to controls..
The results of this study suggest that the main component of DA (alpha-pinene) is responsible for DA’s ability to reduce locomotor activity and anxiety, which is indicative of CNS depressant activity. Moreover, it is possible that some of the motor suppression and sedation effects of the alpha-pinene in DA are due to the antioxidant capacity of this substance. However, further research and clinical evaluations are necessary to isolate and identify the other substances responsible for these activities in DA..

Sleep is one of the most fundamental human needs; without any doubt sleep is even more essential for sick patients, especially for patients with chronic illnesses. Sleep disturbance may lead to anxiety and reduced quality of life. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a sensory-motor disorder accompanied by a strong desire to move the legs or other parts of the body, which can cause sleep disturbance. Its etiology is unknown, but increased urea and creatinine levels before dialysis, iron deficiency due to kidney failure and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are mentioned as causes. This study is designed to examine the prevalence of insomnia and restless leg syndrome in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis in Rafsanjan Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital.Patients and In this study we used two questionnaires to evaluate the presence of RLS and insomnia in ESRD patients who were undergoing hemodialysis treatment as kidney replacement therapy. According to our results, 54.5% of patients were diagnosed with RLS, and of those 65.2% and 42.9% were women and men, respectively. RLS is seen more often among patients with blood group type A, but this result was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant correlation between RLS and a positive family history of RLS, between RLS and the number of hemodialysis treatments per week and also between RLS and the Insomnia Severity Index. Unlike previous studies, in this study we did not find any statistically significant correlation between RLS and biochemical factors such as serum iron, TIBC, BUN, creatinine, potassium, calcium and phosphorous levels. The frequency of RLS among our patients was remarkable and we conclude that all patients who are undergoing hemodialysis should be screened for RLS, which can assist in providing proper attention and treatment.

Trichotillomania (TTM) is a type of chronicimpulse control disorder characterized by the recurrent pulling of hair, which can cause pleasure, relief of pressure and can be associated with infections or skin diseases in the hair pulling areas. A 4.5-year-old girl without any psychiatric disorders in the family. She was cared for by her mother, and the child had a history of separation anxiety. After detection of trichotillomania, her head was shaved by her parents in order to avoid pulling of the hair, but triggered additional psychiatric problems and isolation. Trichotillomania usually can be seen in children aged 10 to 13 years but in this case occurred at the young age of 4.5 years. Trichotillomania may also be seen in preschool-aged children and may be associated with separation anxiety disorder. Improper and late treatment can be associated with a worsening of the disorder.

The aim of this study was to measure the ratio of bone cortex (C) to bone diameter (D), (C/D) in radius/tibia, metacarpus /metatarsus and proximal phalanges in fore and hindlimbs to be used as a diagnostic guide in metabolic and nutritional diseases in Minature Donkey. Design: Experimental study Animals: Eight adult Minature donkeys. Procedures: Lateromedial, dorsopalmar and dorsoplantar radiographs of eight fore and hindlimbs of Miniature donkeys were studied. Cortical thickness, bone diameter and C/D ratio of mid radius/tibia regions, mid metacarpal/metatarsal regions and mid proximal phalanx of forelimb/ mid proximal phalanx of hindlimb regions were measured. Data were analyzed statistically and mean, standard errors and P-values were obtained. C/D ratios of mid radial region, mid metacarpal region and mid proximal phalanx of forelimb in lateromedial view were 0.54 ± 0.02, 0.58±0.02 and 0.54±0.03 respectively. C/D ratios of mid tibia region, mid metatarsal region and mid proximal phalanx of hindlimb in lateromedial view were 0.56±0.01, 0.65±0.02 and 0.54±0.05 respectively. C/D ratios of mid radial, mid metacarpal and mid proximal phalanx regions of forelimb in dorsopalmar view were 0.55±0.03, 0.6±0.01 and 0.55±0.02 respectively. C/D ratios of mid tibia, mid metatarsal and mid proximal phalanx regions of hindlimb in dorsoplantar views were 0.49±0.02, 0.57±0.02 and 0.55±0.04 respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: This study showed that there were no significant differences between C/D ratios in any of the regions. The cortex and diameter in lateromedial view between metacarpal – metatarsal regions and cortical thickness of proximal phalanx of forelimb - hindlimb regions showed significant difference (P<0.05).