amir salari

Parishan Lake is one of the largest freshwater Lakes in the country, which unfortunately has dried up in recent years. Extensive agricultural activities as well as drought, are important factors in the drying up of the lake. Since there is no control over drought, managing the available water resources is the best way. In the present study, an attempt has been made to estimate the effect of water saving in the agricultural sector on revival of Parishan Lake. For this purpose, using satellite images on different dates and in order to determine the volume of water in each image, the Cut/Fill conceptual model available in the ArcGIS software environment was used. Then, the area corresponding to each volume was used from the combination of red, green and blue colors from bands 5, 4 and 3 of the Landsat satellite and created a Vector layer in the ArcGIS environment. In this way, the surface-volume curve of the lake was obtained. In the stage using the water balance equation, it was determined how much water can be saved in the agricultural sector. By having the volume of water saved and using the obtained surface-volume equation, this volume of water was converted into the area of the lake. The results showed that the lake area can be increased by 290% by deficit irrigation methods and saving 25% in water consumption in the agricultural sector.

Following the intensification and duration of the drought period in Iran and the occurrence of acute water shortage problems, drought risk management especially in rural areas has doubled. A variety of methods, including the Markov chain, are used to predict the likelihood of drought. In this study, the drought situation of rural areas were studied in Sistan and Baluchestan province according to the monthly rainfall data of six stations of Iranshahr, Chabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan and Saravan stations using the standardized precipitation index method (SPI) in time scales of 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months. The results showed that the cities of Zahedan, Chabahar, Zabol, Saravan, and Khash in the long term in 11.49, 35.14, 35.13, 11.62 and 35.13% of the times were in a dry situation, respectively. Zahedan, Chabahar, Zabol, Saravan, and Khash stations in 77.2 59.46, 62.17, 75.68 and 59.46% of the times were in normal condition and in 11.49, 5.40, 2.70, 2.70 and 5.41% of the times were in wet conditions, respectively. The results also showed that on average, the probability of equilibrium of dry, wet and normal periods in the stations of the province is 29, 5 and 66%, respectively. In other words, the region is in normal climatic conditions, while the probability of occurrence of dry conditions is almost six times that of wet conditions. The most severe drought in Sistan and Baluchestan province in 2008 with an SPI coefficient of -2.8 and the most severe drought in the province in 1995 with an SPI coefficient of +0.08 occurred. The general results showed that the changes in the SPI index have a negative trend and the creation of a comprehensive risk management system is essential.

Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs) have caused great financial losses. These incidents are referred to a situation in which the number of casualties caused by the accident temporarily increases to such an extent that it is not possible to treat all these patients with the facilities and capacities available in the area. To offer fair and proportionate medical services to all patients, it is necessary to use a process called patient triage. This study aimed to modify the Sort Assess Lifesaving Intervention Treatment/transport (SALT) triage method to simplify the differentiation of patients from green from yellow and gray from red.

This is a methodological study with a descriptive cross-sectional approach that by studying the SALT triage method and using the criteria defined in the Reference Standard, facilitates the identification of patients with a minor (Outpatient) and fatal injury (Expectant). Then, using two common and modified SALT triage methods, 100 simulated patients were triaged and the obtained data were evaluated and compared in terms of accuracy and speed.

The improvement made in the SALT triage method was able to reduce 22% of the total triage error of the first nurse and improved 18% in green, 43% in yellow, 15% in red, and 13% in the gray category. In the second nurse, this method was able to reduce 29% of the errors and in the category of green patients, 41%, yellow 47%, red was unchanged, and gray 38% improvement was observed. Furthermore, the average triage rate was 4 and 5 seconds shorter per patient in the first and second nurses, respectively.

With this modification, the diagnostic power has increased by 22% in the first nurse and 29% in the second nurse. Due to the significant increase in the accuracy of the mSALT (Modified SALT) triage method, this modification can be considered useful and can be used to advance the goals of triage in MCIs.

Water quality is the most important factor for consumers. Therefore, monitoring and controlling water quality is of particular significance in different human communities such as universities. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of drinking water in some universities in Iran.

In this study, the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals including lead, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, and chromium in drinking water were determined in nine Iranian universities. Then, the efficacy of several treatment methods was evaluated in the removal of heavy metals, including boiling process in two stages, 5 min boiling, 5 h boiling, and filtration process.

Physicochemical properties of drinking water in all samples were appropriate. Hardness levels were higher than the World Health Organization standards. However, this parameter was lower than the national standard of Iran (500 mg/l caco3). Nevertheless, cadmium content was not detected in any samples, and nickel and chromium content was below the permissible limit.  Lead content was equal to the limit in three samples, and arsenic content was equal to the limit in four samples. Water purification methods including boiling and water purifier were satisfactory and significantly reduced pollutants.

It is suggested to check drinking water quality in universities randomly

Precipitation forecasting is essential in maintaining, managing, allocating, and distributing water resources, determining the volume of water facilities, supplying the crops' water requirement, and determining the amount of erosion and sedimentation. This research aimed to investigate the performance of artificial neural networks in predicting monthly rainfall based on climatic and geographic information such as minimum and maximum temperature, minimum and maximum humidity, precipitation, latitude and longitude, and altitude above sea level in 23 stations of the Fars province. The results on levels 5, 10, and 18 of input data showed that the model accuracy in estimating the monthly rainfall increases with the increment in the number of inputs. The most accurate neural network model is in the rank normalization method with one hidden layer, and also, the best network structures are 5-25-1, 10-30-1, and 18-20-1, respectively. The results indicated that the neural network with 18 inputs has the smallest MSE=0.032 and the highest R=0.62. The best normalization method is the ranking method with an optimal neural network of one layer and 5-25-1 structure, the Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm, and the sigmoid tangent stimulus function. Therefore, by using an artificial neural network (with 18 introduced inputs), it is possible to predict the amount and distribution of monthly rainfall in a wide area with acceptable accuracy. This issue plays a very decisive role in the management and planning of drinking and agricultural water resources; by taking into account these forecasts, future policies can be planned to optimize costs and maximum productivity facilities.

Cow manure is one of the most commonly used fertilizers in saffron cultivation, but its main problem is the slow process of decomposition and the slow release of nutrients in the short term; leading to over use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. It is expected that with the introduction of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture, a suitable solution will be found to improve the absorption time of organic fertilizers. Cattle manure nanoparticles can reduce the decomposition time of cattle manure with higher specific surface area. Therefore, a split-plot design was carried out using two conventional methods of mulching and mixing with soil on the performance of saffron and soil characteristics to compare the performance of conventional chemical fertilizers and cow manure with nano cow manure.The main factor in seven levels (including nano cow manure in two amounts of five and 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of application of mulch and mixed with soil, normal cow manure in the amount of 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of mulch and mixed with soil and no use cow manure) and the sub-factor included NPK chemical fertilizer (at two levels of use and non-use). The results showed that by making cattle manure nanosized, its half-life in the soil decreased from about 36 weeks to 11 weeks. Nano cow manure treatment of 20 tons per hectare mixed with soil showed an increase in dry stigma yield by 43.7, 46 and 57%, respectively, compared to conventional cow manure treatments, chemical fertilizer treatments, and controls. The nano application of cow manure resulted in maintaining more moisture, less mechanical resistance in the soil, and more percentage of nutrients in the plant. In the comparison of the two methods of mulching and mixing, it was observed that in the mulching method, the amount of moisture is higher and the surface mechanical resistance is lower in the soil, and in the mixing method, the amount of nutrients in the leaves is higher. The results showed that in treatments with nano cow manure, the mixed method is preferable to mulch. By making cattle manure nano, using the mixed method instead of mulch and applying higher levels of cattle manure, was reduced the synergistic effect of chemical fertilizers in increasing yield. As in nano cow manure treatment (20 tons per hectare mixed with soil) was not observed significant yield increase due to the addition of chemical fertilizer. Also, nano cow manuew five ton per hectare treatments (mulch and mixture) showed a 22% yield increase compared to conventional cow manure treatments. It is possible to increase the yield by 22% by making cow manure nanosized, along with reducing the consumption of cow manure by 75% in the second year of saffron cultivation.

Today, with the advancement of technology and the provision of different formulas for the production of healthy food, consumers are paying more attention to the safety and health of food. Sodium nitrite is one of the compounds discussed in the food industry and has been discussed for many years in terms of health effects, especially the production of carcinogenic nitrosamine compounds and the development of methemoglobinemia. It is worth mentioning that this combination is used to improve the color of meat products and reduce the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in meat products. Therefore, one of the new approaches in the food industry is the use of nontoxic compounds as healthy additives to prevent the growth of spoilage microorganisms and maintain the quality of food. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating current knowledge on how to eliminate and reduce nitrite consumption in the food industry. By examining domestic and foreign published sources on foreign sites and local databases, related studies were searched using relevant keywords. In the initial search, 63 articles were retrieved, and after removing duplicates, 57 articles were of sufficient quality to be included in this meta-analysis. In order to investigate the research achievements regarding the use of natural compounds without health risks as a substitute for nitrite in the food industry and summarizing the current knowledge with safer and better substances such as natural essential oils and safe antioxidants, it was investigated.

The starters of dairy products play a crucial role in the texture of the products and their desired quality. These bacteria can be extracted from various native and traditional sources and can be obtained commercially and industrially with the advancement of science and technology. Considering that a large amount of financial turnover in the world is spent on trading commercial starter strains,   knowing strong local resources for the extraction of starters can help greatly in reducing the costs of importing foreign and commercial strains. On the other hand, since commercial strains are genetically manipulated, they may not meet the level of quality desired by the consumer and become inactive over time due to excessive consumption. In addition, in recent decades, researchers and industries have moved toward  the production and development of probiotic foods, which is a new paradigm in starter industries. Therefore, in this review, the importance and position of native starters in the dairy industry and their transformation over time have been investigated.

In most countries, agriculture is the largest consumer of water due to its biological nature and strong dependence on nature. As a result, water management in this sector plays an essential role in determining how countries use their water resources. The present study was conducted to optimize the area under cultivation, allocate irrigation water, and maximize crops’ benefit in the Damaneh-Daran plain, Isfahan, Iran, from 2017-2030 under the RPC8.5 scenario using a genetic algorithm. Following monthly runoff estimating by the AWBM model under climate change conditions within a correlation coefficient of 75% indicated that the values of RMSE, MBE, and R of the microscale parameters measured by the Statistical Micro-Scale Model (SDSM) were equal to 8.34, 7.51 and 0.98 in the temperature parameter and -1.28, 6.28, and 0.78 in the precipitation parameter, respectively. Wheat, barley, sugar beet, and fodder corn cultivation were reduced by 2130.6, 1176.1, 112.8, and 516 hectares, respectively, by pattern optimization. The expansion of potato cultivation by 3935.5 hectares reduced water usage by 18.21 Mm3and generated a total profit of 163 million tomans for farmers between 2017 and 30.

Introduction:

To prioritize patients to provide them with proper services and also manage the scarce resourcesin emergencies, the use of triage systems seems to be essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ac-curacy of the existing triage systems in disasters and mass casualty incidents.

The present study is asystematic review of the accuracy of all triage systems worldwide. The results of this study were based on thearticles published in English language journals. In this research, all papers published from the beginning of 2000to the end of 2021 were sought through different databases. Finally, a total of 13 articles was ultimately selectedfrom 89 articles.

13 studies on the accuracy of triage systems were reviewed. The START, mSTART, SALT,Smart, Care Flight, ASAV, MPTT, Sieve and ESI triage systems, had an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of lessthan 90%. Only the Smart triage system had an overall accuracy of more than 90%.

According tothe findings of the current systematic review, the performance of the existing triage systems in terms of accu-racy of prioritizing the injured people and other performance indexes is not desirable. Therefore, to improvethe performance and increase the precision of triage systems, the world nations are recommended to change orrevise the indexes used in triage models and also identify other influential factors affecting the accuracy of triagesystems.

Today, one of the practical ways to improve the quantity and quality of sugar beet is to use micronutrients in appropriate proportions and in the form of foliar application. For this purpose, 14 micronutrient fertilizer treatments in four replications were applied on Latatia cultivar in a randomized complete block design in Roshtkhar and Zaveh cities of Khorasan Razavi in 2017. Results showed that fertilizer treatments had a significant (P<0.01) effect on sugar yield, white sugar yield, extraction coefficient of sugar, and sugar content in Roshtkhar field. However, the effect of fertilizer treatment on potassium (P<0.01), molasses sugar percentage (P<0.01), and extraction coefficient of sugar (P<0.05) were also significant in Zaveh field. The highest white sugar yield obtained in Roshtkhar and Zaveh fields was 8.5 (in fertilizer No. 1) and 7.61 t ha-1 (in fertilizer No. 3), respectively. The highest root yield (51.47 tha-1) and the lowest sugar content (18.29%) were obtained in fertilizer treatment No. 1 in Roshtkhar field. In Roshtkhar and Zaveh fields, fertilizer composition number 7 (19.16 %) and number 8 (20.01 %) were resulted in the highest sugar content, respectively. Studies showed that the most effective elements in increasing sugar yield and white sugar yield are molybdenum, boron and manganese and the most effective elements in increasing sugar content, white sugar content, extraction coefficient of sugar, and molasses sugar content are iron, zinc, manganese and magnesium. The most effective elements for extraction coefficient of sugar are magnesium, copper and molybdenum. The general conclusion of this study is that the combination of micro- and macronutrient elements containing less nitrogen had positive and significant effect on production quality and sugar efficiency and the proper combination of iron, manganese, zinc, magnesium and molybdenum with macro elements containing less boron and chlorine percentage have the greatest effect on increasing extraction coefficient of sugar, white sugar yield, and root yield.

Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder is among the most prevalent causes of pain and disability in individuals.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of Photobiomodulation (PBM) on pain, range of motion, and thickness and function of supraspinatus muscle in patients with adhesive capsulitis.

Overall, 52 subjects (n=26/group) with adhesive capsulitis referring to Poorsina Hospital, physiotherapy ward, Rasht City, Iran, in 2019 participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to 2 groups of control or routine physical therapy and PBM group. The variables were pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), range of motion (goniometer), the supraspinatus muscle thickness in rest and contraction, and muscle function (ultrasonography). The outcomes were examined before, after 5 and 10 sessions, and at a 1-month follow-up.

There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding the demographic characteristics and studied variables. The interaction of group and time (2×4) was significant for pain (P=0.02). Finally, the Bonferroni post hoc test data indicated the pain reduction in the PBM group was higher than the control group at the follow-up (P=0.03). The mixed two-factor analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of the group and time of shoulder abduction (P=0.6), shoulder external rotation (P=0.46), supraspinatus muscle thickness, rest (P=0.31), supraspinatus muscle thickness, contraction (P=0.11), and rest-contraction (P=0.66) were not significant.

The PBM revealed greater analgesic effects than routine physical therapy in the short term and one-month follow-up. However, the effects on a range of motion and muscle thickness and function were insignificant.

By definition, drought is a period of dryness especially when prolonged that causes extensive damage to crops or prevents their successful growth and has a negative impact on water resources (groundwater resources). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely used index to characterize meteorological drought on a range of timescales. The SPI can be related to groundwater and reservoir storage. For this purpose, the SPI index was evaluated at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months scales in relation to groundwater level changes in Bandar Abbas plains Hormozgan Province.

The Bandar Abbas plains, including the Isin, Shamil-Takht, Gnu, Choch Dehno, and Sarakhoon plains play an important role in agricultural production and development in the region. In order to investigate the impact of recent droughts on groundwater levels of the above-mentioned plains, meteorological data were obtained from Bandar Abbas Synoptic Station during the period 2001-2005.

The results showed that in all the plains during the years studied, the SPI index is getting worse, that is, the drought is expanding and intensifying. Concomitant to this situation, groundwater levels are also falling. The average water level drop for the whole region was 3.35 m. Changes in the groundwater level were more consistent with the long-term effects of drought so that the highest correlation with changes in groundwater level occurred in the 24-month series.

Drought has a great effect on the groundwater level drop and changes in the groundwater level were more consistent with the long-term effects of drought.

Drought is a long-term natural phenomenon when the average precipitation rate is less than that of the normal periods. As a natural phenomenon, drought has turned into a  natural disaster occurring throughout Iran in recent decades with all its associated consequences. On the other hand, although rainfall is considered as the main indicator of water availability, the temperature is also an important factor in this regard, as it controls the evapotranspiration rate. Therefore, parameters such as precipitation and temperature can be used as indicators for analyzing the drought. Moreover, identifying drought trends based on previously recorded data, noting their occurrence in different times and places, and studying their variation over time play a significant role in managing water resources. It should be noted that the purpose of trend analysis is to determine the decreasing or increasing nature of trends in a series of observations performed for a random variable over time.

The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is a meteorological drought index that considers the variability of both precipitation and temperature in predicting drought conditions in a region. Enjoying a multi-scale ability to monitor and analyze drought in different scientific disciplines, the index fulfills the requirements of a drought index, being recently used in a variety of drought analyses. This study measured SPEI using precipitation and temperature data from eleven meteorological stations in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, during the study period.  The Drought events were then identified via the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index over both 3 and 12-month timescales. The total geographical area of Sistan and Baluchestan Province is approximately 187,000 km2, located at 25° 03 N to 31° 28 N (latitudes), and 58° 47 E to 63° 19 E (longitudes). The province has an arid and semiarid climate with a mean annual rainfall of about 100 mm. The monthly precipitation and temperature data recorded at the stations were obtained from the Sistan and Baluchestan's Meteorological Organization. One of the commonly used tools for detecting changes in climatic and hydrologic time series is trend analysis. Mann-Kendall is a non-parametric trend test commonly used to assess the significance of trends in time series. This study used both nonparametric trend tests (Mann-Kendall) and graphical Mann-Kendall model trend analysis (statistical significance at 95% confidence level) to explore the drought trends in each station. The purpose of trend analysis is to determine whether the time series of a random variable's observations generally increases or decreases over time. While parametric trend tests are more powerful, it is non-parametric trend tests are widely used, as they can accommodate outliers in the data and require independent data.

The study's results indicated no negative trend in precipitation but revealed a significant trend in temperature. The SPEI values measured for the short-term time scale (SPEI 3) showed a statistically significant downward trend for all stations, which corroborates the occurrence of more critical drought periods in recent years. Moreover, the study of the frequency of drought occurrence in the stations during 10-year periods suggested an increasing trend in the occurrence of drought in recent years. As for the maximum drought index, it could be said that the index's value has typically increased in recent years, that is, more severe droughts have occurred. According to the results, the most severe drought belonged to the Khash station, and the wettest period was found in the Chabahar station.

This study sought to identify possible drought trends in Sistan and Baluchestan province using the Mann-Kendall test, considering the fact that detecting such changes offer valuable information for future water resources management. Accordingly, the analysis of previous drought events showed that more severe droughts are expected to occur in the years to come. Although this study did not seek to find possible causes of decreasing trends, the results presented herein could be used as a benchmark for further analysis of the consequences of climate change. It could be argued that low precipitation and high potential evapotranspiration (PET), especially the PET caused by rising temperature, are the main factors that could influence drought in the future. Therefore, the influence of the PET should not be ignored in drought analysis, and it is suggested that more comparative studies of different drought indices be conducted on analyzing future climate change-induced droughts.

In order to investigate the effect of magnetic intensity and salinity on germination characteristics of Cuminum ciminum, an experiment was conducted in medicinal plants laboratory of University of Torbat Heydariyeh. Four levels of magnetic field intensity (0, 40, 80, and 120 milli Tesla) as the first factor and four levels of salinity stress (0, -3, -6, and -9 bar) as the second factor was applied. The results showed that salinity was significant on all studied factors including germination percentage, germination rate and mean germination time, seedling weight and length and seed vigor indices I and II at 1% level. Increasing the salinity level reduced the seed germination percentage from 97% in the control treatment to 25% in the -6 bar salinity treatment. Magnetic field also had a significant effect on shoot, root, and seedling length and seed vigor index I factors at the level 1%. In addition it had significant effect on the germination rate and mean germination time at the level of 5%. Application of magnetic field with an intensity of 120 mT increased the weight of shoot, root and seedling by 44.2%, 59.2%, and 52.5% compared to the control, respectively. The interaction of salinity and magnetic field showed a significant effect on shoot, root, and seedling length and seed vigor index I at the level 1%. The general conclusion of this study showed that with increasing salinity, germination percentage decreased and with increasing magnetic field, seedling weight increased. Increasing the length of shoot, root, and seedling also was one of the positive effects of increasing the intensity of the magnetic field

Increasing population and food demand, disproportionate cultivation and annual production of various agricultural products with market needs and low productivity of the agricultural sector and the loss of water and soil resources have made it necessary to determine and implement the country's optimal cropping pattern. In this study, due to the limitations and problems of classical methods in order to reduce processing time and improve the quality of solutions, the Multi-Objective Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization was used to determine the optimal cultivation pattern of Sistan plain in optimal conditions and deficit irrigation. The results of the Multi-Objective Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization for the dominant cultures in the region showed that the current cropping pattern of the region is not optimal and with the implementation of the proposed model, the profit per unit area under cultivation will increase. The results of application of deficit irrigation during different growing periods of wheat, barley, alfalfa, sorghum, watermelon and grapes showed that applying deficit irrigation in this plain is not a good strategy and therefore only a full irrigation strategy is recommended. The results of sensitivity analysis of the model showed that at low prices, farmers reaction is less and at higher prices more reaction to price changes and with increasing prices, the program efficiency is lower.

Precipitation plays a decisive role in meeting the water needs of various crops, dam reserves, feeding surface and groundwater resources, and the occurrence of floods and droughts. Lack of access to long-term daily rainfall data and the high cost of setting up ground meteorological stations necessitate the replacement of low-cost methods with high-precision, high-volume data such as satellite data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of precipitation data predicted by TRMM and GPM satellites in Bandar Abbas metropolis during a 17-year period from 2000 to 2017. Hourly precipitation data of TRMM and GPM satellites were obtained from databases. After analyzing the data format in MATLAB environment, hourly precipitation information was extracted. The results showed that the accuracy of both TRMM and GPM models in precipitation forecasting was appropriate and close to each other; it was often overestimated so that 75% of TRMM model precipitation forecasts and all forecasts GPM models were overestimated. The results showed that the TRMM model was more accurate than the GPM model in accurately predicting the occurrence of rainfall events and had less error in predicting unrealistic rainfall and the highest accuracy of the TRMM and GPM models is on a monthly, annual and daily scale, respectively. The value of EF index in TRMM model varies from -284.52 to 0.71 and in GPM model from -25514 to -1.25. The value of the EF index in the TRMM model predictions was positive in 42% of events, while, in the GPM model, it was not positively predicted in any event. The general conclusion of the research is that TRMM satellite is a suitable tool for monitoring and forecasting precipitation.

Sever disease is a common cause of heel pain in growing adolescents. The aim of this study to prevalence of Sever’s diseasein children in age 5to15 referred to Poursina hospital during 2015-2014

This study designed as descriptive-cross sectional study on 88 children 5 to 15 years admitted to Poursina Hospital in 2015-2014, who had a definite diagnosis of sever disease with regard to clinical symptoms and specialist physician diagnosis were identified. These patients had no evidence of fracture or tumor or deformity in the distal to the leg, infection, reactive arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis during the past 12 months. Patient demographic and contextual information such as age, sex, height, weight, and patient records were recorded from the patient and the patient family. Then data were analyzed, using SPSS, version 21.

Sever disease prevalence in the study period was observed 1/86. The mean age of patients was 10.28 ± 3.92 years. The highest percentage of patients with sever disease in children aged 5 to 15 were males (76.1%). In this study, 100 percent of patients with sever and painful limitation of dorsiflexion and gastrocnemius soleus equines foot / soleus. In this study Chi-square test showed that the gastrocnemius / soleus and professional sports history statistically significant correlation (P=0.0001).

Severe disease is more common in 5 to 15 year old male children doing professional sports, but further research is needed.

The necessity of increasing economical productivity of agriculture and the increasing global demand for medicinal plants and considering the low water requirement of these plants have shifted the cropping pattern to their benefit. Water needs of Nigella sativa L., an important medicinal plant, was not known, therefore, we aimed to determine its water needs. (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) for different phenological stages in arid conditions of Birjand, in 2018. In order to conduct the research, three weighing lysimeters (with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 16 cm) were used in three replications. Actual daily evapotranspiration was estimated by water balance in lysimeters and reference evapotranspiration was calculated based on 12 cm grass. The results showed that, in the initial stage, the rate of evapotranspiration was low, in the developmental stage it had an increasing trend, and after stabilization in the middle stage, with the onset of aging in the maturity stage of growth, the rate of evapotranspiration decreased. Actual and reference crop evapotranspiration was obtained as 670 mm and 1439 mm, respectively. The values of crop coefficients in the initial, development, middle, and final stages were obtained as 0.39, 0.53, 0.59, and 0.28, respectively. The general conclusion of the research is that by using the values of crop coefficients and water requirement, it is possible to cultivate this crop with maximum water productivity in the arid region of Birjand.

Accurate determination of water requirement of plants plays an essential role in determining the dimensions of water facilities, irrigation planning, increasing productivity and irrigation efficiency. The most accurate and standard method of determining the water required by plants is the water balance method using a lysimeter. Purslane as a medicinal plant crops as weeds, special importance has grown in many regions of the world. Purslane many adverse conditions such as drought, salinity and lack of food is consistent. Accordingly, in order to determine crop coefficient (Kc) herb purslane and using three drainage lysimeter during a season in Shiraz. Actual daily evapotranspiration was estimated by water balance equation in lysimeter and potential evapotranspiration with grass plant 12 cm (plant source) was calculated. By dividing the actual evapotranspiration of the plant on potential evapotranspiration, crop coefficient was measured daily during the growing period studied. At the end of the season and at different stages of growth, the values related to portulaca oleracea plant coefficients including initial, developmental, middle and endpoints were 0.9, 1.1, 1.4 and 0.8, respectively. The seasonal water requirement of portulaca oleracea in the study area was 358.97 mm. The average evapotranspiration of the initial, the development, the middle and the final periods were obtained 68, 87.6, 96.11 and 107.24 mm, respectively. The general conclusion of this study is the cultivation of this low water consumption plant in arid and semi-arid regions, including Shiraz.

Water crisis worldwide and nationwide is serious and critical; therefore, water management in urban, agricultural and industrial areas is regarded as an update issue; however, due to maximum use of water in agriculture, management of irrigation water used for agricultural products has become more important requiring programming and altering irrigation water consumption pattern to enhance the efficiency of irrigation water. Accordingly, in this study the indicator of virtual water of sugar beet is measured in Torbat Heydariyeh. The data and statistics were gathered from agricultural Jihad organization, meteorological organization, and ministry of energy during 2011 to 2019. The model used is ecological water footprint index and other related indicators.The results showed that the amount of virtual sugar beet in normal state was 1.2 m3 / kg and with 35% efficiency was 3.4 m3 / kg. The total amount of virtual water from sugar beet exports from Khorasan Razavi province has been increasing over the years. The green water footprint in sugar beet production is 265 million cubic meters per year, which is about 0.14 of the total water footprint calculated. Also, white water footprint in sugar beet production is 950 million cubic meters per year, which is about 52% of the total estimated water footprint, which is due to the low efficiency of irrigation systems in the region. The higher share of blue footprint than green footprint indicates that there is less rain benefit and greater evapotranspiration. Therefore, using irrigation systems with higher efficiency and reducing sugar beet spring sowing area is recommended in Torbat Heydarieh city.

Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse (SNAC) is a common pattern of degenerative wrist arthritis. Besides the conventional surgical method (4-corner fusion (4CF)), alternative methods have been described as capitolunate arthrodesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the surgical result of the capitolunate fusion and the results from the post-surgical one-year follow-up.

From March 2008 to March 2017, among 21 patients with SNAC wrist, stages 2 and 3, 14 were included. Following the scaphoid resection, by preserving capitate convexity and concavity of the lunate's distal face, the lunate was reduced on the capitate, and capitolunate fusion was done using Herbert screws, in the antegrade direction. All patients were followed for one year. Clinical examinations and wrist x-rays were investigated in each follow-up session. Visual analog score (VAS), Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH score) were compared before and after the surgery. Grip strength, flexion and extension were recorded one year after surgery, compared with intact non-operated hand.

Union occurred in all of the patients. VAS score and DASH score decreased (from 6.5 to 3.3 and from 46.14 to 30.43). The VAS score and DASH score decreased significantly after a one-year follow-up (P-value ≤ 0.05). Operated hand flexion was 34.30° (20-80), the extension was 32.58° (20-60), and grip strength was 29.69 Kg (22-40). Non-operated hand flexion was 56.38(30-80), the extension was 61.8 (38-80), and grip strength was 44.54 Kg (28-76). These differences were statistically significant (P-value ≤ 0.05). Based on our study results, scaphoid excision and capitolunate arthrodesis resulted in an acceptable functional wrist with minimal pain. This finding reflects that capitolunate arthrodesis is a time-saving and easy-to-learn procedure. Minimal morbidity of this method supports the idea that the capitolunate arthrodesis is an acceptable alternative to 4CF, the conventional surgical method.

Despite the benefits of methadone and its widespread use in opioid treatment programs, this drug has various adverse side effects even at therapeutic doses. This study aimed to determine the frequency of long QT intervals in patients treated with methadone with doses lower than 100 mg.

In this cross-sectional study, all the patients between 30-65 years of age admitted for methadone maintenance treatment were enrolled. A matched group of patients with no history of using methadone was included. Screening electrocardiography was performed for all participants at the beginning. Demographic data, drug history, QT interval, and Maximum QTc time were evaluated. The mean QT interval was compared with the defined normal value using the one sample t-test. Also, the mean QT interval based on the methadone dose consumption and other variables was analyzed using t-test or ANOVA statistical tests. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.

Out of 196 subjects, 97 patients were in the methadone group. 83.5% of methadone users and 68.7% of the control group were males. The mean age was 43.8, and 44.5 in the methadone and control group, respectively. 83.5% of methadone users and 68.7% of the control group were males. In the methadone group, 17.5% had abnormal QTc-Max, while only 2% of the control group had abnormal QTc-Max (P=0.0001). Of the people who consumed less than 40 mg of methadone daily, 3.7%, and those who consumed more than 40 mg, 34.9% experienced abnormal QTc-Max (P=0.0001). This survey revealed that methadone use in even doses lower than 100 mg could also increase the risk of QT prolongation. Therefore, the treatment team needs to be aware that arrhythmias might occur within a wide range of methadone treatment doses.

The most common problem in patients referred to orthopedic clinics is low back pain. Iliolumbar ligament enthesopathy is one of the causes of low back pain. In this study, we investigated the results of conservative therapy in two groups of patients with low back pain.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 817 patients with back pain referred to our orthopedics clinic during 2013-2014. After diagnosis, patients were divided into two groups. Group A had pain with short external rotator muscles, iliolumbar ligament enthesopathy and gluteal muscle tenderness, and group B were presented with other causes of low back pain. After the end of the conservative therapy the Oswestry disability index were filled by subjects.

Of total, 303 patients (37.1%) were entered the group A and 514 patients (62.9%) were considered as group B with other causes of back pain. Out of 817 patients, 251 were males and 566 were females. The most common cause of pain was found to be discopathy with 438 cases (53.5%). The mean score of the Oswestry pain severity questionnaire was not statistically significant between 2 groups (P = 0.065) prior to the treatment. However, there was found a significant difference between the frequency distribution of the two groups according to the severity of the pain after the treatment (P = 0.0001). In conclusion, the results of our study indicated that the degree of disability, paraclinical cost, diagnosis based on the correct clinical examination in patients could be different, and patients with injuries such as iliolumbar enthesopathy and injured short extensor muscles around the hip and gluteus responded well to conservative therapy.

This study aimed to determine the chemical compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Essential Oil (EO) derived from lime pomace. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the major components of the obtained EO. The antioxidant activities of this EO were determined by radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test. For antimicrobial activity, the disk diffusion method was used and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were studied against common foodborne pathogens including; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result showed that the Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than gram-negative bacteria. The result shows that lime pomace powder with IC50 83.061 mg/mL has a high antioxidant capacity and also, the chemical analysis of the EO showed that the EO contained a complex mixture of several components and the main constituents were D-limonene (28.86%), α- terpinene (15.65%) and γ-terpinene (12.72%) respectively.