alireza nasseri

Breast cancer is known as the most common cancer in women and various aspects of dealing with this disease have been studied by researchers for many years. One of these areas is tumor markers and its effect on determining the prognosis of patients and determining the most appropriate treatment method. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study to evaluate tumor markers of breast cancer in women candidates for mastectomy. The clinical records of 100 patients with breast cancer were evaluated for information such as information about pathological examinations of the sample (markers: ER, PR, HER2, P53, CEA) and recurrence of symptoms during a two-year period. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver17 statistical software, descriptive statistics and logistic regression test. 24% had recurrence among which P53 and CEA markers had the highest frequency and in the absence of recurrence group ER and CEA markers had the highest frequency. According to the results of this study, it seems that paying attention to tumor levels of markers such as P53 and CEA can be helpful in identifying people who will have recurrence and attention to it can greatly determine the fate of the disease.

In developing countries, treatment of cervical cancer with metastasis to the spinal cord is generally associated with failure and reduced patient survival due to the lack of appropriate facilities. Oncologists are using a variety of methods to prolong patient survival. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the three- and five-year disease-free survival of patients with cervical cancer and spinal cord metastasis, treated with external radiotherapy + brachytherapy (i.e., internal radiotherapy.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed over a period of ten years (2010-20) in the brachytherapy ward of Shahid Madani Hospital (Tabriz, Iran). Overall, 200 patients with cervical cancer and spinal cord metastasis who were candidates for external radiotherapy + brachytherapy were recruited by the census sampling method. The variables that were likely to affect survival were recorded and analyzed using the Koch survival test and relevant descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 23 software.

The patients’ overall survival was 43.12 ± 1.44 months; 78 patients (39%) survived until the end of the third year, and 49 (24.5%) lived till the end of the fifth year. Also, the pathological diagnosis (P = 0.013- P = 0.015), disease stage (P = 0.014- P = 0.018), the length of the treatment area (P = 0.026- P = 0.044), and undergoing chemotherapy (P = 0.001- P = 0.002) were significantly associated with the survival of the patients who completed the treatment course.

Chemotherapy, advanced disease, and greater length of the treatment area reduced three- and five-year survival in the patients with cervical cancer and spinal cord metastasis who underwent brachytherapy.

Tumor size and axillary lymph node (LN) involvement are used as prognostic markers and a guide for choosing adjuvant therapy. This study aimed to evaluate LN involvement and related risk factors in patients with breast cancer (BC) referred for radiotherapy.

Using the census sampling method, 15,000 women with BC referring for radiotherapy were enrolled in this retrospective descriptive study performed at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences during 2000-2020. LN involvement and related risk factors were recorded and analyzed using the t test and ANOVA test at a significance level of P<0.05.

The prevalence of LN involvement in this study was 25%. The estrogen receptor status and LN involvement were associated with metastasis. The odds ratio of metastasis in patients with a negative estrogen receptor was about twice that of women with estrogen receptor positivity. Finally, the risk of metastasis in patients presenting with LN involvement was eight times higher than that of patients without LN involvement.

In general, estrogen receptor status and LN involvement were associated with metastasis in patients with BC. Thus, these factors can be regarded as a guide to start necessary interventions earlier in at-risk patients.

In addition to the scientific requirements and limitations and medical advice, other influential factors are involved in choosing cesarean section, including economic, social and cultural factors. Given the disadvantages of cesarean delivery for the individual and society and in order to achieve a standard rate of cesarean section and naturally reach a healthy population, the aim of this study is to understand, and analyze the reasons for cesarean delivery, especially identifying the economic and social factors affecting cesarean delivery. It is a way of giving birth. In addition to the economic and social factors, the researchers also consider the cultural factors that influence the choice of cesarean section in addition to the necessity of research.

The required data and information were collected by questionnaire and cross-sectional in a sample of 600 in Tehran in 2019-2018. Cochran method was used to select the optimal number of samples and valid statistical databases and related articles were also used in the research. Given the zero or one dependent variable of delivery method (natural delivery or cesarean section), data analysis was performed
using Logit discrete econometric models and STATA14 software.

Research findings show that improving household economic conditions increases the probability of choosing cesarean delivery method. Also, among all the variables under study, cesarean delivery recommendation variable with numerical value (0.19) had the most final effect on probability of choosing and increasing cesarean rate. The least significant marginal effect on the likelihood of cesarean delivery belonged to variable “the number of hours of participation in prenatal periods” with a numerical value of - 0.003.

Overall, and as a final result, it can be concluded that the rate of cesarean section among women is influenced by a large number of individual, economic, social, cultural, medical and clinical variables, each of which has a small or incremental effect on the probability of cesarean delivery. But they all come together to form a large collection that can push the rate of cesarean beyond the international standard.

Irrefutable examples of freedom of thought such freedom of expression, religion, conscience, education, press and publications, access to data, radio and television, are the most natural and the most genuine individual rights and democracy and human dignity that lack of guarantees and support of these rights, are for dictatorships and authoritarian regimes. On the other, the rights and freedoms referred in shelter consistency of the rule of law and without of it, the guarantees of the rights and freedoms will not be achieved. because the rights and duties of rulers and citizens should be in the form of constitution framed to all the officials and political institutions are subject to legal rules and no one has the right to limitation of rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights and freedoms of thought, but not in the context of certain rituals and laws. In this regard, Egypt's new constitution is not an exception and it has decreed rights and freedoms of thought in the light of the rule of law

Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel is one of the ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.2) that produced 8.5 percent of industry value-added in Iran in 2007. Isfahan, Tehran, Khuzestan, Hormozgan, and Markazi provinces accounted for 90 percent of the value added in this sector. To determine competitive advantage in this sector, the regional input- output technique is used and AFLQ (Adjusted Flegg Location Quotient) is employed for making regional input- output tables. But this method is misleading, because it defines weak provinces as key sectors. This article presents new method (MFLQ) that provides better result than AFLQ. Isfahan (as a developed province) is not key sector in AFLQ method but it is key sector by MFLQ method.