فهرست مطالب ata allah ghadiri

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common health problems worldwide. Studies have shown that saffron and its derivatives may have therapeutic potentials in T2DM through reducing plasma glucose. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of saffron extract on serum anti-inflammatory and antioxidant variables in T2DM patients. This was a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted on 64 T2DM patients. Participants received either 15 mg of saffron or placebo capsules (two pills per day) for 3 months Anthropometric indices, homocysteine, serum anti-inflammatory and antioxidant variables and dietary intake were assessed pre- and post-intervention. After 3 months of treatment, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) increased significantly in both group (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA),highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin 10(IL-10) after the treatment period (p>0.05). Homocysteine decteased significantly in control group (p<0.05). Our results showed no improvement in homocystein levels, antioxidant status and inflammatory biomarkers in T2DM patients after treatment with saffron.

We proposed a novel differentiation method for the efficient differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) into functional insulin-producing cells (IPCs) based on MafA overexpression. In this experimental study, a eukaryotic expression vector containing MafA [MafA/pcDNA3.1(+)] was constructed and purified. ADMSCs were differentiated into IPCs. ADMSCs were assigned in two groups including control (C), and the MafA overexpressed (MafA+) groups. The ADMSCs were transfected by MafA/pcDNA 3.1(+) at day 10 of the differentiation. Differentiated cells were analyzed for the expression of multiple β cell specific genes (Nkx2.2, Ngn3, Isl-1, Pdx1, MafA, Nkx6.1, and Insulin) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The insulin secretion potency of the differentiated cells in response to glucose exposure was also determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and Dithizone (DTZ) staining. The IPCs from the control manipulated group, and un-differentiated ADMSCs group were transplanted to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Rats were monitored for blood glucose and insulin concentration. The results revealed that ADMSCs were successfully differentiated into IPCs through the 14 day differentiation protocol. The expression of β-cell specific genes in MafA+ IPCs was higher than in control cells. Glucose-induced insulin secretion after the exposure of IPCs to glucose was higher in MafA+ group than the control group. The STZ- diabetic rats showed an ability to secrete insulin and apparent hyperglycemic condition adjustment after transplantation of the control IPCs. The mean insulin concentration of diabetic rats that were transplanted by manipulated IPCs was significantly higher than ADMSCs-transplanted rats; however, no effect was observed in the concentration of blood glucose. The overexpression of MafA can be used as a novel promising approach for the efficient production of IPCs from ADMSCs in vitro. However, the future therapeutic use of the MafA+ IPCs in diabetic animals needs further investigations.

Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis are common sexually transmitted microorganisms. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of these microorganisms in infertile couples and the effect of these infections on semen parameters. In this case-control study, samples were collected from 50 infertile couples and 50 fertile women and men. Specimens were examined for the presence of C. trachomatis, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum by culture and PCR. Semen specimens were analyzed for apoptotic markers using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and Western blot. In this study, out of 50 semen specimens from infertile men, U. urealyticum and M. hominis were detected in 14 (28%) and 11 (22%) specimens by PCR, and five (10%) and one (2%) specimens by culture, respectively. C. trachomatis was found in five (10%) samples by PCR. In addition, out of 50 endocervical swabs from infertile women, C. trachomatis was found in seven (14%) specimens by PCR, U. urealyticum and M. hominis were detected in 25 (50%) and four (8%) swabs by PCR, and 13 (26%) and two (4%) by culture, respectively. The Western blot and TUNEL assay demonstrated a significant increase in caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation in the semen samples of the infected infertile men compared to uninfected men (6 vs. 1.5; P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that C. trachomatis and genital Mycoplasma are widespread among infertile couples, and these infections may lead to decreased semen quality.

Introdution: According to importance of complimentary therapies. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a four-week aerobic physical activities in water on the extent of clinical improvement and amount of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, TNF-α, Interleukin 10, IL-10 on serum levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain tissue of the animal model of of multiple sclerosis (MS) via inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this experimental study, a total number of 80 female Syrian mice from the race of C57BL/6,, aging 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 20 ± 2 gram were divided into eight groups of 10, namely, control, swimming, MS, MS + swimming, MS + interferon beta (INF-β), MS + interferon beta + swimming, MS + solvent, and MS + solvent + swimming environment. For induction of EAE, 300 μg (35-55) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was first mixed in 100 μl phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and injected subcutaneously (SC). At the time of injection and after 48 hours, 300 ng pertussis toxin was diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneally (IP). During a week after the treatment, mice receiving were the drug in form intraperitoneal received 150 IU/g of the drug per day. Clinical symptoms and the mice's weights were recorded every day. Physical activity group did the aerobic activities for four weeks, five sessions a week, 30 minutes each session. Finally Brains were extracted and blood samples were taken from the heart and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to measure markers. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA. Based on the findings of this study, physical activity compared to interferon beta-1 treatment significantly increased the BDNF factor in mice, increased IL-10, and decreased TNF-α in serum . Aerobic swimming exercises could most probably help remyelination by regulation of inflammatory factors and lowering the speed of myelin destruction, hence, helping the clinical improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Cryptosporidium parvum may contribute to upregulation or downregulation of host cellular genes among which type I (α, β) and type II (γ) interferons play key roles to eliminate infectious agents.
The current study aimed at evaluating the expressed genes related to human type I interferon response in HT-29 cell line after exposure to C. parvum for six and 24 hours.
Subsequently, the overexpression and under expression of 84 human genes related to type I interferons were investigated using RT2Profiler™ PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Array.
Four top overexpressed genes including IL10, SH2D1A, MX1, and HLA-A after six hours exposure, and 10 top overexpressed genes as IL15, DDX58, CXCL10, NMI, MYD88, STAT3, IFNAR2, IFIH1, CASP1, and TLR3 were observed after 24 hours exposure. Five underexpressed genes such as TIMP1, TYK2, IRF2, PML and IRF5 were monitored for six hours.
The current study findings revealed that the overexpressed genes IL15, TIMP1, and SH2D1A may have an important role to inhibit the invasion of C. parvum.
Also, the overexpressed genes, namely SH2D1A, MX1, and NMI, may have antiviral properties while TIMP1 may have anticancer properties. Further, the pertinent results demonstrated that the type I interferons and the relevant genes had significant effects on stimulating innate immune system against C. parvum.

According to importance of complimentary therapies, The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four-week aerobic physical activity in water on clinical signs and amount of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF- α) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) in serum levels of animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) via inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
A total number of 80 female Syrian mice from the race of C57BL/6, aging 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 20±2 gram were divided into eight groups of 10, including: control, swimming, MS, MS댈Ꚛ⧠, MS詻庭 beta (INF- α), MS詻庭 beta댈Ꚛ⧠, MS늉潺, and MS늉潺签댈Ꚛ⧠ environment. On post-immunization day 9, animals received IFN (150 IU/g) or were subjected to swimming daily for 4 weeks. Weight and clinical score were monitored daily and recorded in all groups. Finally blood samples were taken from the heart and the factors were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
According to clinical signs diagrams, there was seen significant difference between MS댈Ꚛ⧠, MS詻庭 beta, MS詻庭 beta댈Ꚛ⧠ with MS group (P=0.001). Also, Based on the scores of clinical signs, the severity of injury in MS groups compared to active subjects had a average score of 2 to 3, indicating control and reduction of the progression of demyelin lesions resulting from the effect of exercise in water.
These findings suggest that probably swimming is more effective than IFN to alter clinical signs and the level of TNF- α and IL-10 in the serum of EAE-induced mice. Therefore we conclude that regular moderate exercise could be helpful beside the medical therapies to attenuate the MS disorders.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as a neuroimmunological disease in human being. The evidences show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its specific receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis. Previous studies demonstrated that various interventions affect the expression of these factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic swimming on the level of BDNF and TrkB in the brain of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or animal model of multiple sclerosis.
A total number of 80 C57BL/6 mice, aging 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 20 ± 2 gram were divided into eight groups of 10, control, swimming (SW), EAE, EAE SW, EAE solvent (SOL), EAE interferon-beta (IFN), EAE environment (En) SOL, and EAE SW IFN. On post-immunization day 9, animals received IFN (150 IU/g) or were subjected to swimming daily for 4 weeks (5 days/week). Brains were extracted and the levels of BDNF and TrkB were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.
Findings: EAE decreased BDNF and increased TrkB level in the brain of EAE-induced mice. Level of BDNF and TrkB increased in mice brain following swimming and IFN treatment; however these alterations were not significant.
These findings suggest that probably swimming is more effective than IFN to alter the level of BDNF and TrkB in the brain of EAE-induced mice.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a four-week aerobic physical activity in water on the extent of clinical improvement and amount of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) protein in the brain tissue of animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) via inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
To this end, a total number of 80 female Syrian mice from the race of C57BL/6, aging 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 20 ± 2 gram were divided into eight groups of 10, namely, control, swimming, MS, MS swimming, MS interferon beta (INF-β), MS solvent, and MS solvent swimming environment. For induction of EAE, 300 μg (35-55) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was first mixed in 100 μl phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and injected subcutaneously (SC). At the time of injection and after 48 hours, 300 ng pertussis toxin was diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneally (IP). During a week after the treatment, mice recieving the drug in form of intraperitoneal received 150 IU/g of the drug per day. Clinical symptoms and the mice's weights were recorded every day. Physical activity group did the aerobic activities for four weeks, five sessions a week, 30 minutes each session. Standard scoring system was used for clinical check and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to measure NRG1 protein. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA.
Findings: The effect of physical activity in water on treatment of multiple sclerosis was the same as that of interferon. The amount of rise in NRG1 protein in swimming group was more than that of the interferon group.
Aerobic swimming exercises could probably help remyelination by increasing the amount of NRG1 protein and lowering the speed of myelin destruction, hence, helping the clinical improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Cryptosporidiosis is a major public health problem for neonatal livestock worldwide. Cryptosporidium parvum infects intestinal epithelial cells via contaminated food or drinking water and leads to cryptosporidiosis. Most of the animal model studies on infectivity of C. parvumare conducted on the neonatal mice.
The current study aimed at evaluating the infectivity of C. parvum in neonatal rat as an animal model.
A dose of 100,000 to 120,000 C. parvum oocysts (Iowa strain, BTF Company, Sydney, Australia) was orally inoculated in a group of 30 neonatal Wistar rats aged 2 days old. Eight days postinfection, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum were removed and contents were homogenized and purified using sucrose gradient method.
Our results indicated that 6 to 12 million C. parvum was found per rat
Analysis of the study results revealed that the neonatal rat could be used as an alternative animal model to investigate C. parvum.

Lectin pathway mediates complement activation, which is activated by many microorganisms. This study aimed at determining the serum levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, assessing its relationship to antiuberculosis treatment response, and comparing them with a control group.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with pulmonary tuberculosis during 2012 and 2013 in South West of Iran. PPD-ST-negative individuals were selected as controls from healthy relatives of patients. Serum MBL levels were measured using ELISA kit (Human MBL HK323, Hycultbiotech Company, Netherlands). All patients were followed- up for response to treatment. We applied Mann-Whitney and Fisher’s exact tests and used SPSS Version 17 software for statistical analysis.

The study included 62 patients as the case group and 63 noninfected TB patients as the control group. The MBL (ng/mL) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (median = 1012) was significantly (p= 0.037) higher than that of the control group (median= 296.2). No significant difference was found in the MBL level (ng/mL) between patients with response to antituberculosis treatment (median= 1012) and patients with treatment failure (median= 798.9) (p= 0.84).
MBL may be involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and in the low values that are protective against tuberculosis, and it seems that it has no effect on the antituberculosis treatment response.

Review and assessment of each department had its own advantages; the evolution of research and educational fields، certainly in the detection of defects and weaknesses of their potential، are beneficial and help it to full maturity. The purpose of this study was internal evaluated of Immunology department، Faculty of Medicine and also it was a descriptive study done in 2010-2011 at at department of Immunology of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Areas evaluated in this study included: head of the department، faculty members، training field، human resources، training and research equipments، teaching and research areas، and graduate students of the group. Questionnaire was prepared and drafted by some faculty members and Medical Education Development and Management center. In coordination with the statement based on the findings of Gorman، a rating scale was classified out of agreement to the very strong range of 1 to 5 points. Head of the Department (acquired by averaging 4. 16)، faculty members (4. 2)، the field of education (4. 1)، according to Gorman classified powerful stars، in the field of human resources (2. 75) Rated rewarding، educational and research facilities in the area (3. 8) stars as well، in the field of research and educational space and graduate students (2. 6) has a satisfactory rating، Department with acquired by averaging 3. 85 stars has been good. According to Gorman classification، department of Immunology of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences was evaluated and ranked in all mentioned areas (acquired by averaging 3. 64) therefore above the satisfactory level