فهرست مطالب alireza ebrahimi

The improvement of human resources refers to the activities through which the employees continuously keep pace with the changes and growth of the organization. It involves the improvement of the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of the employees in the perceptual and operational dimensions to increase the efficiency of the employees' performance. The present study aims to identify and rank the factors affecting the improvement of human resources in relief organizations in the RCS in Yazd province.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey methodically. The statistical population included all the senior employees and experts of the RCS of Yazd province (478 people). About 215 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. Data analyzed using fuzzy SWARA and SPSS-24 software.

According to the findings, 21 factors affecting the improvement of human resources in the RCS of Yazd province were identified and prioritized using the fuzzy SWARA technique. It gives this opportunity to decision-makers and policy-makers to choose their environment and strategy based on the current situation.

The results revealed that the highest weight or the most important factor is the implementation and evaluation system (development of group activities and team building).

Discharge against medical advice (AMA) has a higher rate in the psychiatric ward than in other clinical wards. Discharge AMA increases both the patient’s and the hospital’s costs of delivering clinical care.

Investment in and allocating investment resources to business activities is done through financial market and banking credit market is part of this market. The most role of banks in financial market is giving credit to customers. In this matter the capital adequacy assessment and credit risk are important and their control is considered as one of the key effective factors in bank operation and plays a major role in banks and financial institutes’ stability. So, the aim is determining the effect of macroeconomic variables (GDP, liquidity, inflation rate and exchange rate) on Capital adequacy, liquidity risk and credit risk. The results showed that macroeconomic variables have a significant effect on banking risks.

Countries have enacted many laws on various issues. Citizens in every country are obliged to follow these laws. If a legal issue is raised in a country with an element relating to something beyond the geographical borders of that country, it is thought that two or more related laws should govern a legal issue; something practically impossible. given an essential conflict between different laws of many countries, will the clearest verses of the Qur'an play a role in resolving this conflict? The main hypothesis of the research is that due to the comprehensiveness of the Holy Quran, its teachings can be a facilitator. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the "conflict of laws" by referring to the "clearest verses of the Qur'an." The applications, generalities and explicit requirements of the Holy Quran should be cited by the Muslim judge in international cases; because in some cases, the law of the foreign valid laws conflicts with the Shar`i texts. This issue has Quranic foundations, rules and documents. In the past, the subject has been studied only from the perspective of international standards, but the innovation of the article is the expansion of the subject in the realm of verses in the field of conflict resolution. In this article, the interpretation method of ijtihad is used.

The role of caffeine as a brain stimulant in improving the respiratory characteristics of patients under mechanical ventilation is unclear. This study aimed at determining the effect of oral caffeine in helping to release (Liberation) from the ventilator in intubated patients under mechanical ventilation admitted to the intensive care unit.
General ICU patients with more than 48 hours of dependency on a ventilator were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received 200mg caffeine tablets twice a day through a gastric tube, while the control group received a placebo of the same amount. Every day, patients were assessed for the likelihood of being disconnected from the device. If their clinical condition was deemed suitable, the device mode was switched to spontaneous, and their Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) was calculated. Based on this information, a decision was made regarding whether to proceed with weaning.
Caffeine use in ICU patients significantly reduced the airway resistance index of patients (P <0.05). However, although this drug reduced the length of hospital stay in the ICU and the duration of intubation of patients, these changes were not statistically significant (P> 0.05).
Caffeine may improve respiratory status and reduce the duration of intubation and hospitalization in the ICU.

The Principle of Iqrār (Confession) is one of the jurisprudential principles that includes how the Imāmīyyah relates to other religions and even non-Muslims. Āyatullāh Sīstanī does not accept the Principle of Ilzām (Obligation) in its common sense among Shīʻī jurists, and he does not consider the implication of the aḥādīth of this chapter to be limited to this principle. Rather, according to these aḥādīth, he replaces it with the two other Principles of Iqrār and Muqāṣṣat al-Nawʻīyyah. The Principle of Iqrār has an important and facilitating role in regulating the relations between Shīʻahs and followers of other Islamic religions and sects, as well as at higher levels, in regulating the relationship between the Shīʻah or Muslim governments with non-Muslim or disbelieving governments. In fact, the Principle of Iqrār is the same as signing or respecting the laws of other religions and schools of thought for a peaceful life. The Principle of Muqāṣṣat al-Nawʻīyyah also implies a similar social confrontation or a similar movement at the level of power and sovereignty. In Imāmī jurisprudence, the Principle of Iqrār as a jurisprudential and legal principle – public and private – is the harbinger of pure peace in international and inter-religious relations. In fact, by disapproving the Principle of Iqrār narrations in the well-known sense among the jurists and also disapproving its generalization and the manifestation of the rational Principle of Iqrār or Muqāṣṣat al-Nawʻīyyah of these narrations, Āyatullāh al-Sīstanī denies the appearance of these narrations in a devotional principle for the benefit of the followers of Imāmīyyah. He tries to give a universal interpretation of these narrations. This reading of the Principle of Iqrār is more compatible with justice and coexistence with other religions. The non-generality of the Principle of Iqrār and also the non-contradiction of the Principle of Ilzām with the Principle of Iqrār and the manifestation of both principles are among the controversies in this principle.

The purpose of this research was to predict teachers' innovative behavior in teaching based on psychological capital with the mediating role of the conscientiousness personality trait.  The current study is applied in terms of its goal and descriptive-correlational in terms of its method and nature. The research population consisted of female primary school teachers in the city of Rey, from whom a sample of 250 individuals was selected through the available sampling rule in structural equation modeling, and questionnaires were distributed among them through convenience sampling. The data collection tools were the standard questionnaires of Janssen's (2000) innovative behaviors in teaching, NEO's (1985) conscientiousness, and Luthans' (2007) psychological capital. The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and their validity was confirmed through content validity. The data were analyzed using PLS software version 3.  According to the data analysis, it was shown that: Innovative behavior in teachers' teaching is predictable based on psychological capital and conscientiousness. Also, the mediating role of conscientiousness in the relationship between psychological capital and innovative behavior in teaching was confirmed. It can be concluded that the adolescent-parent psychological capital is effective in predicting innovative behavior by mediating conscientiousness.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of personality disorders among psychiatric inpatients and their non-inpatient family members. 

In this descriptive correlation study, 100 psychiatric patients hospitalized at the Ibn-e-Sina Psychiatric Hospital in Mashhad city-Iran, and 100 of their non-admitted family members were selected through random sampling. The research tool was the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, T-test, and Mann-Whitney test.  

The findings showed that the prevalence of personality disorders among hospitalized patients was 69%, and among their non-hospitalized family members was 63%. The most common disorders among the patients were depressive personality disorder (18%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (16%), and among the family members of patients, histrionic and obsessive-compulsive disorders (23%). There were significant differences between patients and family members in sadistic, schizotypal, borderline, depressed, dependent, antisocial, negativistic, self-defeating, and paranoid personality disorders (P< 0.05). However, in obsessive-compulsive, histrionic, avoidant, schizoid, and narcissistic disorders, there were no significant differences (P> 0.05). 

Based on the findings, the prevalence rates of personality disorders among hospitalized psychiatric patients are high. Also, it is considerable that personality disorders are prevalent among family members of hospitalized psychiatric patients.

The protection of political rights of minorities is a significant concern within the realm of Private International Law. Islamic countries, which operate under an Islamic legal system, have their own set of rules, judgments, and conditions that apply to all matters, including the treatment of minorities. The research aims to examine how different types of minorities, as defined in Shīa jurisprudence texts and private international law, are afforded political rights, specifically in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In international law, minorities encompass religious, racial, and ethnic groups, whereas in Islamic law, minorities exclusively refer to religious minorities. This is because race and ethnicity cannot form the basis for differentiation in rights and obligations among citizens. The research explores the relationship between the general and specific aspects of Islamic and private international law texts, while also analyzing various aspects of Arba’e (the four major schools of Shia jurisprudence). Crucial issues addressed include the permissibility or impermissibility of religious minorities, such as Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jewish, to serve as lawyers, judges, and witnesses. The study also investigates unknown minorities. With reference to the Holy Quran, particularly the verse prohibiting alliances with disbelievers (nafye sabīl), it is argued that entrusting grave matters of legal decisions like judging to non-Muslims is not allowable. This is an obligatory principle in Islamic international law. Furthermore, many aspects of private international law can be examined through the lens of ensuring a peaceful coexistence with non-Muslim dhimmis (protected religious minorities) and under the system of jizya (tax). The research methodology employed is inferential-analytical, and the data was collected from library resources and statistical information.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is positioned as the third most widespread form of cancer on a global scale, affecting both males and females. Furthermore, it holds the unfortunate title of being the second leading cause of deaths associated with cancer, and it remains the primary contributor to mortality in cases of gastrointestinal cancer. CRC specifically affects the colon and rectum, resulting from the abnormal growth of glandular epithelial cells in the colon. CRC treatment options encompass a range of interventions such as surgical procedures, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and additional modalities. However, these treatments often come with side effects that can make the patient's journey exhausting. Therefore, there is a pressing need for new treatment approaches that can minimize these side effects. In recent years, oncolytic viruses have gained substantial attention from researchers as a promising approach in the field of cancer treatment. However, there have been obstacles to overcome, such as the immune system's interference, preventing the oncolytic virus from functioning effectively and neutralizing it before it reaches the tumor. To address this challenge, a carrier is required to ensure safe delivery of the virus to the tumor site. Mesenchymal cells have emerged as potential candidates for facilitating virus transmission due to their favorable properties as carriers. In this article, we delve into the application of mesenchymal cells as carriers for Newcastle Oncolytic Virus in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Our objective through this research is to make significant contributions to the advancement of novel and enhanced methodologies in combating this particular disease.

Identifying and classifying hospital suppliers and choosing the right hospital supplier are based on some criteria, such as price, quality, timely product delivery, and after-sales service.

The research method was to select a suitable supplier through multi-criteria decision-making methods, including fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy Delphi. This research analyzed the selection criteria of hospital suppliers using fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy Delphi methods. The weight of the selected criteria and their importance were determined by holding interviews with hospital experts. In the next stage, the suppliers were evaluated, and finally, they were ranked using the TOPSIS fuzzy method.

In this research, the criteria for selecting suppliers were based on the criteria determined by Dickson. According to the fuzzy Delphi method, 7 criteria of product quality, timely delivery, final product price, after-sales service, technical ability, product position among competitors, and easy-to-use product were selected for supplier evaluation.

The selection of a reliable supplier is becoming increasingly crucial given the critical role played by the healthcare sector, which includes hospitals and the Red Crescent as its constituents, the expanding development of technology, and the growing variety of medical equipment. According to the results obtained by the fuzzy Delphi method, the criterion of product quality with a score of 0.88 was chosen as the most important criterion, while the ease-to-use product index with a score of 0.7 was chosen as the least important criterion. The selection and evaluation of suppliers were accomplished through several different quantitative and qualitative indicators, such as cost, quality, timely delivery, and after-sales service. As a result, companies must choose key indicators and suitable suppliers because the right supplier leads to a reduction in purchase costs, as well as an increase in the quality of the products and ultimately the success of the organization in reaching its goals.

Today, paying attention to the elderly and their condition is one of the important and significant issues. Among the important factors influential in this field, paying attention to physical health and its related factors seems highly important. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between mental health and physical health in the elderly resident of nursing homes with the mediating role of feelings of guilt and loneliness. This was a descriptive study of structural equations modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population of the present study included 3687 people living in nursing homes located in Damghan and Isfahan in 2022, among whom 121 people were selected as the final sample using simple random sampling. Used to collect the research data were Russell et al.’s loneliness, Gokler and Jones' feelings of guilt, Najarian and Davoudi's mental health, and Laali et al.'s physical health scales. The data were analyzed using SEM in Smart PLS-3 software. The results illustrated that mental health has a positive relationship with physical health and this relationship is significantly and reversely mediated by two variables of loneliness and feelings of guilt. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to pay special attention to mental health, loneliness and feelings of guilt among the elderly. The results of this research can be useful for nursing home managers to create better conditions and to maintain people as well as possible.

Narcissism is a personality disorder that affects people based on their status. Managers also have authoritarian, participatory, and consulting management styles, which Victor Vroom expressed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between different levels of narcissism and their decision-making style among Mashhad University of Medical Sciences middle-class managers.

This analytical-descriptive cross-sectional study in 2017 on the statistical population includes all middle managers worked in different departments (deputies, universities, hospitals). The number of qualified managers is 70. Two questionnaires, 16-NPI and decision-making style (Victor Vroom), was used to determine the level of narcissism and decision-making style. The validity of the questionnaires is confirmed and their reliability used the results of Cronbach's alpha test is acceptable. The questionnaires was provided to managers through the web and was described and analyzed in SPSS.16 software.

There was a strong relationship between levels of narcissism and an authoritarian decision-making style. A simultaneous linear regression model was fitted between the levels of narcissism and authoritarian decision-making style. The results showed a significant solid relationship (95.7) between authoritarian management style and excellence, arrogance, self-efficacy, and righteousness, with coefficients of 0.33, 0.21, 0.202, and 0.19, respectively.

This study showed that narcissism was most related to authoritarian management style . It can be concluded that the adoption of authoritarian management style by managers may not be based on environmental conditions and may be related to personality disorders such as narcissism.

Academic burnout in students can be caused by various reasons such as family distance, inability to communicate properly with other peers, and the large volume of courses that hurt academic performance, and achievement. This study investigated the relationship between cell phone addiction and internet addiction, with academic burnout in medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

This was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study performed on medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2020. One-hundred and ninety-nine students in basic sciences, physiopathology, internship, and externship were selected by the simple random method. Research instruments included the Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Koohy Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data were analyzed by the descriptive statistics tests, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test, multiple linear regression, and SPSS-25 software.

The mean score of internet addiction in internship students is lower than in other courses (P< 0.001). Also, the mean score of cell phone addiction in female students was higher than male students. However, the mean score of total burnout was not different based on gender, marital status, educational level, and residence status (P> 0.05). Also, the linear regression results showed that internet use could increase academic burnout in students (P< 0.001). However, cell phone addiction did not affect academic burnout (P> 0.05).

Internet addiction can increase the risk of academic burnout in students. However, cell phone use does not increase this risk.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nonmedical use of Ritalin among medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

In this cross-sectional study, 607 students of 645 medical students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018-2019, selected through random sampling. They fulfilled a researcher-made questionnaire about the attitude toward Ritalin consumption, the validity of which was confirmed by five psychiatrists. Data were analyzed through the descriptive tests, Chi-square test, and SPSS-16 software.

In the present study 607 students (292 men and 315 women) were participated. Sixty-eight (11.2%) of them had a history of nonmedical use of Ritalin. Other commonly used drugs among students were alcohol (7%), cigarettes (11%), and benzodiazepines (5.2%). Also, there was no significant relationship between gender, educational stage, and marital status with nonmedical use of Ritalin among students (P> 0.05).

Based on the results, the nonmedical use of Ritalin is more common among students than alcohol and cigarettes. Also, some students have a positive view of using Ritalin to increase concentration and improve performance in exams. Due to the possibility of severe dependence on this substance, more awareness and preventive measures are needed among students.

 Bipolar disorder is considered a psychiatric disease without any effective screening questionnaire to monitor and manage Iranian patients. This study aims to implement a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of educational interactive software for better management of patients with bipolar disorder and prevent further complications.   

 The present cross-sectional study evaluated the efficacy of psychoeducational-interactive-therapeutic software for patients with bipolar disorder, which is a network-based software providing a researcher-made questionnaire in a planned manner. This software can predict the occurrence of future bipolar episodes for each patient by using artificial intelligence algorithms after the occurrence of two mood episodes as the training phase. The patients with bipolar disorder were asked to use the software for a year and their mood episodes were compared before and after using the software. We evaluate the reliability of the questionnaires in the software with internal consistency using alpha Cronbach test and test-retest analysis. Face validity and content validity were also evaluated .   

 The content validity index of the instrument was 93%, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole  questionnaire was 0.955. Also, the ICC coefficient for this questionnaire is above 0.70, and the correlation coefficient of the answers in all constructs of the questionnaire is more than 0.8. Thirty male patients with bipolar disorder who experienced four episodes of mood swings per year experienced an average of 2 mood episodes per year following the use of this software.  

 Our Psychoeducational-interactive-therapeutic software is the first Persian language software based on artificial intelligence to monitor clinical symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder, which uses a standard questionnaire to predict the incidence of episodes of depression and mania in these patients.

Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. Methanol is used to deal with environmental stresses, especially dehydration. Preventing or reducing light respiration, delaying leaf senescence, increasing photosynthetic activation period and leaf area duration index and increasing Co2 fixation are among the roles of methanol application in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of sunflower under drought stress conditions.

This field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand, Iran, in 2017. The main plots included two levels irrigation (irrigation after 80 and 160 mm evaporation form class A pan). On the other hand, the sub- plots included five levels of methanol spraying; control (no spraying), 7, 14 and 21 v/v. Statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level of probability was used to compare the means.ResultsResults showed that deficit irrigation reduced stem diameter, number of seeds per head and kernel / husk weight ratio. Methanol spraying also increased the number of seeds per head. Also, methanol spraying improved most of the studied traits under two irrigation treatments. So that under drought stress conditions, foliar application with 28% volumetric methanol increased plant height (9.9%), stem diameter (5%) and leaf number per plant (14.7%). Compared to control, foliar application with 14% volumetric methanol increased chlorophyll content (8%) and foliar application with 21% volume methanol increased stomatal conductance (34.7%), 1000-grain weight (12%), grain yield (27.9%) and biological yield (23.4%). According to the results, under optimum irrigation conditions, maximum sunflower grain yield was obtained with 28% volumetric methanol spraying, but under drought stress conditions, spraying with 21% volume methanol was the best one.

The results showed that foliar application of methanol under optimum and also deficit irrigation conditions did not affect the percentage and yield of sunflower oil seed, but increased seed yield. Maximum grain yield under optimum irrigation was obtained with 28% volumetric spraying, which was 27% more than control. Also, the results showed that under arid and semi-arid conditions of Birjand, deficit irrigation with using methanol (21% volumetric) produces acceptable grain yield.Chlorophyll meter, Leaf temperature, Oil percentage, Stomatal conductance

In Iran, natural disasters are constantly increasing, but research has not yet clearly explained the strategy of optimizing human resources in such situations. Employment Techniques to increase the effectiveness of these processes lead to This is an increase in the quality of these services Reduce human error and increase the effectiveness of human resources One of the main elements of management systems is to increase the improvement of capable human resources. The main purpose of this study is to design a human resource optimization model to increase the sense of social and human responsibility in the Red Crescent population of Yazd province.

In terms of type of method, it is descriptive correlation. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data, which in this regard, the present study is in the field of field studies. This research is in the category of survey studies. The size of the statistical population was the managers and experts of the Yazd Red Crescent Society who used the Cochran's formula to estimate the sample size.

The findings showed that the first criterion in the human resource optimization model is the component of self-sacrifice. As a result, the high self-sacrificing spirit of the Red Crescent forces in Yazd province will reduce casualties. Also, after the criterion of self-sacrifice, the criteria of compassion, commitment to public values, professional promotion, attractiveness of services, external reward, internal reward and interaction of working life are in the next priority, respectively. Also, the results of the final priority of each of the sub-criteria of the model with ANP technique showed that the sub-criterion of using idle time for service is in the first priority. In other words, following the criteria of feeling sympathy with deprived people, being responsive by phone and online during unemployment, creating satisfaction with external rewards among those around them, believing in performing civic duties before their duties, participating in solving social problems, acceptance Following new responsibilities, doing challenging and self-sacrificing work, paying attention to the interests of future generations when formulating public policies, the need for ethical action for government employees is one of the next priorities of the human resource optimization model.

The results showed that the selection of criteria and sub-criteria in designing a human resource optimization model are as follows: The criterion of "self-sacrifice" with normalized weight is in the first priority. The criterion of "compassion" with normalized weight is in the second priority. The criterion of "commitment to public values" with normalized weight is in the third priority. The criterion of "professional promotion" with normalized weight is in the fourth priority. The criterion of "service attractiveness" with normalized weight is in the fifth priority. The criterion of "external reward" with normalized weight is in the sixth priority. The criterion of "internal reward" with normalized weight is in the seventh priority. The criterion of "working life interaction" with normalized weight is the last priority.

Sarcocystis is a mandatory intracellular parasite that is common between humans and animals, which causes huge losses in the livestock and meat industries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in goats slaughtered in Tabriz slaughterhouse. For this purpose, the carcasses of 240 slaughtered goats were examined for the presence of macrocysts by eye observation and then by microscopic by dob-smear and digestive methods. Based on the results, 2.5% of the studied carcasses were diagnosed with macrocytic observation. In the microscopic examination by dob-smear and digestion methods, 35.83% and 100% respectively of the cases were positively diagnosed. There is a significant relationship between contamination and the studied method (p<0.05), which has higher validity digestion than the dob-smear and macroscopic method. There was also a statistically significant difference between the contamination rate among different muscles (p<0.05). As well, the highest microcyst contamination was observed in diaphragm muscles and the lowest microcyst contamination was observed in the heart muscle. This study showed the necessity of microscopic observation of the Sarcocystis contamination in the goat carcasses.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease, progressing due to inadequate secretion of insulin by pancreas. Salvia officinalis (SVO) has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative potentials, which may be beneficial in regulating underlying causes of DM.

In this study, we aimed to estimate the protective effects of SVO against Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic injury in rat models of DM.

Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12); C1: normal group with no treatment, C2: diabetic group with no treatment, E1: diabetic group treated with 200 mg/kg of the SVO extract, and E2: diabetic group treated with 400 mg/kg of the SVO extract. All groups received a single dose of STZ on day 7 except C1. Pancreas volume, shrinkage, volume densities of the islets, numerical densities, and volume of the beta cells were measured using stereological methods.

Blood sugar (BS) levels were significantly lower in SVO-treated groups comparing to C2 group. Also, volume densities and total number of islets and beta cells in E1 and E2 groups were higher than C2 (P < 0.05), but lower than C1 (P < 0.05). Volume densities of the islets and beta cells, and total number of beta cells in E1, and volume densities of the islets and beta cells in E2 groups were considerably higher than C2 group (P < 0.05).

Our result showed the beneficial effects of SVO extract regarding pancreatic damage. We concluded that SVO might be prescribed as a therapeutic food supplement for patients with diabetes

Education is the vital and economic engine of any society that changed from traditional to electronic mode following the Covid-19 epidemic and provided the necessary context for self-teaching thinking. In the field of education, there is a concept called self-directed learning, which consists of three separate parts: self means personal, directed means guidance and learning means learning. In fact, self- directed learning includes all cognitive and motivational processes which the learner determines goals accordingly and plans in that direction.

 This research is a narrative review study of some articles and books published in the field of self- directed learning from 1975 to 2020.

 To achieve self- direction in learning, it is necessary to strengthen skills and characteristics. In fact, both learner and teacher have roles that the learner can contribute to the effectiveness of their learning.

One of the effective ways to be self- directed in learning, motivation and commitment. In fact, self- directed learning will be effective when the person first feels the need to learn, then determines goals for successful learning, and finally, to achieve the goals from communication tools, participation and teacher monitoring get help.

Given the concerns about the use of chemical preservatives in food, the consumers and producers have been interested in natural alternatives, such as plant essential oils and extracts. Since there are limited studies about the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the behavior of foodborne pathogens in food models, this study aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of saffron stigma on the growth behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in commercial barley soup (as a food model) during storage at different temperatures.

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined against S. Typhimurium using broth microdilution method. The growth of S. Typhimurium was investigated in the presence of this extract in commercial barley soup during 12 days of storage at 10, 20, and 30 °C.

The MIC and MBC values ​​for saffron extract against S. Typhimurium were 100 and >200 mg/ml, respectively. Also, the saffron extract at a concentration of 200 mg/ml and temperature of 10 °C had the highest inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria in commercial barley soup during storage.

According to the results of this study, the antimicrobial effect of this extract increased in a dose-dependent manner against this bacterium. Therefore, the use of proper concentrations of this extract together with appropriate storage temperature can have an appropriate inhibitory effect on the growth of this bacterium, improving food safety shelf life.

A popular theory of Imami jurists is the condition of paying all prices at the assembly of the short sale contract before the parties to the contract are divided. If this condition is violated, they have ruled that the transaction is corrupt, but on the other hand, this condition does not apply Forward contract. Basically, the idea of ​​this type of contract (pre-sale / pre-purchase contract) today is that customers cannot pay full price and negotiate in installments. This research is written with a descriptive analysis method to test the hypothesis that it is not necessary to pay the entire price at the contract meeting, the client can pay part or all of the price after the contract meeting and any financial agreement on paying feesin installmentsdoes not violate the short sale nature of the transaction, in the author's opinion, the lawyer argued that the situation was distorted.

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injuries have been a major cause of mortality and neurodevelopmental morbidities in newborns. Citicoline and Piracetam have been used as nootropic agents in a number of studies. In this investigation, we aimed to determine the effects of these agents solely and in combination in hypoxicischemic brain damage in rabbit neonates.

Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage was induced by the occlusion of both uterine arteries of dams for eight minutes. The subjects were randomly divided into five groups as follows (n=6 per group): control group without hypoxia (C1), control group with hypoxicischemic damage (C2), the third group (P) received Piracetam (100 mg/kg), the fourth group (T) administered with Citicoline (250 mg/ kg), and the fifth (PT) received both. The preventive effects of the two drugs on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage were microscopically investigated by the rates of damage to the hippocampus.

Neuronal destruction rates in C1, C2, P, T, and PT were 4%, 45%, 37.5%, 12.5% (P=0.01 vs. C2), and 20% (P=0.03 vs. C2), respectively. The total means of hypoxic-ischemic damage, cell edema, neuronal degeneration, and eosinophilic degeneration were lower in the T group compared to C2 (P<0.05).

According to our results and previous findings, Citicoline as a treatment for hypoxic-ischemic brain injuries could be beneficial, and it has priority over neuroprotective agents like Piracetam. Moreover, the combination of Citicoline and Piracetam showed no superior effect in contrast with Citicoline alone. However, experimental studies on larger populations and clinical trials are highly suggested

The potential impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic on social mental health has become a great concern and the current situation can cause different mental disorders. According to the importance of mental health, we performed this study to evaluate the mental health status of the general population of Iran in Razavi Khorasan province.

The online survey was conducted and made available for the general population of Razavi Khorasan through the snowball sampling technique within a week. the demographic information, contact history with COVID-19, and physical symptoms history of COVID-19 were collected by the survey. To maintain the population's mental health status, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used. Filling the online survey by a maximum of two members of a family was considered to reduce the risk of bias.

Finally, 461 responders from Razavi Khorasan province were included in this study. In total, 41.8% of responders investigated the depression symptoms, 32.1% were in anxiety mood and 34.5% had stress symptoms. The ratio of men to women was approximately 1:2. Most responders were in the of 30-40 years and the most frequent marital status was being single. Families with 3-5 members were organized the 81.5% of responders. Near one-third of the studied population was in bachelor as educational status.

According to our study paying attention to the general population’s mental health status is important during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducting protocols to prevent or reduce the risk of mental disorders that can be caused by the current situation.