azimeh ghorbanian

 Learning is a complex process in which various factors are involved. The quality of the educational environment is one of the most important factors indicating the quality of education and students' learning. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the learning environment for students of Behbahan Faculty of Medical sciences.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences with 115 students. Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) model was used for data collection that obtained 50 questions in five domains, including students' perceptions of learning, teachers' perceptions of teachers, students' academic self-perceptions, and students' perceptions of educational atmosphere and students' social self-perceptions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and one-way ANOVA.

The mean score of the overall DREEM score was 150.28 +13.03 out of a maximum of 200, showing favorable educational quality (75%). The lowest DREEM score was 64% in students' perceptions of learning, and the highest DREEM score was 79% in both students' perceptions of the professors and students' perceptions of the educational atmosphere. The mean difference for the DREEM subscale scores in different fields of study was statistically significant in all DREEM domains (p <0.05).

Overall, the finding of this study showed that the educational environment of Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences was assessed as favorable by the majority of the students. But, considering the difference in results in different fields of study, the strengths and weaknesses of disciplines should be considered to improve the educational environments.

In this systematic review, we aimed at estimating the pooled prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) in Iran and identifying and summarizing the determinants of CHE among Iranian households. We comprehensively searched the literature on November 2016 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and 3 Persian databases. We also obtained the literature through colleague communications. Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated them. We performed meta-analysis of prevalence of CHE and subgroup meta-analyses to assess the influence of data source and scope of research. Moreover, we categorized the determinants of CHE in Ian. In this review, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, and of them, 2 presented the results of multiple surveys. Results of 27 cross-sectional studies were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of CHE in Iran during 1995 and 2015, which was found to be 3.91% (95% confidence interval, CI: -3.26- 11.07). Subgroup meta-analyses based on data source revealed that the highest prevalence estimate of facing CHE was associated with author-made questionnaires, and the lowest to the statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) questionnaire. Also, meta-regression showed that the difference in sample size and year of study did not have any significant effect on the prevalence of CHE. Some of the variables such as use of inpatient, outpatient, and dentistry services, education, place of residence, and household income, which were considered as determinants of CHE in Iran, increased the possibility of facing CHE. Decrease in CHE to less than 1%, which was the objective of the 2 of Iran’s five-year development plans in 2007 and 2015, was not met. This percentage may need to be reconsidered according to the pooled estimate of CHE. Also, the factors revealed to be the determinants of an increase in the probability of facing CHE could indicate the need for health care services and socioeconomic variables that lower one’s capacity to pay for health services.

Job burnout is one of the factors affecting the quality of staff performance which can lead to undesirable effects. One of the factors affecting the job burnout of employees is the organizational culture that requires managers and decision makers of the human resources pay special attention to it. In this research, the relationship between job burnout with organizational culture and the source of individual motivation has been investigated. This is a descriptive-analytic study, with the practice aim in a cross-sectional fashion. The statistical population included all personnel of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, among whom 211 were selected as research sample. The data collection tool was Maslach's Professional Burnout Questionnaire (MBI), Denison's Standard Organizational Culture Questionnaire, and Motivational Source of Individual Questionnaire (MSI). Data were analyzed by SPSS21 software and also by structural equation modeling (SEM) software Lisrel 8.5. The relationship between all dimensions used in the model to explain the latent variables was significant except for the emotional exhaustion level of burnout (P-value < 0.05). The relationship between organizational culture and job burnout and the relationship between the sources of individual motivation and burnout were confirmed. In total, based on the structural equation model, two variables of organizational culture and individual motivation sources have been able to explain 32 % of the changes in occupational burnout. Regarding the effect of organizational culture and the sources of individual motivation on employees' job burnout, it is recommended to strengthen the organizational culture in four dimensions of engagement in work, adaptability, conformity and mission, which is effective in reducing job burnout of employees

Stewardship ,one of the most dominant functions of the health system is emphasized in the “General Health Policies Document” (GHPD) announced by the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Given that stewardship is a multi-dimensional concept with several different definitions, it needs clarification based on the aforementioned criteria in the GHPD. The purpose of this study was to identify and assess the concept of stewardship and its role functions. This study was a scoping review. For this purpose, reliable Persian and English-language databases were systematically reviewed without time limitation. The various definitions of stewardship, its functions and duties, as well as its role in achieving health goals are summarized. According to the findings, stewardship is defined  differently  and different functions and tasks are stated for it; but their common point is the concept of unbiased orientation to provide community benefits rather than individual or group benefits. Review of the stewardship concept revealed that its main function is to envision the health system and define the limitations and boundaries that affect the health system and ascertain that it works properly. In fact, as stated  in the  GHPD, the role of stewardship in the health system is one of governance and is not transferable. It is in line with the general health policy document.

In today''s changing and uncertain environment, there is a need for transformational leaders. Besides, due to lack of effective leaders in organizations, identifying factors influencing managers to act as transformational managers is very important. Spirituality is one of the factors, which cause managers to act as transformational managers.. This study aimed to investigate the association between managers'' spirituality at work and their leadership styles in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2012.. This was an applied, cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study conducted on all managers at different levels (n = 44) and a sample of 74 employees of the Vice Chancellor of Management Development and Resource Planning of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2012. Data was collected using two questionnaires evaluating managers'' leadership styles and their spirituality at work. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0 by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression (Stepwise method). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.. There were positive and significant correlations between transformational leadership style and managers'' spirituality at work (r = 0.364, P < 0.001) and between transformational leadership style and all dimensions of managers'' spirituality at work (P < 0.05). Multiple Linear Regression showed that among the dimensions of managers'' spirituality at work, only interpersonal communication had a significant effect on using transformational leadership style by managers (P = 0.001).. If managers'' spirituality at work, especially interpersonal communication skills improves, their use of transformational leadership would be increased. Therefore, it seems necessary to employ individuals with great interpersonal communication skills and good communication with other people and colleagues, teams, formal and informal organizations as managers. Furthermore, it is recommended to continuously improve managers'' communication skills to enable them to act as transformational managers..

Spirituality at work help to organization to face with today challenges. Spirituality can increase welfare and quality of life of staff. On the other hand, some leaders can influence to beliefs, values and objectives of staff and affected individuals. So, according to benefits of spirituality in organization and importance of leadership style of managers, in this research have studied relationship between leadership style of managers and spirituality at work of staff.

It is a survey study. The statistical community was all managers in different levels of department of resources development and management of Tehran University of medical sciences and a sample of its staff. To measure spirituality at work is used questioner of Rastegar (2006), and to measure leadership style is used multiple leadership questioner, (MLQ) questionnaire. Its Validity has been approved by the relevant experts, and its reliability is demonstrated with Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, is used spearman correlation test multivariate linear regression analysis. For this is used SPSS 16.

Based on the findings, score of dimensions of spirituality at work for staffs, respectively were super personal, inter personal, intra personal and extra persona. Transformational leadership and transactional leadership style of managers has been positive relation with spirituality at work. (p<0.01) Associated to the regression model, contingent reward and management by exception has affected spirituality at work of staff.

Because of the three were more positive relation between transactional leadership style of managers and spirituality at work of staffs, and Furthermore, tow sub scales of this leadership style had scientific effect in regression model and explanation of spirituality at work, However other researcher are admiring transformational leadership. Therefore based on the findings of this research, perhaps, transactional leadership style was better for spirituality at work of staff. Therefore for use benefits of spirituality at work in organization, managers used transactional leadership style and use reward and punishment.