aliasghar ghorbani

Students of medical sciences are a highly vulnerable group during COVID 19 pandemic who may experience a wide range of challenges and stresses. The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived challenges caused by COVID 19 outbreak in students of medical sciences.

A qualitative study was carried out based on conventional qualitative content analysis following Graneheim and Lundman from December 2020 to February 2021. The participants were 17 students of medical sciences and data gathering was done through semistructured interviews.

Data analyses revealed 5 categories and 12 subcategories. The extracted categories were perceived fear of contracting coronavirus, social limitation, changes in education, neglecting health protocols, and worrying news and information overload.

The findings indicated that students of medical sciences had been facing challenges and the COVID 19 had affected the psychological, social, and academic functioning of the health care students. It is important to take measures to improve their mental health. These measures can prevent medical complications in these students, especially during clinical internship.

Undoubtedly, economic and social value added depends on the functions of universities. Moving toward third-generation universities (3rd GU) is an inevitable process. These universities need different functions than traditional ones; therefore, identifying and determining their functions is essential. The purpose of this study is to collect, match and explore the functions of universities in the transition to 3rd GU and ultimately offer a functional model of the 3rd GU for the use of professors, academics and policymakers in order to evaluate and promote universities.

A critical review method was adapted.  Literature was included based on their relevant empirical data to research objectives and referral rates, and texts with more conceptual richness entered the study without time limitations.

A total of 20 texts were included in the final analysis.  While presenting the basic model, extracts the overarching concepts associated with the success of 3rd GU. These key concepts include the 7 core functions of innovative and entrepreneurial activities, supportive activities (financial and non-financial), entrepreneurial education ( curriculum and  academic workforce empowerment), creation and provide applied knowledge, boundary-spanning function or communications and interactions with other elements of the national innovation system (state and industry), develop innovative and entrepreneurial culture and institutional governance and leadership in the direction of economic growth and development.

Using new functions at universities would be a move toward 3rd GU, economic growth and development in the country. So, these functions are a practically useful guide to policymakers to estimate the rate of success in each university and deliver the necessary suggestions to provide the mechanisms for the establishment of a successful university.

Abortion, as a challenging social and moral phenomenon, has occupied the minds of human beings and governments since time immemorial. Today, we are witnessing the spread of this phenomenon along with the development of societies and subsequently led to different reactions of governments in accordance with the adopted criminal policy. In this article, while examining the evolution of abortion legislation in Iran, the approach of Iranchr('39')s criminal policy in this field is realized. In the category of criminal policy, the response to the criminal phenomenon is either repressive or preventive; A penal policy that is limited to repressive punishments will not be very successful, especially in the case of abortion, which has one of the highest black numbers. Iranchr('39')s criminal policy towards this phenomenon should be considered as a punitive approach and lacks a preventive attitude. After the Islamic Revolution, the crime of abortion and its rulings were written with a strict view; Although with the passage of the Medical Abortion Law, the legislature sought to moderate its absolute criminality, in recent years there have been whispers about abrogations or severe restrictions on this article. However, Iranchr('39')s criminal policy, at least on the phenomenon of abortion, has been shaky and on a downward trend

One of the cases of intentional crimes, which is mentioned in the Islamic Penal Code is typically lethal behavior. The exact criteria for which have not been determined. In practice, this shortcoming has led judges to try to assess the defendant's behavior using views of forensic experts. Despite the efforts made, we have in some cases been confronted with different opinions and perceptions  and subsequently with the issuance of some dissenting opinions in the courts. In this article, at first the effective components in it are identified and then the position of forensic medicine expert in this field is considered.

This study is a descriptive study. Through the study of the library, some sources were examined. Also, a number of cases referred to forensic medicine and expert opinions were reviewed and evaluated.

The two main components that are the main focus of forensic medical expertise in this field are the sensitivity of the site of impact and the characteristics of the injury. Determining typically lethal behavior is a matter for the judiciary. Therefore, forensic experts cannot be legally required to specify phrases such as "typically lethal behavior.

Comments of forensic experts on the lethality of injuries is as Special custom. The judge must  finally makes decision according to customary standards regarding the typically lethal behavior, and issue an appropriate sentence verdict based on legal conditions and other requirements such as knowledge, awareness and attention  of the offender to the typically lethal behavior.

Choosing medical specialties by physicians is important in workforce planning of health care services; yet there is not enough theoretic understanding about how medical specialties are chosen. So the key concepts of nine theories have been the basis of the present study. In this study the Critical Review methodology, Carnwell and Daly structures and the three steps proposed by Schutz were used. While we criticize the work of each theorist with a casual sequence of effective factors on the chosen career in each theory, we have tried to design a comprehensive Meta model for specialty choice
by investigating and synthesizing available theories. This model has remarkable advantages to other presented models and related context to explain factors affecting career choice. Since it includes all elements concerning career choice, it can be used as the basic tool to identify professional interests, help choose a career effectively and provide critical information for policy- makers for the effective management of physician workforce in different specialties and different regions in the country

One of the most challenging troubles for many of working groups, especially medicine personnel is sentence that asserts in article 616. The most important criminal outcome of the murder due to fault that essentially is called the quasi-intentional murder is imprisonment mentioned in above Article.According this article, if the fault of a person causes the death of another person, one of the punishments is prison that has listed at the top of the article. Involuntary manslaughter due to fault of guilty has from one to three years imprisonment. In other words legislature has considered from one to three years imprisonment for killing due to fault of guilty. In the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1991, According to article 22, If there are ways to mitigate, Judges were empowered/allowed to relieve penalties or convert to another punishments and in a great number of cases prison sentences were converted into fines. But according to fundamental reforms in the latest Islamic Penal Code (2013), especially regulations of convert and discount that were based on grading system, It seems sentence of Article 616, can not easily be converted into fines. Despite the changes were done and facing obstacles, there are still some strategies for overcoming the recent challenges. In this paper, we have studied legal ways of conversion, reduction or suspension of sentence under Article 616.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relative predictive power of earnings, cash flows from operations and two traditional measures of cash flows (i.e. earnings plus depreciation and amortisation expense, and working capital from operations) in forecasting future cash flows. Further, an investigation of the extent to which firm size influences the predictability of earnings and cash flows from operations is presented. Our sample includes 94 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 2005-2009. The results show that in small firms, earnings has more predictive power to anticipate future cash flows, as compared to cash flows from operations and traditional cash flow measures; however in large firms, cash flows from operations seems better predictor than other measures. Further, according to the findings, the predictability of all models significantly increases with the firm size.

The main purpose and role of higher education is to train professional workforce in the fields required by society through training them the necessary skills for their field. Today, the promotion of educational quality is considered as the basis of an authentic higher educational system. Therefore, the most efficient way to improve educational quality is educational evaluation in order to understand the success rate of faculty members on achieving this goal. Nevertheless, researches indicate that the evaluation of faculty members seems to be one of the most controversial issues of medical education and needs further attention and research. Obtaining faculty member's experiences, which is the main goal of this study, seems to be valuable. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to explore faculty member's experiences of the educational evaluation system. The present qualitative study was carried out using content analysis in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2013. Participants included 8 faculty members, who volunteered to take part in the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and purposeful sampling and continued until saturation. From the results, 3 main themes of lack of a clear objective for the evaluation system, inappropriate methods of evaluating faculty members, and the impact of their characteristics on the evaluation were achieved. The study results show the necessity of comprehensive fundamental reform in the method of educational evaluation of faculty members, improvement of evaluators’ awareness and commitment, improvement of education quality, and ultimately, promotion of higher educational systems. Moreover, the provision of solutions for the enhancement of faculty members’ efficacy and motivation is required. On the other hand, it is essential to diminish their worries and concerns through creating an authentic, justice-oriented evaluation system, and ultimately, to achieve maximum improvement in educational policies and programs.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is identified by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of organic etiology. Premature ejaculation is the most common male sexual disorder. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of premature ejaculation disorders in patients with IBS referred to a gastrointestinal clinic in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2012.

Of all the men referred to the gastrointestinal clinic, those with a diagnosis of IBS(based on Rome-II criteria)were interviewed. Premature ejaculation disorder based on DSM-IV-TR criteria was documented by psychiatry interview. History of psychiatric diseases of the patients and their family were assessed by interview done by a psychiatrist. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version 16). Descriptive statistics, inferential tests, and Chi-square test were used for analyses.

One hundred and fifty two men with IBS were evaluated. Based on the Rome-II criteria, 89(58.6%) patients were suffering from premature ejaculation disorder. Fifty nine (38.8%) patients expressed drug addiction. Sixty eight (44.7%) had a history of psychiatric disease in the past and 84 (55.3%) patients stated they were not suffering from any psychiatric diseases. Forty six (30.3%) patients had a history of psychiatric disease in their family, and 106 (69.7%) did not have any history of psychiatric disorder. High frequency of premature ejaculation in patients with IBS with a family history of psychiatric disorder and severe stress during the past year suggested that there was a relationship between factors contributing to psychiatric disorders (neurotransmitters, environmental factors, and genetics) and premature ejaculation.

Premature ejaculation is more common in patients with IBS. Drug abuse, family history of psychiatric disorder, and severe emotional stress during the past year, significantly increase the frequency of premature ejaculation.

Nurses’ perceptions of ethical climate patterns have certain undeniable effects on hospitals. There is little evidence of possible differences in this element between public and private hospitals and contributing factors.. This study investigated whether the perceptions of the ethical climate in nurses’ working in public hospitals differ from that of nurses in private hospitals, and which factors may affect nurses’ perceptions.. A cross-sectional study of randomly selected registered nurses (n = 235), working in four public hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, and three private hospitals, was conducted in Sari City, Iran. A self-administered questionnaire, containing demographic characteristics and the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS), were used to assess registered nurses’ perceptions of public and private hospitals ethical climate. An independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data.. Across the five factors of HECS, the highest and lowest mean scores pertained to managers and physicians, respectively, in both public and private hospitals. Nurses who had a conditional employment situation and those working in pediatric intensive care units showed significantly more positive perceptions of the ethical work climate when compared to their peers (P < 0.05). Although the mean score of ethical work climate in private hospitals (3.82 ± 0.61) was higher than that in public hospitals (3.76 ± 0.54), no significant difference was found (P = 0.44).. Hospital managers need to discover better ways to promote safety and health programs for their staff according to nurses’ area of work and their type of units. They should also encourage greater levels of participation in safety-enhancing initiatives in the hospital’s ethical climate, especially in the areas of nurses’ perceptions of their physician colleagues, and for nurses with a conditional employment situation..

Nurses are the largest group of professionals in the health care systems whose the most important aim is enhancing patients’ quality of life، but nurses’ own quality of life and health promoting behaviors are the issues that have not been dealt with sufficiently. The present study was performed to measure the amount of health promoting behaviors of nurses working in educational hospitals of Sari affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical sciences 2013. The present research is a descriptive cross- sectional study which was done through using stratified random sampling in 226 working nurses in four educational hospitals in Sari city in 2013. Data were gathered using a two-section questionnaire including demographic characteristics and 52 likert-type (from 0 to 4 score) questions which was based on Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-HPLP- II and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using T-test and One-way ANOVA tests. The mean score of HPLP- II was 135. 33±18. 55 (the total score is 208). The highest score was in the area of nutrition (25. 53±4. 37) and the least score was in the area of physical activity (16. 85±5. 05). The total score of HPLP- II and all its area except nutrition were higher in the male nurses than that of female nurses، but the significant difference was observed in the area of physical activity (p=0. 001). Nurses should obey health promoting behaviors in a high level and this study is a beginning of increasing researchers and hospital managers’ knowledge to implement health promoting plans among the working nurses in the hospitals to achieve a desirable level of health promoting behaviors especially in the physical activity domain.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of the companie's operating cycle on the stability of their accruals and also the stability of the accrual and cash components of earning in which the ability of clarifying the future profits is the criterion for the stability of the accrual and cash components of earning. In this research 83 companies within a period of five years from 1384 to 1388(solar calendar) have been analyzed in order to study and improve the effective factors on the stability of the accruals of earning. This analysis has been done according to Q. Hao's (2009) model and after that, for comparison, the stability of the accruals within each part have been studied according to Sloan 's (1996) model. The results showed that in Iran there is no meaningful relation between the length of the operating cycle and the stability of the accruals, and we cannot confirm that the companies which have a longer operating cycle have more instability in their accruals and also the results proved that the accrual components, of earning have less stability than the cash components, thus the cash components of earning have more ability to predict the future earnings, and thus the more cash components the more stable the earning will be.

It is crucial that modern organizations have a strategic plan through which it would be possible to achieve a dramatic change in the organizations . Therefore, it is required that every organization or institution make use of SWOT plan to understand imminent threats , opportunities , strengths and weaknesses to promote its applicability.
In this paper, SWOT was studied from several perspectives, that is , its function and efficiency were examined in hospitals provided with medical services in Mazandaran. Also, the significance of each factor relevant to function and applicability was determined.
The conducted research was a descriptive type carried out among 209 hospital administrators . Meanwhile, sample volume based on Krejcie & Morgan tables was 135 subjects selected randomly. A two-part four angular questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.84 was used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods (ANOVA and DUNKEN) were applied for analysis.