bahi jalili

The environmental effects caused by the use of chemical fertilizers, including water and soil pollution, are a threat to the health of the environment. Researchers are trying to reduce the harmful effects of using chemical fertilizers and applying as much mineral resources as possible in the soil to meet the nutritional needs of plants. The use of natural amendments such as zeolite, pumice and bentonite play an important role in reducing the loss of nutrients and increasing the fertilizer use efficiency. These amendments, having a special physical and chemical structure, play an important role to increase the absorption of water and nutrients. As a result, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of zeolite, pumice and bentonite application on the seed yield, yield components and concentration of macro elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of soybean seeds and leaves in two soils with different characteristics.

This experiment was conducted as a split plot in three replicates and in 84 pots in the research greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2021. In this experiment, the main factors include two types of soil texture (silty clay and sandy loam) and the secondary factors in fourteen levels include the control, PK chemical fertilizer treatment according to the soil test, zeolite, pumice and bentonite, each at 2 levels of 0.5 and 1% without fertilizer, 0.5% zeolite, pumice and bentonite with 75% PK fertilizer, 1% zeolite, pumice and bentonite with 50% PK fertilizer were considered. each of the treatments was mixed with 10 kg of soil to the pots. After applying the treatment, three germinated soybean seeds were planted in each pot. In all stages of growth irrigation, weeding, pest and disease control were done. After harvesting, seed yield, the thousand seed weight, pod number and concentrations of nutritional elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured in seeds and leaves. The data obtained from the experiment were statistically analyzed using Statistic software. The comparison of the means was also done using the LSD test method at the 5% level.

The results showed that the effect of the type of soil on seed yield, the thousand seed weight and concentration of phosphorus in seeds and also on the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves was significant. In addition, the effect of the amendment treatments on all studied traits was significant except leaf potassium. While the interaction effect of soil type (texture) and treatments was significant on seed yield, leaf nitrogen, seed phosphorus and seed potassium. the highest amount of seed yield of 67/02 gram per pot was observed in silty clay soil and in 0/5 % zeolite with 75% PK fertilizer and the lowest amount of seed yield of 43.73 gram per pot was obtained in sandy loam soil and 1 % pumice with 50% PK fertilizer. Also the maximum amount of thousand seed weight and number of pods in per pot were observed in the 1% zeolite treatment and the lowest in the 1% bentonite with 50% fertilizer treatment. Bentonite 1% treatment, increased seed nitrogen by 11% compared to control. The mean comparison results showed that in silty clay soil, the highest percent of leaf nitrogen of as 7.79 percent in 1% zeolite with 50% PK fertilizer was measured and in sandy loam soil, the highest percent of leaf nitrogen of 6.86 percent was measured in 0.5% zeolite with 50% PK fertilizer. the highest percent of seed phosphorus and seed potassium was obtained in silty clay soil and 1% bentonite and sandy loam soil and 0/5 % zeolite with 75% PK fertilizer treatments respectively. The lowest amount of seed phosphorus and potassium were measured in sandy loam soil and 0/5 % pumice treatments.

among the amendments studied in this research, zeolite and bentonite had the greatest effect on the studied traits. The positive effect of different levels of zeolite alone and with PK fertilizer was observed on seed yield, thousand seed weight, number of pods in per pot, leaf nitrogen and seed potassium. The general results of the present research showed that the use of 1% zeolite, improved the growth of the plants and increased the yield components. Also the use of zeolite with PK fertilizer for increasing the seed yield was recommended.

Nitrate pollution in groundwater and drinking water reservoirs has increased alarmingly in different parts of the world. The high concentration of nitrate in surface and groundwaters is due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and improper disposal of wastes caused by human activities and animal manure. Due to its high mobility, nitrate anion is easily washed from the soil and enters the surface and groundwaters. If the concentration of nitrate exceeds the limit (50 mg l-1), it causes the disease of children with methemoglobinemia, as well as the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Various methods have been proposed to remove nitrate. These methods besides having side effects on water, are not economically viable. In recent years, the development of effective technologies for keeping nitrates in the soil has received much attention. Adding biochar to the soil is one of the effective ways to reduce nitrate leaching. Biochar is a carbon-rich and porous substance, that is produced by heating biomass such as organic waste, animal manure, plant residues, sewage sludge, wood, etc. in limited or oxygen-free conditions. Due to its high specific surface area, high porosity, and diverse functional groups, biochar increases the water retention capacity, cation exchange capacity, and surface absorption capacity after adding it to the soil. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effect of biochar and biochar coated with trivalent iron on the amount of nitrate absorption from aqueous solution.

Biochar can be produced from materials with low economic value and is a suitable and inexpensive adsorbent for nitrate removal from water sources. According to the studies conducted for biochar production, the temperature and duration of storage in the furnace are the most important factors controlling the quality and strength of biochar in nitrate removal. In this research, four types of rice straw, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, and dicer wood chips were used to produce biochars. First, the samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve and dried in an oven at 70°C for 24 h. Then they were converted to biochar for 3 h at 300 and 600°C in an electric furnace under oxygen-free conditions. To determine the best adsorbent with maximum nitrate absorption, 0.5 gr of each adsorbent was weighed and poured into a 50 ml centrifuge tube. Then, it was contacted at a constant time (60 min) at an initial concentration of 50 mg l-1 of nitrate solution. After determining the best adsorbent, kinetic experiments were done to determine the equilibrium time, optimum pH, and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherms were conducted for soil, rice husk 300˚C (RSB 300), and Fe-coated RSB 300.

The results showed that among the eight types of biochar produced at two temperature conditions of 300 and 600 ˚C, RSB 300, with the initial concentration of nitrate solution of 50 mg l-1 and contact time of 60 min, had the most amount of nitrate absorption. The kinetic experiments were continued on this type of biochar. The kinetic experiment results showed adsorption nitrate with an initial concentration of 50 mg l-1 an equilibrium time of 90 min, pH 7, and an adsorbent dosage of 1.25 g l-1 was 23580 mg kg-1. The result of the adsorption isotherms study showed that the adsorption of nitrate on RSB and Fe-coated RSB were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. This result indicates the uniform or single-layer distribution of active sites on the absorbent surface. The maximum adsorption capacity of nitrate by RSB and Fe-coated RSB were 38.16 and 43.66 mg g-1, respectively.

The use of cheap absorbents can be a suitable solution for removing environmental pollution. In general, biochar can absorb pollutants and nutrients by its potential physicochemical properties, including high specific surface area, high porosity, high cation and anion exchange capacity, high surface charge density, low volume mass, and the presence of functional groups. The results showed that among the eight types of biochar tested, RSB with the initial concentration of nitrate solution of 50 mg l-1 and contact time of 60 min, had the highest absorption rate. The optimal conditions for nitrate absorption are estimated at 90 min of contact time, pH 7, and adsorbent dosage of 1.25 g l-1. The results showed that wastewater treatment by surface absorption process using biochar produced from vegetable waste is a very useful and effective method. Besides, the results of isotherm adsorption on the nitrate adsorption test data by biochar produced from RSB and Biochar Fe-coated RSB showed that nitrate adsorption on these adsorbents according to its correlation coefficient (R2=0.994) is consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum absorption capacity RSB is 38.16 mg l-1, which is more absorbable than other studies. Now, when the above biochar was coated with Fe, the maximum nitrate absorption capacity increased by 43.66 mg g-1, which is a very high absorption. It can be concluded that RSB, especially when it has a Fe-coating, is a suitable adsorbent for removing nitrate from water. Therefore, it is suggested to investigate the effect of biochar covered with different cations on the mobility of other pollutants that are in anionic form.

Proper nutrition program is one of the main ways to improve plant quality and has a significant role in increasing its performance.

To investigate the effect of the use of organic and mineral sources containing silicon on the concentration of silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), an experiment in the form of chopped plots with three replications in the fields of Dazmirkandeh village in the suburbs of Sari city in 2019. All the experimental steps were done in the laboratory of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The main factor was two varieties of rice and the secondary factor was the type and amount of silicon sources in 11 levels of fertilizer treatment.

According the results, the simple effect of variety and different sources of silicon on the concentration of silicon was significant in the flag leaf, biomass and grain of rice. The average concentration of nutrients in aerial organs in Tarem Hashemi cultivar was more than Shiroudi cultivar and different sources of silicon could increase the concentration of silicon elements in flag leaves by 70%, biomass by 16% and seeds by 20%, and nitrogen by 12 and 55 respectively, and 50%, increase phosphorus by 100, 60 and 87% and finally increase potassium by 20, 15 and 50%.

In general, the use of all silicate treatments compared to the control treatment and basic fertilizer increased the concentration of silicon and other elements in the aerial parts of the plant.

The soils of arid and semi-arid regions of Iran contain small amount of organic matter due to the lack of sufficient vegetation. Improving the soil organic matter due to the rapid decomposition of the added materials requires the continuous return of organic materials to the soil. Addition of organic amendments such as straw and stubble, manure, sewage sludge and other waste to the soil increases the amount of organic matter in the soil. Sewage sludge is one of the most important organic wastes and byproducts of wastewater treatment processes, and due to the increase in their production in recent decades, its management has become one of the key tasks in the environmental policies of many countries. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture provides a high amount of the nutrients to plants. But potential environmental hazards such as the presence of microbes and heavy metals in sewage sludge is considered as a limiting factor, thus sewage sludge transformation to biochar is a desirable way to manage them. Biochar is a product of thermal decomposition of organic materials in the absence of air (pyrolysis). It has been shown that biochar production from sludge reduce the volume of sludge and removes some heavy metals from the sludge. Biochemical properties of soil are more sensitive to changes in soil management compared to chemical and physical properties. Among them, soil enzymes play an important role in nutrient cycling in nature, additionally they are sensitive indicators to agricultural operations, and respond faster than other soil biological characteristics to changes in soil management and agricultural operations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sewage sludge and its biochar on the activities of soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrose enzymes.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Effects of sewage sludge biochar at three level of 0 (B0), 2 (B2) and 4 (B4) percent, the sewage sludge at three level of 0 (S0), 4 (S4) and 8 (S8) precent and four different incubation time were evaluated on soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase activities. Nine treatments including 1) control; zero level of biochar and sludge (B0S0), 2) 2% w/w of biochar (B2), 3) 4% w/w of biochar (B4), 4) 4% w/w of sludge-sewage (S4) 5) 8% w/w of sewage sludge (S8), 6) 2% w/w of biochar + 4% w/w of sewage sludge (B2S4), 7) 2% w/w of biochar + 8% w/w of sewage sludge (B2S8), 8) 4% w/w Biochar + 4% w/w of sewage sludge (B4S4), 9) 4% w/w of biochar + 8% w/w of sewage sludge (B4S8) was incorporated in the soil. Each of the treatments was mixed with one kilogram of soil samples and then transferred to plastic containers with a capacity of 1.5 kg and their moisture was kept 60-70% of the field capacity. Then the lid of the containers was closed and five holes with a diameter of approximately 2 mm were installed on each for air exchange. During the incubation the moisture of the samples was kept constant by regularly weighing the containers. Sub-samples were taken at intervals of 2, 15, 30 and 60 days. In these samples, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and activities of sucrase (invertase), urease and alkaline phosphatase enzymes were measured.

The activity of urease in various treatments showed a high fluctuation during the incubation time. At the beginning of incubation, the addition of amendments caused a significant increase (p˂0.01) in the activity of this enzyme compared to the control. On day 15, the highest urease activity of urease in was observed in S4 (950 µg NH4+ g-1 h-1) and B2S8 (954 µg NH4+ g-1 h-1). After one month of incubation, the activity of this enzyme in B4, S4 and B4S8 decreased significantly compared to the control, and in other treatments, its amount was significantly higher than that of the control. However, at the end of the incubation time, the maximum activity of this enzyme was achieved in B2S4 (1196 µg NH4+ g-1 h-1). Alkaline phosphatase activity fluctuated highly in different treatments during the incubation period. After one month from the beginning of the experiment, the activity of this enzyme increased significantly in all treatments compared to the control, and the highest amount alkaline phosphates was observed in B2S4 (3348 µg pNP g-1 h-1) and B4S8 (3342 µg pNP g-1 h-1). Nevertheless, by Day 60 the activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly in all treatments compared to the control. Sucrase enzyme activity increased on Day 30 days in all treatments compared to the control. The highest amount of the activity of this enzyme was obtained in S8 at the rate of 2574 µg glucose g-1 h-1. But at the end of the incubation time, the maximum activity of this enzyme was observed in B2S4.

The highest pH was observed in control and B2 treatments. Increasing the dosage of sludge and biochar did not have a significant effect on soil pH, perhaps because the pH of sludge and biochar was lower than soil pH. The highest amount of organic carbon was observed in the B2S8. Increasing the dosage of biochar did not have a significant effect on organic carbon, but increasing the dosage of sludge caused an increase in organic carbon. The highest amount of total N was achieved in B2S8 treatment. Maximum amount of available was observed in B4S8. No significant difference was recorded in higher doses of sludge and biochar, which may be due to stabilization or surface absorption of phosphorus. The highest amount of urease activity was observed in B2S4 and B4S8. In higher doses of biochar, urease activity relatively remained constant, however, higher doses of biochar reduced it. The maximum activity of alkaline phosphatase was achieved in S8, B2S8 and B4S8. The highest amount of sucrase activity was recorded for S8. Overall, our study showed that co-application of sewage sludge and biochar (B2S4) seems suitable to improve the soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase activity.

Widespread entry of effluents, which are toxic and non-biodegradable, from factories and various industries into the environment, and accordingly, pollution of water and soil resources lead to many dangers for humans and other organisms. Therefore, modification of these resources is important. Currently, multiple technologies from the physical, chemical, and biological perspectives have been established for the remediation of contaminated water. However, most of them involve energy consumption, high-cost instruments, low efficiency, complicated implementation, or secondary pollution. Therefore, it is critical to develop more convenient, economic, and environmentally harmonious strategies for the decontamination of polluted water. Biochar is an emerging material that is manufactured by the decomposition of carbon-rich biomass under oxygen-limited pyrolysis. Remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of biochar as an environmentally friendly and low-cost material for carbon sequestration, energy recovery, contamination relief, and nutrient supplementation. In recent decades, biochar has gained significant attention in the remediation of contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments. However, biochar only has limited adsorption ability to anionic contaminants in water. This is because biochar often has a negative surface charge, hindering it to absorb negatively charged compounds such as Cr(VI) and Direct Blue71. Various modification methods thus have been developed to improve its affiliation to anionic contaminants by introducing metal oxides onto the carbon surface within its pore networks. Studies showed that the application of biochar and metal-coated biochar, effectively leads to the removal of significant amounts of contaminants from water and soil, but so far the impact of metal-carbon composite on the removal of contaminants, especially anionic contaminants has not been reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to produce different types of biochar-metal composites, to investigate the effectiveness of different types of composites in removing Direct Blue 71 and chromium from aqueous solution, and also to compare the composites with: plant biomass, metal-coated biomass, biochar, and metal coated biochar.

In this study, the effect of plant biomass, metal-coated biomass, biochar, metal-coated biochar, and metal-biochar composite at two temperatures (300 and 600  ̊C) on the removal of Direct Blue 71 and Chromium contaminants from the water was investigated. The biochar used in this experiment was produced from the thermal decomposition of rice straw, which is abundant in the region. At first, the sample was passed through a 2 mm sieve, then they pyrolyzed at 300 and 600  ̊C for three hours. Metal-coated biochars and metal-biochar composites were prepared from the combination of metals (manganese, zinc, copper, iron, and aluminum) with a concentration of 10,000 mg L-1 with agricultural residues (rice straw) as a raw material or biochar. The samples were mixed with metals with a ratio of 1:50 (1 gram of sample, 50 mL of metal solution) and shaken for 24 hours. Then the samples were filtered and oven dried at 70  ̊C. After the preparation of adsorbents, a specific amount of adsorbents and pollutants with a concentration of 20 mg L-1 were combined and shaken for three hours until they reached equilibrium. All the samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 6000 rpm. After filtration, the final concentration of pollutants was determined and the removal percentage of Direct Blue 71 and chromium was calculated.

Based on our results, the application of different adsorbents has a significant effect on the removal percentage of Direct Blue 71 and chromium from the water. Our data showed that high-temperature adsorbents were more efficient in removing Direct Blue 71 and chromium. For example, by increasing the biochar pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 600 °C, the Direct Blue 71 removal percentage has increased from 10.733 to 63.695 %. According to the results of the current study, it can be observed that covering the agricultural residues and biochars with metals has been able to increase the efficiency of the adsorbents in pollutant removal due to the creation of a cationic bridge. In general, the results of this study showed that the application of aluminum and iron composite and aluminum and iron coated biochar produced at 600°C was beneficial in the remediation of contaminated water and these adsorbents could remove 98.303, 88.847, 98.302 and 96.777 % of Direct Blue 71 and 97.983, 78.733, 96.75 and 92.167 % of chromium pollutant from the aqueous solution, respectively. Therefore, the application of these adsorbents can be useful to modify water polluted with these contaminants.

According to the results of this research, it can be observed that the addition of metal-coated biochar and biochar-metal composite to water has reduced the amount of direct blue 71 and chromium pollutants, so their use in water contaminated with these pollutants can be beneficial. Organic materials and biochar are among the adsorbents that are widely used to reduce pollutants from water and soil, but anionic pollutants are not well absorbed due to the dominant negative surface charge of these adsorbents. Therefore, it seems that for more effective use of organic adsorbents, it is necessary to combine these materials with metals or other materials so that their absorption capacity increases and they can be effective in removing anionic pollutants. The composite has a new physical and chemical nature compared to Biomass which is pyrolyzed alone (biochar). Even composite can be significantly different from metal-coated biochar.

The increase of various industries and the ever-increasing growth of the population of the planet have caused all kinds of contamination in the environment. One of the most important contaminants in water, which has many risks for human health and living organisms and important environmental risks, is anionic compounds in high concentration. Chromium is one of these contaminants that causes contamination in the environment and brings many risks to human health and other living organisms. Various methods have been evaluated to remove heavy metals from water, which often include chemical or energy-intensive processes. Therefore, it is important to modify these sources with the help of affordable adsorbents and with low energy consumption. Previous studies showed that biochar, metal-coated biochars and carbon-metal composites are highly effective in removing chromium contaminants with a concentration of 20 mg/liter from water, but so far the effect of these adsorbents on removing this anionic contaminant in high concentrations has not been investigated.

In this research, the efficiency of different adsorbents (biochar, copper-coated biochar, aluminum-coated biochar, iron-coated biochar, biochar-copper composite, biochar-aluminum composite and biochar-iron composite) on the removal of chromium, with a concentration of 300 mg per liter, from water was investigated. Metal-coated biochars were prepared from the combination of metals (copper, iron and aluminum) with a concentration of 10000 mg/kg with biochar produced at 600 degrees Celsius and various biochar-metal composites were prepared from the combination of these metals with rice straw and then the samples were pyrolyzed at 600 degrees Celsius. In order to determine the efficiency of the adsorbents, 0.5 grams of each adsorbent was mixed with 40 ml of chromium solution with a concentration of 300 mg/l and pH= 6 and shaken for three hours until they reached equilibrium. Then the samples were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 6000 rpm and after the filtration, the final concentration of the contaminant was obtained and the percentage of chromium removal was calculated.

The results of the present study showed that all of the applied adsorbents were effective in removing high concentrations of chromium from water. The lowest removal rate of this contaminant was related to the biochar sample, which only removed 15.28% of this contaminant from water; And the highest amount of removal was achieved using iron composite, which removed 44.45% of the contaminant from the aqueous solution. According to the results of this research, it can be observed that coating biochar and rice straw with metals has been able to increase the efficiency of this adsorbent in removing chromium from water. For example, iron composite and iron-coated biochar were able to remove 44.45 and 30.86% of chromium contaminant from the aqueous solution, respectively, while rice straw biochar was only able to remove 15.28% of this contaminant from water.

The results of present study showed that iron coated biochar and biochar-iron composite had more ability to remove chromium contaminant from aqueous solution than other metal coated biochars and biochar-metal composites and were able to perform more successfully. Therefore, the use of these adsorbents can be effective in the treatment of chromium-contaminated water.

The increase of various industries and the growth of the earth's population have caused various types of contamination in the environment. Anionic contaminants are one of the most important contaminants in water, which have many risks to human health and living organisms and also have many important environmental risks. Therefore, it is important to modify these resources. Studies showed that the use of biochar and metal-coated biochar effectively leads to the removal of a significant amount of contaminants from water and soil, but so far, the effect of carbon-metal composite on the removal of contaminants, especially anionic contaminants, has not been comprehensively investigated. In this research, the effect of biochar, metal-coated biochar and biochar-metal composite on the removal of chromium from water was investigated. Metal-coated biochars and various biochar-metal composites were prepared from the combination of metals (copper, iron and aluminum) with agricultural residues (rice straw) in raw form or as a biochar. The samples included Biochar, Copper-coated biochar, Aluminum-coated biochar, Iron-coated biochar, Copper composite, Aluminum composite, and Iron composite. In the first stage, the optimal conditions for contaminant removal were investigated, then an optimal amount of adsorbents and contaminant with a concentration of 20 mg/L and pH=6 were combined and shaken for three hours. until they reached equilibrium. After centrifugation and filtration, the final concentration of the contaminant was read and the chromium removal percentage was calculated. The results of the present research showed that the application of iron composite and iron-coated biochar could remove 90.32 and 93.71 percent of chromium pollutant from the aqueous solution, respectively. Therefore, the use of these adsorbents can remediate chromium-contaminated water.

Although micronutrients are required by plants in small amounts, they play an important role in plant growth and development. Plant structure, plant enzyme system, formation and degradation of proteins, and production of plant hormones such as gibberellic acid and chlorophyll are affected by micronutrients including iron and zinc. The soil of most regions of Iran has an alkaline pH and is poor in terms of micronutrients, which has occurred as a result of lack of rainfall, a lot of salts such as carbonates and bicarbonates, unfavorable management of irrigation, destruction of vegetation, fallow, indiscriminate plowing, etc. Therefore, organic fertilizers enriched with micronutrients are suitable alternatives due to their high amounts of organic matter content, and their role in improving soil properties. Organic fertilizers have high amounts of macronutrients such as nitrogen and potassium but the amount of their micronutrients is relatively low. Therefore, mixing iron and zinc metals with the organic fertilizer induces the increased available iron and zinc in the organic fertilizer. The increase in the available concentration of iron and zinc can be due to reduction conditions by the organic fertilizer induced. Adding enriched fertilizers with iron and zinc metal scrap to the soil, while eliminating iron and zinc deficiency, reduces the cost of producing chemical fertilizers and their import, and prevents environmental pollution caused by the consumption of these fertilizers and the accumulation of metal scraps. Considering that the effect of fertilizers enriched with metal iron and zinc on the soil has not been studied so far, in this research, the effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps on the concentrations of iron and zinc in soils with different textures was investigated.

In order to investigate the effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal particles on the amount of iron and zinc in soils with different textures, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots-factorial in a completely randomized block design. The main factor includes soil texture in three types heavy, medium, and light texture. The secondary factors include iron-enriched cow manure compost and zinc-enriched cow manure compost in two levels of zero and 30 t ha-1. At first, the produced cow manure compost was passed through a two mm sieve to remove extra materials (gravel and straw pieces). For enrichment, two percent of iron and zinc scraps were added to 100 gr of dry matter of cow manure compost that was saturated in plastic containers and kept for 60 days under laboratory and moisture conditions. After the enrichment process, the cow manure compost with iron and zinc metal scraps of two percent was added to the soils with field moisture capacity in plastic containers after 60 days. Then, the soils were sampled and the available iron and zinc concentrations of the soils were measured.

The results showed that the use of iron-enriched cow manure compost led to an increase of available iron in different soil textures so that it reached 24.16 mg kg-1 in the heavy soil texture, which was 3.8 times greater than the control treatment in the same texture. Also, the addition of zinc-enriched cow manure compost could increase available iron up to 21.51 mg kg-1. Since this treatment contains highly soluble zinc, the soluble zinc can be placed on the surface of the soil colloids and thus increase the available iron. Cow manure compost treatment enriched with zinc also caused a 3499 % increase in available zinc in the heavy soil texture compared to the control treatment in the same soil texture. The reason for this increase in available iron and zinc can be related to the formation of chelate and complex with soil organic matter components. The interaction effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc caused a significant increase of available zinc in the soil compared to the application of these fertilizers alone, and the concentration of available zinc in the heavy soil texture reached 70.87 mg kg-1. This can be attributed to the high amount of zinc in zinc-enriched fertilizer (4538.7 mg kg-1) and the synergistic effect of iron-enriched fertilizer, which had a double effect on the chelation of zinc elements with organic matter in the soil.

Based on the results of this experiment, the application of 30 tons per hectare of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps increased the amount of available iron and zinc in the soil, especially in the heavy soil texture. This issue is probably due to the higher content of organic substances and as a result of increasing their chelation rate with soil organic components. Therefore, it is recommended to use organic fertilizers enriched with iron and zinc along with metal scraps to solve the deficiency of these elements and improve the chemical properties of the soil according to environmental and economic considerations. Also, due to the addition of significant amounts of available iron and zinc to the soil by enriched cow manure compost, it is recommended to consume fewer amounts of enriched manure.

Metal scrap is one of the most important materials in urban and especially industrial waste, which constitutes 70% of the total industrial waste. Metal scrap trade has been the main source of heavy metal production and pollution in the environment. In addition, metal scrap has properties of toxicity, pathogenicity, reliability in the environment and even in the body of living beings and corrosiveness. Therefore, by reusing these metals, environmental pollution will be prevented, and energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. Also, metal scrap recycling can prevent the extraction of ore and raw materials and preserve non-renewable mineral resources. On the other hand, cow manure compost, as a material that is a product of cow manure composting, has a very variable composition, the range of its elements depends on several factors such as livestock feeding, type of keeping and processing of cow manure, type of composting. Organic fertilizers have high amounts of macronutrients such as nitrogen and potassium, but they are relatively poor in terms of micronutrients. Accordingly, mixing organic fertilizers with metal scraps of iron and zinc can lead to an increase in the concentration of these elements in the fertilizer by forming complexes and chelates in the fertilizer. Adding metal scraps of iron and zinc to organic fertilizers causes iron to be chelated by the organic parts of the fertilizer, such as fulvic acid and humic acid, which have low molecular weight. This process occurs as a result of the effect of organic materials in creating reductive conditions, which depends on factors such as acidity, oxidation and reduction potential, the amount and type of organic compounds, and the type of iron and zinc scraps. Furthermore, as a result of increasing moisture and creating saturated conditions, the amount of oxygen in the fertilizer decreases and is consumed by aerobic microorganisms to the extent that it reduces the redox potential and creates reductive conditions. In this situation, anaerobic microorganisms use oxidized substrates as electron acceptors and change the capacity of elements such as trivalent iron and tetravalent manganese to divalent iron and manganese by consuming protons. Organic fertilizers, having high organic matter, cause a further decrease of the redox potential and facilitate the aggravation of the reduction conditions and the change of the element capacity. The purpose of this research is the effect of different moisture levels on the enrichment of cow manure compost by using metal scraps of iron and zinc.

To study this research, a split-plot-factorial experiment was conducted in the basic design of completely randomized blocks with 3 replications. The main factor of the design was moisture, which included 3 moisture levels of saturation, half saturation, and quarter saturation, and the secondary factors included iron scrap and zinc scrap, each of which had 3 levels with percentages of 0, 0.2, and 2. Also, the treatments of sub-factors in 9 levels were as follows:1- iron particles 0% + zinc particles 0% (control), 2- iron particles 0% + zinc particles 0.2%, 3- iron particles 0% + zinc particles 2%, 4- iron particles + 0.2% 0% zinc particles, 5-2% iron particles + 0% zinc particles, 6-0.2% iron particles + 0.2% zinc particles, 7-0.2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles, 8-particles 2% iron + 0.2% zinc particles and 9-2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles.The cow compost manure used in this research consisted of cow manure and wheat straw. To prepare the compost, the cow manure produced was stored and decomposed for three months, then the manure that was relatively decomposed was composted using the Windrow method. After that, the produced compost was passed through a 2 mm sieve to remove extra materials such as gravel and wood pieces. To prepare the treatments, first, 100 grams of dry matter of cow manure compost was saturated with distilled water, the volume of distilled water was equal to 240 ml, and its weight humidity was equal to 200%. Accordingly, 120 ml of distilled water was used for the half-saturated moisture level (humidity equal to 100%) and 60 ml of distilled water was used for the quarter-saturated moisture level (humidity equal to 50%). Then iron and zinc scraps that had a metallic form were added to 100 grams of compost dry matter that was moistened in plastic containers. In the following, the samples were incubated for 60 days at a temperature of 25 ± 3 and and during this period, the weight moisture of the treatments was measured every 5 days and the treatments were moisturized to maintain the initial moisture. At the end of the incubation, the treatments were air-dried and their available iron and zinc concentrations were measured.

The results show that the amount of available iron in saturated moisture was higher than the other two moistures, which is probably due to the reduction of trivalent iron to divalent iron and the reduction of redox potential and, consequently, the increase in the solubility of iron metal compounds in fertilizer. On the other hand, no significant difference between available iron in the treatments was observed in half-saturated and quarter-saturated moistures, which can be attributed to the lack of reduction conditions and no change in iron capacity and its available amount. The results also indicated that with the use of iron scrap, the amount of available iron increases significantly, which increased with the use of more scrap i.e. 2% iron and the application of saturated moisture. Thus, in the treatment of 2% iron particles + 0% zinc particles, the highest amount of available iron was observed with the amount of 756.2 mg/kg, which increased by 335% compared to the control treatment at the same moisture. The addition of zinc scrap, either as a separate application or with simultaneous application with iron scrap, caused a decrease in the available concentration of iron. This result is probably due to the high content of zinc compared to iron and the competition of elements in the DTPA extract. From the obtained data, it can be concluded that the saturated moisture had an effect on the available concentration of zinc only in 2% zinc scrap treatments, and other treatments were not affected by the increase in moisture. The use of zinc scrap separately increased the available amount of zinc, qua in the saturation treatment of 0% iron particles + 2% zinc particles, it reached 4538.7 mg/kg. Probably due to the large supply of zinc scrap, the predominant form of which is zinc oxide, which has high solubility, and as a result, the interaction between the conditions of reduction and chelation of zinc element occurred. It was also found that the use of iron scrap increased the amount of available zinc either as a separate application or in interaction with zinc scrap. This is the case in the treatments of 0.2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles (5388.9 mg/kg) and 2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles (the highest amount of available zinc in fertilizer with 6363.2 mg/kg).

The results of this research indicate the positive effect of adding metal scraps of iron and zinc in saturated moisture to cow manure compost. The application of iron and zinc scraps separately caused a significant increase in the available amount of iron and zinc in the fertilizer. However, their simultaneous application caused a decrease in available iron and a further increase in available zinc in fertilizer. Due to the fact that metal scraps of iron and zinc have low solubility and on the other hand, organic fertilizers with high amounts of organic matters cause the formation of complexes and chelation, as well as increase the solubility of metal scraps, and as a result, it causes a significant increase in the amount of available iron and zinc, which This increases significantly in high moisture and reduction conditions. Therefore, the use of metal scraps of iron and zinc in saturated moisture has a significant effect on the enrichment of organic fertilizers with these elements and can be a good solution for the reuse of metal scraps.

In this study, water hyacinth compost and humic acid were used in the production of Narcissus jonquilla cv. German.

The present experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The first factor was water hyacinth compost (Control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid (Control, 250, 500 mg L-1).

According to the results, the effect of compost, humic acid and their interaction on most of the studied traits was significant. The highest flowering stem height and the highest concentration of iron increase compared to control treatment) were recorded in compost 50% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest number of leaves and calcium concentration was observed in compost 25% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The longest leaf length increase compared to control treatment) was related to compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The maximum flower diameter size was recorded in compost 75% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest concentration of potassium was reported in compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid.

According to the obtained results, water hyacinth compost with humic acid due to improving the root environment and increasing the better absorption of nutrients increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of daffodils compared to the control treatment. Therefore, water hyacinth compost with the use of humic acid for growing daffodils is recommended.

The leaching is an effective method for the removal of heavy metals using water or any other fluid. However, it is vital to identify the environmentally friendly leaching agent. The effectiveness of this technique depends on several factors. The researchers are looking for substances that have the least harmful impact on the environment. There is no reported study on the effects of dissolved organic carbon extract from poultry manure and sugarcane bagasse on leaching of Pb from contaminated soil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the leaching of Pb from mine contaminated soil as affected by dissolved organic carbon derived from poultry manure and sugarcane bagasse. .

In this study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of dissolved organic carbon derived by poultry manure and sugarcane bagasse to remove Pb from contaminated soil. For this purpose, the leaching and batch equilibrium experiments with the ratio of 1:20 (soil:extract) and different concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000, 2000 mg/l), pH (4, 6, 7 , 8, 10) and time (0.5, 1, 2, 4 hours) were carried out. The best results of soil Pb leaching and batch equilibrium experiments were chosen for the leaching column (continuous and intermittent leaching) experiment. In both of continuous and intermittent leaching experiments, the Pb leaching with two types of extracts was investigated.

The results showed that the application of dissolved organic carbon derived from poultry manure initiated highest Pb leaching from mine contaminated soil in the both of continuous and intermittent leaching experiments. The intermittent leaching, resulted in the highest amount of Pb leaching from the contaminated soil (135.65 mg/kg) compare to continuous leaching experiments. In leaching experiment, the content of Pb leaching by dissolved organic carbon derived from bagasse did not change considerably. In the batch equilibrium experiment, the highest Pb leaching (55 mg/kg) was related to the application of 2000 mg/l dissolved organic carbon derived from poultry manure at pH 8. The amount of Pb leaching with the application of 400 mg/l of dissolved organic carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse at pH 7 was 20 mg/kg.

According to the results, the application of dissolved organic carbon derived from poultry manure removed a significant content of Pb from mine contaminated soil. However, the application of dissolved organic carbon from this type of sugarcane bagasse for Pb leaching was not effective.

Deforestation and poor farming practices are two factors that seriously threaten natural resources and seriously damage the soil productivity. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deforestation and land use on some chemical and microbial properties of soil in different layers of evangelical forest, Citrus Garden and wheat farm soils in Sari township. Organic matter content, total nitrogen, carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass were significantly reduced when evangelical forest converted to wheat farm (in all three layers) and citrus garden (in two layers of 0-10 and 10-20 cm). When evangelical forest converted to wheat farm (in first layer) organic matter, total nitrogen, carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass were reduced 35.5, 51.2, 69.7 and 59.8%, respectively. Phosphorus availability and microbial respiration were significantly reduced when evangelical forest converted to wheat farm and citrus garden. The amount of reduction for phosphorus availability and microbial respiration were 85.2% and 35.1% respectively for the top layer of wheat farm. Microbial C/N was significantly reduced when evangelical forest transformed to wheat farm and microbial metabolic coefficient was significantly increased when evangelical forest changed to the two other land uses. The urease activity in both land use (citrus garden and wheat farm) and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly reduced in wheat farm soils. The results of this study showed that changes in the chemical and microbial properties of the soil was more substantial when evangelical forest converted to agriculture land. The most important reasons for reduction of soil quality may be related to the harvesting (in both citrus garden and wheat farm) and the loss of the closed loop of forest, soil tillage (on the farm) and animal manure application.

Soil salinity is the main factor in reducing crop yield, especially in arid areas. The availability of Phosphorous (P), is low in salt-affected soils. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the phosphate solubilizing fungi from saline-sodic soils and also to investigate phosphate solubilization in the presence of different salt concentrations. For this purpose, twenty soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of Salicornia persica. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing fungi was done by plate culture technique on National Botanical Research Institute’s phosphate growth medium- Bromo Phenol Blue (NBRIP-BPB) solid media. Phosphate solubilization was tested in the presence of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mM NaCl during 15 days of incubation on solid media. Thereafter, the phosphate solubilizing potential of isolates was tested in 6-day experiments in broth, and the phosphate solubilizing capability was evaluated in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl. The results showed that all strains produced halo zone until NaCl concentration reached to 200 mM, but with increasing salinity, only KARFUN 1 and KARFUN 2 could solubilize phosphate. Results of the 6-day experiment in broth culture were showed that KARFUN 1 had the highest phosphate solubilization potential, so it was selected for further investigation. Molecular identification indicated that KARFUN 1 isolate had a similarity of 100% with Aspergillus. niger and A. tubingensis species. The results showed that with increasing NaCl concentration, the phosphate solubilization increased and pH decreased. The lowest and the highest phosphorous concentration was observed in 1000 and 0 mM NaCl, respectively. Irrespective of NaCl concentration, results showed that there was an increase in phosphorous solubilization during the incubation time. The maximum phosphate solubilization was achieved (549 mgL-1) after 12 days of incubation and pH reached to 1.19. However, the KARFUN1 strain was able to solubilize inorganic phosphate in different NaClconcentrations as it could release 224 mgL-1 phosphorus at 1000 mM NaCl in broth medium.

Heavy elements of lead and cadmium are toxic and common pollutants of the soil which with effect of process and function plant affect on the sustainable production of plants. Therefore, in this study, lead and cadmium stress was studied on some growth parameters of water mint aromatic plant (Mentha aquatica L.). Treatments included different concentrations of lead (0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 mg/kg) and cadmium (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) in two separate experiments. A completely randomized design with four replications was conducted at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Water mint with five plant densities were planted in pots containing heavy elements. After two months, plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, greenness index, total chlorophyll and shoot fresh weight were measured. In general, lead and cadmium stress reduced the average of measured traits. As the elements increased, the decreasing trend was observed in the studied traits. In other words, the least amount of these traits was related to the highest levels of lead and cadmium treatment. In fact, lead and cadmium elements with effect on morphological traits lead to a series of physiological changes in water mint, which ultimately leads to reduced yield in the plant. Due to the lack of burn, chlorosis and leaves abscission, water mint is considered as a plant that is resistant to lead and cadmium. But in terms of food security, it is necessary to pay attention to pollution of water mint with heavy elements.

Cadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy elements that naturally or by human activity enter to the soil and causes oxidative stress in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cadmium on some of the physiological responses of three aromatic plants including water mint (Mentha aquatica L.), eryngo (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.) and froriepia (Froriepia subpinnata Ledeb). In three experiments greenhouse, five concentrations of cadmium in soil containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg cadmium/kg soil was investigate in a completely randomized design with four replications at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2017. Seedlings of the all three plants were planted in pots of cadmium contaminated. In before flowering stage Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity of shoots were measured. Results showed that leaf pigment in the three all plants decreased linearly with increasing cadmium level, but carotenoid have the lower reduction of compared to chlorophyll a and b. Also chlorophyll b was more sensitive than chlorophyll a to cadmium. While, flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant capacity of plants increased with increasing cadmium levels. Water mint had the average highest phenol (65.89 mg/g), flavonoid (146.88 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (98.49%) than other two plants. Overall, the results showed that plant pigments were affected by cadmium toxicity, and as these plants are rich in antioxidant compounds, the increase of these compounds with increment of cadmium stress is a kind of defence mechanism of three plants for conflict with stress.

Industrial dyes are one of the largest organic compounds with potential application in different industries. According to their complex aromatic structure and that they are man-made, they are stable compounds and their purification is difficult . Sewage containing dyestuffs causes surface and sub-surface water pollution and also causes soil contamination through irrigation. If these effluents enter the environment without purification, they can impose irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to reclaim wastewaters and contaminated soil by using effective methods. Among the suitable methods for removing dyes, adsorption is one of the best and most appropriate techniques for dye removal. In this study, the effect of rice straw biochar (RSB) which is produced at 600˚C, soil and mixture of soil and biochar on methylene blue adsorption from aqueous environments was investigated. First, rice straw was turned to biochar at 600˚C. Then biochar was mixed with sandy soil which was taken from alluvial plains of Tajan area of Sari, Mazandaran province at ratios 1, 2.5 and 5 (w/w). Methylene blue dye solution was prepared from methylene blue powder, and 40 mL of solution with concentrations of 30-300 mg/L and pH=7 was added to 0.1 g biochar, soil and mixture of soil and biochar and finally, methylene blue sorption isotherms were determined for biochar, soil and mixture of soil and biochar. Experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results of fitting the data obtained from the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model showed that methylene blue adsorption on the RSB produced at 600 ° C, soil and mixture of soil and biochar matches with the Langmuir isotherm model and the langmuir model fitted well with the absorption process. biochar, mixture of biochar and soil and soil treatments had the maximum adsorption capacities with amounts of 27.85, 3.272 and 17.953 mg/g, respectively. Due to biochar high specific surface area, high cation exchange capacity and the presence of functional groups, it had a high adsorption of methylene blue. In general, the results showed that methylene blue adsorption isotherms by the biochar, soil and mixture of soil and biochar were L-shaped and there was a fairly high desire for absorption. Results also showed that incorporation of biochar to soil enhanced the adsorption capacity of soil, thus it can be concluded that RSB could improve methylene blue adsorption in soil environment.

Phosphate is one of the macronutrients and involved in many essential plant processes such as respiration, cell division, root development, photosynthesis, sugar decomposition, nutrient transfer inside the plant, the transfer of genetic characteristics from one generation to the next, and the regulation of metabolic pathways. Deficiency occurs when phosphorus content in the soil reaches less than 0.1%. Today, in order to achieve sustainable development, the use of low-cost natural nutrients such as rock phosphate is necessary. In recent years, the use of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms has been studied for dissolution of rock phosphate. The aim of this study was to isolate indigenous phosphate solubilizing fungi and identify the most effective isolate at the species level.
Samples were taken from the soil around the Dalir phosphate mine located in Chalous, (Mazandaran). After preparation of the dilution series from soil suspension and culture in NBRIP-BPB and PVK, phosphate-solublilizing fungal colonies were isolated. The ability of phosphate solubilization of fungal isolates was also studied in NBRIP liquid medium. The phosphate solubilized was measured in the liquid medium and the pH of the samples was measured using pH meter. An isolate that significantly reduced the pH of the environment, released more phosphorus and had a higher solubility index, was selected. The selected isolate was identified by ITS polymerase chain reaction and then calmodulin-based PCR methods.
The results indicate that the use of the NBRIP-BPB medium is more efficient than PVK medium for P solubilizing fungi isolation. Screening was carried out in solid and liquid media for each isolate, and SANRU isolate was more prominent phosphate solubilizers compare to the other isolates. The results of comparing the sequence of the ITS gene with the sequences in the gene bank showed that SANRU strain had a similarity of 100% with A. niger and A.tubingensis species. In order to overcome this uncertainty, a calmodulin-based PCR method was carried out. The replication of a part of the Calmodulin gene sequence revealed that the SANRU strain belongs to the tubingensis section, and the sequencing sample was registered with the access number KT222864 at the World Gene Bank.
According to the results of this study, simultaneous screening in a solid and liquid medium is recommended to determine phosphate-solubilizing ability. According to the results of this study, the method of sequencing of calmodulin in comparison with ITS has a much higher accuracy for differentiation of Aspergillus species, therefore, it is recommended for accurate identification of Aspergillus species.

Amelioration of saline-sodic soils by organic matter has been widely reported as a cheap and suitable alternative to minerals. Investigations shows that application of organic modifiers in saline-sodic soils can directly or indirectly increase the growth of salt tolerant plants by increasing soil nutrient content and the abundance of soil organisms. However, no study has been done on the effect of dissolve organic carbon (DOC) on reclamation of saline-sodic soil. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of DOC on amelioration of saline-sodic soil with clay tissue.
In this research, the ameliorative potential of DOC on some chemical properties, including the concentration of soluble cations and anions of saline- sodic soil with clay texture was studied in the Karfoon area in Mazandaran province. Treatments included sugar cane extract, poultry manure and cow manure, added to saline-sodic soil at three levels (0, 100 and 200 mg per liter of DOC). The experiments were carried out in two stages of incubation and leaching, the soils were analyzed after each stage and the concentration of the elements and the electrical conductivity and their sodium adsorption ratio were calculated.
The results indicate that in the incubation stage, application of DOC increased the amount of soluble elements and electrical conductivity compared to the control soil. In the leaching experiments, the highest amount of elements in the leachate was related to the soils treated with higher concentrations of DOC (200 mg / L). Results from analysis of soil in columns after leaching stage showed that in all soils treated with DOC, electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio decreased compared to control soil, the highest reduction was observed in soils treated with 200 mg/L Bagasse extract.
Results showed that application of DOC in the incubation stage increased concentration of elements and electrical conductivity of the soil compared to the control soil, but decreased the pH level compared to the control soil. Therefore, application of DOC alone will not have a significant effect on the amelioration of saline-sodic soils. Results of the leaching stage show that leaching was effective in reducing the salinity and the sodium content of the soil, regardless of the modifier application, although the addition of DOC has increased this effect . In general, it can be concluded that application of DOC can increase the displacement of sodium on exchange sites and and accelerate its leaching by increasing the concentration of soluble bivalent cations.

biochar have the ability to remove organic pollutants from soil, water and sediments, and thus lowering their bioavailability and preventing toxic substances transferring from environment to plant and organisms. In this study, the ability of different biochars to adsorb the methylene blue (MB) was investigated. The biochars were produced from rice straw, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and dicer wood chips in 300˚C and 600˚C temperature. Kinetic experiments were carried out to determine , optimum pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption isotherm was done using rice straw biochar (RSB) which is producing at 600˚C. The results showed` that RSB600˚C, had the most ability of methylene blue adsorption. Adsorption of methylene blue by RSB600˚C was equilibrated after 300 min. The optimum pH and adsorbent dosages were 7 and 2.5 g/L respectively. The methylene blue adsorption of RSB600˚C was fitted to Langmuir isotherm and maximum adsorption capacity of RSB600˚C was 27.85 mg/g. Therefore it can be concluded that RSB600˚C is a good reliable adsorbent for removal of MB from aqueous solutions.

The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is unavoidable because they are required to control weeds. Pesticides are poisonous; hence, they are dangerous if misused. Understanding the fate of pesticides will be useful to use them safely. Therefore, contaminations of water and soil resources could be avoided. The fates of pesticides in soils are influenced by their sorption, decomposition and movement. Degradation and leaching of pesticides are control by sorption. Soil organic matter and clay content are main soil constituents that have a high capacity for sorption of pesticides. Addition of organic maters to amend the soils is a usual practice that every year has been done in a huge area of worldwide. The added organic amendments to the soils affect the fate of pesticides in soils as well. Pesticides fates in different soils are different. The addition of organic matter to soils causes different fates for pesticides as well. It is known from the studies that sorption of non-ionic pesticides by soil in aqueous system is controlled mainly by the organic matter content of the soils. Sorption of pesticides has been reported to increase by amending soils with organic matter. In general, conditions that promote microbial activity enhance the rate of pesticides degradation, and those that inhibit the growth of microorganisms reduce the rate of degradation. Amendment of soils with organic matter may modify leaching of pesticides in soil. Some studies showed that organic matter added to soils reduced pesticides in ground water. Generally, organic amendments induces the restriction of pesticides leaching in soils.