فهرست مطالب alireza moshirahmadi

The crimes of Katanga and his accomplices in Bogoru have left 297 people dead or somehow victimized. After the case was opened in the International Criminal Court, Five of the victims demanded compensation for traumas caused indirectly, This can be called transgenerational trauma. the Chamber found in respect of These victims that, although they “are, in all likelihood, suffering from transgenerational psychological harm, but no evidence is laid before the Chamber to establish on a balance of probabilities the causal nexus between the trauma suffered and the attack on Bogoro. However Scientific research has revealed that it is possible to transfer the trauma from parents to children Epigenetic transmission and social transmission are two theories that can be relied upon in this regard. The certainty of the trauma, the consequence of the effects of the crime and the fixation of the cause are also important conditions for claiming such damages. Compensation can also be material, spiritual, symbolic, or a combination of these.

Referring to the testimony of witnesses as one of the proofs is not a new phenomenon in legal systems, so that the testimony of eyewitnesses is often considered the only evidence or one of the main evidences in criminal cases to be a reason that is more or less associated with errors or mistakes. It should be kept in mind that false testimonies can have a negative impact on investigations and judicial proceedings. A topic that numerous psychological researches have confirmed the possibility of its realization. The proof of this issue is the issuing of wrongful convictions that were later canceled. Therefore, judges should be aware of the factors that can challenge such an argument. Nevertheless, to what extent is the knowledge of judges in this field? In this survey, the awareness of Iranian judges regarding the indicators related to the cognitive psychological aspect of witness testimony was examined and then a comparison was made with the views of their counterparts in the United States and Norway. The present research method is descriptive-analytical. The research community included 72 judges of Mashhad prosecutor's office and courts in 1400. The data collection method was using a researcher-made questionnaire with 33 questions that evaluated four indicators of memory, nervous stress, unconscious transference, and expectations. Data analysis was done using SPSS 24 version. Finally, the results obtained from this research have been compared with the results of the survey conducted in the countries of America and Norway. The average scores obtained from this research showed that Iranian judges' awareness of the impact of the expectations component (3.78) in witness testimony was higher among the respondents than other components. After that, the components of unconscious transfer (3.66), memory (3.13) and stress (3.02) are placed. In general, the views of Iranian judges were at a lower level than Norwegian and American judges.

Addressing the issue of liability in the field of medical topics that are complex, and functional. In this writing was attempts to consider cases dealing with medical negligence and violations, we try to analyse those faults and violations which give rise to non-responsibility of physicians.

This is an functional study descriptive method of analysis which their data are collected through documentary studies.

In all cases, that an unexpected or undesirable result occur for patient, there could be a case against doctors, but they are not necessary caused by their fault basically, after the opening of such cases obtaining experts opinions is necessary. Forensics is the most important authority in this area. The existing arguments in medical cases show that if the resulted harm can not be attributed to the doctors or the chain of causation is broken, there is no responsibility.

The contemplation of the comment that are recorded in medical malpractice cases reveals that following scientific procedures, nature of disease, lack of causality between physicians maltreatment and  patients fault are the most important factors that lead to their authentication. So, first of all, observance of scientific standards and the use of reasonable and diligent efforts can be effective in removing the responsibility of the physician. Based on this criterion, to the extent that the physician is familiar with the science of the day, he has not committed a fault, he has sufficient accuracy in diagnosing the disease, and chooses the appropriate treatment according to the patient's conditions, for his lack of responsibility. In the second place, some factors can be considered as external factors or Cairo, which are beyond the control of the owners of medical matters and they do not interfere with the realization or occurrence. Therefore, if a complication is unpredictable and preventive or corrective, it will be decisive.

The patient's referral to a physician is intended to prevent possible future illness or to treat an accident. Although such a goal is often achieved, it is also worth noting that failure to properly diagnose or delay it can lead to a loss of effective treatment. Deprivation of such an opportunity has a degree that begins with a delay in recovery and may fluctuate until the end of the patient's life. It is obvious that in case of consolidation of the conditions of the existence of the treatment duty, the occurrence of the loss and the proof of the causal relationship, the deprivation of the treatment opportunity must also be considered as one of the forms of fulfilling the responsibility. An examination of the claims relating to the claims of the faults and errors of the medical practitioners suggests that the fulfillment of the responsibilities of the proprietors of this letter is measured solely on the basis of the eventual loss. However, simply depriving the patient of the opportunity for treatment can also lead to fulfillment of conditions leading to fulfillment of responsibilities.

With the passage of the law on Continuing Medical Education, the education of those covered by this law became official. Increasing the level of knowledge and professional skills of medical staff and improving the conditions of service provision is the most important goal of such education. Therefore, continuing education in the medical community today is considered a fundamental principle, which is the mission of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. It should be noted, however, that the positive and negative effects of any law become apparent only after its implementation. Obviously, the positive consequences must be strengthened while the negative ones have to be eliminated or corrected. Otherwise, the law will be rendered ineffective. In this study, Persian and English articles were searched and extracted from Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran websites using the keywords “continuing education rules and regulations”. Out of the 48 articles found, 27 relevant articles were included in the study. Regardless of the benefits of continuing education regulations, there are a number of problems and challenges in these regulations including: lack of allocation of promotional points to educational-research activities, restrictions on receiving promotional points from virtual programs, restrictions on issuing final certificates, lack of adequate training in some disciplines, and allocating equal promotional points to all lecturers. All of these need to be dealt with and corrected.

Efforts of the medical staff are to provide efficient, desirable, and high quality services to patients. However, medical treatments are not immune to error and mistake. So, occurrence of injury following medical managements is inevitable, an issue that could lead to a lawsuit against the medical staff. In such cases, resorting to experts’ opinion is necessary. Therefore, knowledge about effective indicators in sentencing can increase awareness of the treatment staff in addition to reduction of traumatic behaviors. Reflection on the medical forensic cases shows that the reasons of medic’s conviction can be divided in two categories including pre-treatment and post-treatment factors. Errors after entering the treatment process indicate post-treatment index. Breach at the end of treatment, not doing (lack of) treatment in the appropriate place, mismatch or mistake of used techniques, and fault or blunder are the most important issues related to this index. The present study intends to examine the effective criteria in sentencing medical staff in a descriptive-analytical manner based on expert opinions’ of medical malpractice cases.

The possibility of mistakes, negligence, injuries and damages in medical activities could give rise to a civil or criminal case. In such cases, resorting to experts’ opinion is necessary. Forensic medicine organization has important role in such cases. Therefore, understanding of the criteria used by experts of this organization is important and could give rise to awareness of doctors and reduce their professional failures. This is a practical research with a descriptive and analytical method and its necessary information are collected by documentary studies. This investigation shows that medics normally try to have correct medical diagnosis and select appropriate process, and treat patients through reasonable methods to reduce their suffering and pains. It is possible that medics make a mistake in their diagnosis and treatment. Although the result of medical treatment are not guaranteed always, they have to do their treatment and operation according to reasonable and scientific standards and any recklessness and negligence causes criminal or civil responsibility. Reflection on the medical cases shows that the reasons of medic’s conviction can be divided into two categories including pre-treatment and post-treatment factors. Pre- treatment indices contain errors related to diagnosis or choice of treatment.

Euthanasia is still a controversial issue worldwide. There are different and sometimes contradictory opinions about euthanasia and its practice. By exchange of ideas and opinions about this issue, some countries have explicitly accepted euthanasia and it has been legalized. Whereas, some other countries distinctly rejected euthanasia and in result it has been criminalized. Among countries there is a third group, with a passive or neutral position. In those countries, like Iran, the acceptance or rejection of euthanasia has been discussed among the law experts but there is no legislation to address the issue. This article aims to evaluate euthanasia based on the Article 372 of Iran's Islamic penal code.