فهرست مطالب ali shafaat

Speeding -as the most frequent driving violation- has been the cause of 21% accidents in the first three months of 1398 in Tehran. Over speeding behavior has roots in drivers’ individual attitudes which has not been studied enough for drivers in Tehran. This study examined the association between speeding violation frequency and drivers' attributes including socioeconomic characteristics and their attitudes toward driving. A Zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was built using a cohort of 470 adult drivers data the number of tickets they received in three month periods and their individual attributes. Results show that hours of physical activity and exercise per week, some perceptions such as "other drivers move slowly" and "Traffic violations are an immoral act" affect the occurrence and the frequency of speeding. Besides, having delays in most trips that require driving, less than five years of driving experience and having vehicle body insurance directly affect the frequency of speeding. Based on the results, it can be concluded that reviewing the rules can be effective in reducing speeding violations, for instance, adding some penalties in body insurance contracts for the number of speeding violations. Also, education courses for raising public awareness toward violations can be effective, especially for drivers with more experiences and speeding violations.

Nurses should be empowered for ethical care delivery (ECD) to patients with decreased level of consciousness (LOC) in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, there are limited data about the effects of ethical empowerment programs on nurses’ ECD ability.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an ethical empowerment program on nurses’ ability of ECD to patients with decreased LOC in ICU.

This quazi‑experimental study was conducted in 2019 in Al‑Zahra University Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Seventy‑two nurses were randomly recruited from the ICUs and randomly allocated to an intervention and a control group. Participants in the intervention group were provided with an ethical empowerment program. A researcher‑made questionnaire was used to measure participants’ ability of ECD to patients with decreased LOC at three time points, namely before, immediately after, and 1 month after the workshop. Data were analyzed through the Chi‑square test, the independent‑samples t‑test, and the repeated‑measures analysis of variance.

The difference between the intervention and the control groups respecting the pretest mean score of ECD ability was not statistically significant (124 ± 5.88 vs. 126.17 ± 9.07; P = 0.10). However, the mean score of ECD ability in the intervention group was significantly greater than the control group both immediately after the workshop (142.58 ± 7.22 vs. 127.14 ± 8.13; P < 0.001) and 1 month after the workshop (147.57 ± 5.45 vs. 128.51 ± 9.52; P < 0.001).

Ethical empowerment is effective in significantly improving nurses’ ability of ECD to patients with decreased LOC in ICU. This program is recommended for improving nurses’ ECD ability.

The basis of the nursing profession is the observance of ethics in providing care. Therefore, this study aims to investigate providing ethical care to patients with decreased Levels of Consciousness (LOC) and its relationship with the demographic characteristics of nurses in Intensive Care Units (ICUs).

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The samples included 70 nurses working in ICUs, who met the inclusion criteria for the study and were selected by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a two-part researcher-made questionnaire including demographic characteristics ( 6 questions) and 38 questions related to ethical care of patients with decreased LOC in two areas of nurse and professional commitment (20 questions), nurse and clinical services (18 questions). Reliability was obtained by internal consistency and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained to be 0.869. The questionnaire was completed by self-reporting.

The results of the study showed that the total score of ethical care is from 108 to 151 with a mean and standard deviation (125/7± 09/ 67) from 152. This means that all nurses had a relatively high score of ethical care. Statistical tests also showed that there was no significant relationship between demographic variables of samples such as age, level of education, marital status and employment status with the total score of ethical care in ICUs ((P> 0.05).

According to the findings it can be stated that there is no statistically significant relationship between nurses 'demographic characteristics and patients' ethical care with decreased LOC. It can be concluded that nurses, especially nurses of ICUs who care for patients with reduced LOC, regardless of their different types of demographic variables, feel ethically responsible for providing care to their patients and try to provide care services with the highest ethical standards.