فهرست مطالب ali zareei

With the emergence of Islam, religious architecture gained significant importance, and the mosque became the successor to previous places of worship (Zomarshidi, 1995, p. 9). This shift has played a crucial role in the significance of congregational mosques, making them stand out even more than other mosques in terms of decorative inscriptions (Sedaghat, 2008, pp. 19-18). These inscriptions reflect the architectural transformations of mosques as well as document significant cultural, economic, social, and political events throughout various eras, providing valuable information. This article discusses and recognizes the architecture and inscriptions of the Congregational Mosque of Qaen, which is one of the important mosques from the Timurid period in South Khorasan Province. A review of previous research reveals that there has been no comprehensive study focused on the architecture, inscriptions, decorations, and formation of the Congregational Mosque of Qaen. Therefore, considering the importance of this building, conducting more thorough and complete research on it will not only clarify its characteristics but also enhance our understanding of the culture and architecture of Khorasan. The main questions of this research are:What time period is covered by the inscriptions used in the Congregational Mosque of Qaen?
What subjects are encompassed in the content of these inscriptions?
 

Architecture of the Congregational Mosque of Qaen:

The Congregational Mosque is a two-iwan rectangular structure. The entrance iwan is located on the eastern side. Beyond the entrance iwan is the courtyard, where, on the opposite side of the entrance, another iwan and a prayer hall (shabestan) can be seen. On both the northern and southern sides, there are small iwans with a depth of two meters flanking the entrance iwan on the east side of the building. In part of the courtyard, there is a sundial as well as a water reservoir (payabi). The main iwan of the mosque, situated on the southwest front of the building, is a masterpiece of architecture, with two prayer halls constructed on either side. The decorations used in this iwan include brickwork on the main facade, featuring both horizontal and vertical patterns with geometric designs, while the surfaces below the ceiling of the iwan are adorned with geometric and arabesque patterns, as well as muqarnas. A total of 15 inscriptions have been identified in this mosque, the oldest of which, dating back to 796 AH, is located inside the main iwan and contains an Arabic text stating that the order to construct the mosque was given by Jamshid ibn Qaran ibn Jamshid ibn Ali ibn Ashraf ibn Qazi Shams al-Din Ali al-Qayeni in the year 796. The inscription reads:“This construction has been undertaken as a charity for the sake of God by the humble servant of God, Nizam al-Haqq wa al-Din Jamshid ibn Qaran ibn Jamshid ibn Ali ibn Ashraf ibn Qazi Shams al-Din Ali al-Qayeni in the months of the year 796.”
Inscriptions number 2, dating to 921 AH, concerns the collection of taxes from the people. Inscription number 3 is dated 1046 AH and pertains to a trust of water from a qanat for the mosque. Inscription number 4, also from the year 1046 AH, discusses tax exemptions for certain segments of the population. Inscription number 5 relates to repairs made to the mosque during the reign of Shah Suleiman Safavi in 1098 AH by Haji Muhammad Hossein. Inscription number 6 pertains to the construction of a wooden pulpit for the mosque, dating to 1082 AH. The subsequent inscriptions are from the Qajar period, starting from 1246 AH and continuing to the most recent one, which dates to 1993. These inscriptions, written with ink and color on plaster and mostly found beneath the iwan, include the names of the master builder, the painter, and the scribe, as well as prayers and poems commemorating the significance and grandeur of the mosque. The last inscription (number 15) is related to a tombstone that is placed on the outer wall next to the entrance iwan on the western side of the mosque.
 

Construction Inscriptions: The inscription labeled Number 1, which indicates the construction of the building, and inscription Number 6 (the pulpit) are classified as construction inscriptions. These two inscriptions are historically significant because they specify not only the date of construction but also the names of the founder, builder, and artist.
Endowment Inscriptions: An examination of the endowment inscriptions reveals the religious thoughts of the people. Inscription Number 3 states that land should be cultivated, and its proceeds are to be endowed to the mosque. At the end of the inscription, prayers are offered for the king and the owners, along with a curse on anyone who alters the endowment.
Governmental Inscriptions: Another category of common themes in the inscriptions includes government orders and decrees that were installed in buildings for public awareness. Inscriptions Number 2 and 4 fall under this category. Inscription Number 2 also features Persian words alongside verses from the Quran. Perhaps the inclusion of a Quranic verse served to bless and confer respect upon that inscription, thus preventing its destruction.
Restoration Inscriptions: The oldest of these inscriptions is Number 5, which begins with a portion of verse 18 from Surah At-Tawbah. Inscription Number 7 was written during the restoration of the building by Karbala’i Ishaq Qayeni. Inscription Number 8 is also related to the restoration, placed within a floral frame with two other inscriptions on either side, containing poetry written by Gholamreza Zaker about the majesty of the mosque’s arch. Inscription Number 9 concerns the restoration of the building and contains verses praising the greatness of the mosque. Inscription Number 14 is the most recent restoration inscription in the mosque.
Prayer Inscriptions: In addition to the use of Quranic verses in the inscriptions, there is a group that contains written prayers. Inscriptions Number 11, 12, and 13 are part of the prayer inscriptions, created during the Qajar period and featuring red and black ink on plaster.
Narrative Inscriptions: In the Congregational Mosque of Qaen, inscriptions Number 7 to 10 belong to this category. Inscription Number 7 contains a stanza from a poem in Saadi’s Gulistan. Inscription Number 10 features a poetic line emphasizing the importance of prayer. Inscription Number 8 is a stanza describing the grandeur of the mosque's iwan, spiritually comparing it to Al-Aqsa Mosque. Inscription Number 9 describes the vastness of the mosque's iwan using the literary device of exaggeration. The tombstone inscription Number 15, located at the entrance iwan on the western side of the mosque, includes verses related to the Day of Resurrection, though much of the text has become illegible due to weathering.

The inscriptions of the Qaen Mosque can be divided into two groups based on their temporal context: the first group pertains to the Timurid and Safavid periods, consisting entirely of stone inscriptions related to the construction of the building, government orders, endowments, religious objectives, and restorations of the mosque. The second group is later and primarily associated with the Qajar period, focusing on the restoration of the building and encompassing the area beneath the southern dome chamber.
The studied inscriptions, alongside governmental and restoration texts, include Quranic verses, prayers, names of God, the Prophet, Imams, as well as the names of craftsmen such as the architect, stonecutter, painter, and endower. Understanding these inscriptions is particularly important for identifying the art and local artists throughout various historical periods. The inscriptions from the Safavid period hold significant value, not only for their aesthetic aspects but also as indicators of the political, social, economic, cultural, and religious conditions of that era.

Iran's Islamic Revolution can be considered one of the most comprehensive mass movements in the world history; Because most of the different classes, from clerics to bazaars, students, teachers and the lower classes of the society, participated in it and played an undeniable role in the achievement of the Islamic Revolution. In each of the cities of Iran, according to the social and cultural conditions, different strata of people were active in the struggle against the Pahlavi regime. The city of Arak was no exception to this rule and the people side by side with the clerics and students played an important role in the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the main question that which of the people in the geography of Arak Province were involved in the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution and what role did they play? The findings of the research indicate that each of the different strata of the people of Arak, including clergymen, students, educators, marketers, workers, women, religious minorities, etc., took part in the revolutionary struggles according to their position and talents and achieved results.

Background & Aim:

 The aim of this study is to be aware of the lived experiences of graduate students of the concept of virtual education and its related challenges.

In this regard, the qualitative-phenomenological research approach was used. The research field was the University of Tehran. The research sample was 12 graduate students of virtual education courses in 2020-2021, which were sampled by two criteria: a) Male and female students, master and doctoral students, entrance 98, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Tehran, b) their willingness to participate in research were selected. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The seven-step Colaizzi method was used to analyze the research data. A total of 5 themes and 21 subthemes were identified. Verification of validity has been achieved through careful review and revision and repeated data, interpretations and findings of this study with a look at previous studies.

Findings extracted in this research are challenges related to professors, challenges related to technology infrastructure, challenges related to officials and faculty, challenges related to students and challenges related to access and communication.

The research findings showed that effective teaching in virtual education requires more capabilities than teaching in face-to-face courses, which seems to be important, with the existing mentality of university professors and especially those in charge of the virtual education system in universities , Is inconsistent.

The main purpose of the present study was to design a system of professional individual sports club in Iran. The purpose of this study is fundamental to qualitative methodology by using fundamental data theory. The statistical population of this study consisted of published documents on professional individual sport club topics and 13 experts. Purposeful sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method, was used to select the sample. Then, theoretical sampling was used for sampling adequacy. The data collection tool in this study was in-depth interview. Measurement validity and reliability were performed when coding the review; the results were categorized or verified by referring to the interviewees; Confirmation of research collaborators including supervisor; in this study, MAXQDA Version 2018 software was used to analyze the data. The results of open coding indicated that 86 open codes were obtained from the analysis of interviews and documents. The axial coding results indicated that 11 categories of this coding were obtained which included: The design of the club is the perception of the environment, the executable duties of the manager in the sporting environment, managerial skills, human resource management, marketing practices, public relations, cultural affairs, finance, infrastructure, and factors influencing success. Finally, findings from selective coding included 4 concepts (contextual factors, driving factors, developer factors, and club success).

The use of biological agents, also known as biological weapons in modern terms, to eliminate enemies and rivals, has been a critical issue in recent decades. The history of political developments in Iran during the Islamic Middle Ages has been witness to many instances of using weaponized biological agents for accomplishing political-military goals. This research employs a historical approach and attempts to identify the functions of biological agents in political and military developments of Iran during the Islamic Middle Ages. The results indicate that in addition to functioning as an instance of deterring propaganda, thus breaking the enemychr('39')s morale, biological weapons were able to alter the balance of military power in the battleground and determine the triumphs and defeats. Accordingly, biological agents have had other military and political implications, such as sabotaging enemieschr('39') weaponry and equipment and eliminating prominent figures. Iranchr('39')s history has documented innumerable instances of such applications of biological weapons during the Middle Ages.

Cheetahs are of the endangered species of Iran. Not only are they a part of the natural history of this land, but they play a role in our culture and civilization. Therefore, the present study, using historical sources and references, intends to study the position of cheetahs in the history of Iran and to answer the fundamental question of what position and functions this animal has had in Iranian history. The findings of the study suggest that in Iran’s history, the cheetah has been used as a hunting animal and in some cases was sent to the kings as a precious gift. Even during the Mongol era, a fixed tax was obtained from the provinces where cheetahs lived. In addition, our poetry and prose have been influenced by the cheetah so that many references to it can be found in our literature.

The review of the oversight performance of the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly during the first to tenth terms shows that the representatives of each of the parliamentary sessions have had a special performance compared to the other periods. Given that the social context of the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly has undergone changes in each period, so in the present study we have tried to use quantitative methods and descriptive statistics to answer the fundamental question that the social context of the deputies, especially the history of representation, What effect did the election and the field of study of the deputies have on their supervisory performance? In other words, can the experience of the delegation, the constituency and the field of study of the representatives be the cause of the difference in their performance? The findings of the study also indicate that the indicators studied under different conditions have been effective in the performance of representatives, so that representatives with a history of representation have on average twice as much as representatives without experience in supervisory performance. Also, the representatives of Tehran, provincial and city centers, each in accordance with the concerns of their region, have had a special performance in the field of supervision and in terms of education, representatives with education related to economics and political science have had a strong presence in monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .

The present study seeks to investigate the first ten sessions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly through an analytical-comparative approach. This study aimed to analyze the social and professional context of Members of Parliament (MPs) from the first to tenth sessions. It also answers some fundamental questions; such as “How was the social and specialized arrangement of the members of parliament during the last ten sessions?”, “What are the basic similarities and dissimilarities among these various sessions in terms of social context?” Therefore, the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly will be examined in terms of age distribution, gender, history of representation, education, and work experience to answer these questions. The results indicate that the Parliament of Iran is mainly composed of statesmen with a history of representation or government records. The trend of changes concerning the social context of the representatives indicates an increase in the median age and considering the higher education degrees, in particular, in the fields of management and political science. Therefore, it is inferred that the level of the fame of candidates and their titles have played a determinant role in drawing attention and gaining votes.

Abstract </strong> The conquests of Arab Muslims in Iran is one of the issues that have not yet been fully explored and there are many unanswered questions. A fundamental question to ask is what role the ayahs of the Holy Qur'an played in the course of conquering Iran. The present study claims that the Qur'anic ayahs, as a guidebook for Muslims, have played a key role in Arabs' attitude and their performance in the conquests of Iran and their victory over the Sassanid government. Therefore, taking a descriptive-analytical approach, it attempts to reconstruct the position of the Qur'anic ayahs in the calculations and mental space of Arab Muslims by re-reading the historical texts. Muslims seem to have greatly profited from the inspirations of the Qur'anic ayahs in their battles. They were encouraged by the promises of victory given to the Muslims in the Qur'anic ayahs, and aroused the spirit of self-sacrifice and martyrdom by the idea of sacrificing oneself.

Undoubtedly, one of the main challenges facing the Safavids since the beginning of their rule in Iran was how to deal with Uzbeks as one of their stubborn enemies in the northeast regions. Those who had territorial and religious claims against the Safavids, during the expansion and consolidation of the power of Shah Ismail I in Iran, created for him a great deal of concern in the Khorasan region. Eventually, the first Safavid king, who also had common claims against the destructive power of Uzbeks, had to solidly and seriously prevent them from moving forward into Khorasan. The battle of Marv served the intentions of Shah Ismail, but another battle called Gijduvon, which took place along the Amu Darya not long after the battle of Marv, ended in the defeat of Shah Ismail's troops. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer this question that how this failure affected the political geography of Transoxiana and the internal relations of power in Iran. The results of this study indicate that the Gijduvon battle ended the continuation of the Timurid rule in the Transoxiana region in addition to putting an end to the wishes of Shah Ismail I for propagating the power of the Safavids on the other side of Amu Darya. Moreover, this battle revealed the disturbances in the credo centered system in the power structure of the Safavids.

Political elites in each political system are one of the factors influencing the process of change, and we need to better understand the elites in order to reach a proper understanding of the developments. Given that, the present study tries to analyze the political and social contexture of the people’s representatives during sixth to tenth periods of Islamic Consultative Assembly with an analytical-comparative approach in order to realize the reasons and causes of the political movements in Iran. Moreover, it answers to these essential questions that what political and social combination have the people’s representatives had during five recent periods of Islamic Consultative Assembly? Furthermore, fundamentally, what are the differences and similarities between the aforementioned periods from the viewpoint of political and social contexture? To answer to these questions, in addition to introducing a description of the political contexture of representatives in these periods and their political and sectarian dependency, the representatives of five periods of Islamic Consultative Assembly are studied from the viewpoints of age, sexual and educational distribution and representation experience. The results of this research can facilitate the analysis of the reasons and causes of the political movements in Iran in addition to clarifying the trends of political and social developments in the determined historical section.

Political elites are one of the affecting factors in any political system. Islamic Consultative Assembly includes the Islamic Republic’s political elites. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the political and social contexture of the people’s representatives during the first five-periods of Islamic Consultative Assembly with an analytical-comparative approach in order to realize the reasons and causes of the political movements in Iran. Moreover, it answers to these essential questions that what political and social combination have the people’s representatives had during first to fifth periods of Islamic Consultative Assembly? Furthermore, fundamentally, what are the differences and similarities between the aforementioned periods from the viewpoint of political and social contexture? To answer to these questions, in addition to introducing a description of the political contexture of representatives in these periods and their political and sectarian dependency, the representatives of five periods of Islamic Consultative Assembly are studied from the viewpoints of age, sexual and educational distribution and representation experience. The results of this research can facilitate the analysis of the reasons and causes of the political movements in Iran in addition to clarifying the trends of political and social developments in the determined historical section.