فهرست مطالب bakhtiar ezzatpanah

Tourism is an industry which most cultural exchanges take place, and one of its development goals, while economic growth and development is to show culture to other communities, especially through the development of historical-cultural tourism. According to imprtance of subject, the present study has been written with the aim of evaluating the planning and policy-making of historical-cultural tourism development in Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose, survey in terms of implementation method and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population of the study also includes managers, officials and experts in the field of tourism of Tabriz, whose sample size is estimated based on the Delphi method of 100 people. Also, in order to analyze the data, has been used the technique of least squares in Warp-PLS software and sample t-test in SPSS software. Findings indicate that the lack of development of historical-cultural tourism in the city of Tabriz is due to inadequacies at the micro and macro levels. At the micro level, it can be attributed to the shortcomings of urban regeneration projects and at the macro level, we can point to components such as the lack of a comprehensive and systematic view, inadequate political relations, and the formation of a negative image of Iran in the public mind, and the government's tenure in the tourism sector.

The complexity and multidimensionality of urban problems and issues along with the rapid growth of technology and the globalization of production patterns, increasing and unstable conditions and the possibility of different futures have made it difficult to decide and plan on urban issues. In such a situation, planning and deciding on urban problems for the future becomes much more difficult. Based on this, the urban management of Tabriz metropolis is now dealing with challenges. Urbanization and urbanization make the system of urban society more complex. Now, one of the main challenges of the urban management system is a scientific solution to deal with the results arising from the complexity and multidimensionality of the urban society system with a focus on technology. The exponential growth of the urban population and finally the formation and physical and human accumulation of metropolises, the current and general trend of centralism and the disruption of the spatial order of distribution and distribution of facilities and urban population, which makes urban specialists and planners with increasing complexity. In terms of providing municipal services, providing housing and providing the necessary facilities and equipment, it has faced a blind alley. Todays, the most metropolises historical contexts are being destroyed and eroded, and based on this, urban management to prevent further damage in these contexts has adopted various methods to intervene and organize such areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the key indicators of regeneration in the historical and dilapidated context of District 8 of Tabriz metropolis. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. For data collection, mixed method based on interview and Delphi technique as well as documentary method and field study have been used. 12 experts and executives who should be involved in the discussion were identified and selected, and then the most important drivers of effective reproduction were identified and scored using the Delphi method and a questionnaire.In this study, 40 indicators in the form of five physical-spatial, economic, socio-cultural, environmental and managerial-institutional components have been used to explain the situation of regeneration of the area, to investigate the relationship and effects and extract factors from MICMAC software and to determine The possible future situations of recreating these factors and the relationships between them have been analyzed and ranked. The results of this study show that out of 40 indicators studied, 10 indicators include government investment and injection of project funds, urban rules and regulations, citizen participation, urban development plans, land and housing prices, urban unit management, supervision and inspection, local economy, Network development and inflation are known as the key indicators. Also, in relation to key factors, 10 favorable top, middle and critical scenarios were presented in relation to the impermeability and micro-fineness of texture, land use and instability of historical buildings. , In each zone and the increase of collective participation and allocation of economic resources and more facilities to the buildings in which seismic improvement measures have been performed have been of higher importance than the whole building (locally or in general).

Considering the effect of appropriate planning and policy-making in tourism development, the present study has been written with the aim of evaluating the planning and policy-making of historical-cultural tourism development in Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose, survey in terms of implementation method and cross-sectional in terms of time. In order to analyze the data, has been used the technique of least squares in Warp-PLS software and sample t-test in SPSS software. Findings indicate that according to the historical-cultural potentials of the city, this type of tourism in Tabriz has not developed significantly. This is due to inadequacies in planning and policy-making at the micro and macro levels. At the micro level, we can point to the inefficiency of decision-making and operational management in the field of recreating the historical-cultural context (various managerial, economic and spatial-functional dimensions) and at the macro level, we can to the lack of a comprehensive and systematic view, inappropriate laws and political relations, the lack of an integrated approach in the management system (the dominance of centralist and technocratic management) and government ownership in the tourism sector.

Recent academic literature has emphasized why urban resilience is different from urban sustainability. Meanwhile, urban policy programs use these terms almost interchangeably. In this research, due to the dilapidation of the building, the lack of porosity and low spatial permeability, the spatial distribution pattern of the population, the factors affecting the physical-spatial discontinuities in the level of the 2nd and 12th districts of Tehran metropolis are investigated. The current research is in the category of applied research, which was conducted with case-analytical method and quantitative approach. Considering the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, it is also non-empirical. In order to analyze the dimensions of resilience, first of all, 21 study criteria extracted from theoretical foundations, including statistics and documentary information, census sources, plans and available documents, including studies of detailed plans and statistical districts and blocks of 1396 Tehran metropolis, were investigated and analyzed. After extracting and classifying the studied criteria, they were operationalized and standardized based on FCM and K-Means clustering methods. Based on this, Excel, Arc GIS, Matlab and Eviews software were used for data analysis. The results of this research, while examining the difference of physical and spatial dimensions in the resilience of the regions, confirm the instability and increase of spatial discontinuities at the level of the studied localities. Among the localities of region 2, the localities of Shahrek Gharb, Ivanek, Pardisan of Shahrek Homa, Poonk and Islamabad were evaluated with regard to their new construction, proper permeability, spatial density and relatively optimal population distribution with moderate resilience status. Among the localities of region 12, Bazar, Arg-Pamnar, Ferdowsi and Imamzadeh Yahya were assessed as the worst resilience cluster due to the dilapidated buildings, low spatial permeability, spatial concentration of the population, and increased physical-spatial discontinuity.

Introduction: In the urban system of developing countries, due to differences in the political, social and economic structure of these countries, the spatial distribution of population and the distribution of urban activities and services have been carried out unbalanced and unequal. In our country, the phenomenon of inequality in the distribution of urban resources and facilities has been shaped by the escalation of false urbanization along with the socio-political and economic developments.
Today, in urban planning system, in order to avoiding interference between land uses and also availability of these services in each region to residuals, land use and public services tend to centralization and aggregation pattern in certain regions of the city.
In Sanandaj, relatively high aggregation of administrative, political, economic, and service providing organizations and its surrounding areas resulted in high population and consequently incidence of spatial effects such as inappropriate physical growth of the city and increase illegal settlement phenomenon in some parts of the city and also spatial distribution of urban land uses in the city has been unbalanced. In these cases, urban development plans organize the land use system conduct the city to specialize activities and segregate some of in certain regions of the city that withdraw land uses and functional zoning from traditional, physical, and deterministic approach.
Main purpose of this paper is evaluation and studying the polarization process of urban land uses in order to specialize functions and systematic spatial development of urban activities in accordance with different socio-spatial structures between different regions and urban areas based on the suggestions of urban development plans. This research from the materials and method is descriptive-analytic. The method used to carry out research-given that this is an applied research in order to explore relations between variables and phenomena and also solving existing problems or impasses in spatial and physical development of Sanandaj is as follows: We assessed land uses aggregation in Sanandaj by using formal data and statistics and also apply statistical methods and LQ. At this stage, we use statistical methods and spatial coefficient model to analysis data as well as we use Arc View and Arc GIS software to draw up the required maps. we act based on the Shannon entropy model in order to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of land use in Sanandaj city. Based on the calculations, Shannon's entropy coefficient has been changed from -1.511 to -1.569, for commercial uses which indicates a relative increase in Shannon and shows spiral and diffused development of this activity. Significant changes have occurred in academic services and an increase in coefficient Shannon from -0.843 to -1.208 indicates that this use not tends to be aggregate and centralized. The Shannon entropy for medical uses decreased from -1.420 to -1.165, that indicates an intense and centralization in this function at some regions of Sanandaj.
Regarding workshop industries, calculations show that the Shannon entropy coefficient for these activities has increased from -1.180 to zero, indicating a high centralization and aggregation of these functions. The LQ index or spatial portion is one of the models that illustrates the spatial distribution of urban utilities and their degree of specialization and polarization.
According to the calculations, the workshops and medical uses have the highest aggregation in region 1 of Sanandaj, and in the region 2, military and tourism uses are high aggregated, as well as facilities and equipment, and academic and profession services, have the highest level of aggregation and centralization at region 3.
According to the calculation of LQ range, industrial and workshops uses, academic services, urban facilities, equipments and healthcare in 2004, with LQ values were (0.09-2.80), (0.10-2.61), (1.77-2.61) and (0-2.45) have the highest amount of specialization or centralization among other activities, and the general education, governmental, police and residential uses have the lowest indexes respectively with (0.83-1.06), (0.50-1.23) and (0.61-1.37). According to the Sanandaj General Master Plan, which prepared by Tadbir Shahr consulting Co. in 2005, industrial and workshop uses, transportation and depots, healthcare, exhibition and shopping centers respectively has LQ amount by (0-7.55) (0-6.15), (1.46-4.35), and (0-3.10) will have highest centralization up to 2015 (Ofogh Tarh) and in case of realization suggested uses, the public education, residential, governmental, and police uses will have lowest centralization amount respectively by (0.88-1.23), (0.58- 1.32) and (0.44-1.34). In general, comparing the proposed land use pattern in the development plan (comprehensive) in Sanandaj with the current pattern of urban land use, shows the tendency to centrifugal and polarization of urban functions. The transfer of military, industrial, transportation and depots uses from different parts of the city to the suburbs and even outside the city, the ecological separation lower classes of society on the northern and eastern suburbs of the city and even the Ghafour hill region in the interior of the old city versus the residence of middle and high class people in modern city buildings which is mainly observed in the southern parts of the city can be seen. Also tendency to move governmental, police center, municipal facilities and equipments, shopping centers, and exhibition from downtown to streets around the city are from the items that led to providing similarities between urban ecological and morphological structure with sector pattern. Formation of new cores such as university centers (Kurdistan universities, medical sciences and Teacher Training), service centers, such as terminals and military centers, as well as old villages such as Haji Abad that entered into the urban area, all indicate the similarity of Sanandaj spatial construction with the multi-core model of Haris and Ulman.
Keywords: Spatial development, polarization, Shannon entropy, LQ coefficient, Sanandaj city.

Considering high construction and population density, unstable structures, narrow streets, and high rate of inclusion in cities, it is necessary to plan and carry out researches to minimize vulnerabilities caused by natural events. To accomplish this, one of the important efforts can be identifying effective factors in reducing vulnerabilities of cities against earthquake. Recognizing and investigating the vulnerability of urban areas, particularly within the context of the old fabrics and informal settlements, is of great importance. By specifying vulnerable areas against earthquakes, with an awareness of the damage they may suffer, cities can be planned and designed in a way that the least damage during an earthquake is received. In this paper, by picking several indicators such as land use, street width, number of floors, rate of inclusion, population density, fabric segmentation, occupied space, floor-area ratio of buildings, built quality, structure type, building age, access to open spaces and distance to the main seismic belt and by employing the MIHWP model along with the capabilities of the Arc GIS software and by multiplying and overlaying the data layers of indexed indicators, the seismic vulnerability of the region 10 of Tabriz has been represented. The results conclude that the buildings with low width streets, high number of floors and high value of enclosure, less lot areas, high occupied space and building and population density, low built quality, unstable structures, old buildings, more distance to open space and proximity to major seismic belts, have been rated as high vulnerable areas. Within the region, moving from the North West to the center and North East, vulnerability considerably increases

The cities, during their life will change and develop due to different factors, but a good city is a city which its physic provides the requirements of its residents with respect to the time changes. Uncontrolled expansion and development of urban areas is the major issues and challenges for urban planners and managers at various levels. The objective of the present study is to examine the factors influencing on the emergence and formation of the spatial and physical Structure of Ghonabad city. The research method is descriptive – analytical one. And the quantitative model (Holdern), GIS tools, using indicators of physical, economic and demographic explanation have been used for the above purpose. Preliminary results show that the growth pattern of the city is formed from East to West. Ghonabad population changes in different periods, although several factors have influenced on the increase or decrease, Nevertheless, the city's population growth rate was higher than the average growth rate of urbanpopulation of the province and the country and is the indicative of areas of population growth in the city. Also according to calculations model of Holdern, 49% of Ghonabad growth has been due to the uncontrolled and sprawl growth of the city and the remaining 51 % of the city's population growth is due to the growth of the urban population.

One of the main concerns of city planners and managers is how to fairly distribute and allocate urban resources and services in different areas of cities in proportion to the needs of urban society. Optimum distribution of services are directly related to the planning of land use and the successful planning of urban land use, in turn, depends on how the laws and aropriate policies create and employ efficient methods to provide and implement urban projects as well as land use plans. This study aimed to investigate how the urban resources and services were allocated and concentrated in different areas of Shahindezh city with an emphasis on social justice. The research method was analytical-comparative while using statistical techniques as well as practical models including Williamson index and Shannon Entropy. The findings of this study indicated that the majority of urban land use in Shahindezh was under common standards of the country that according to lack of space, it could be used for cultural, religious, and sanitary purposes. The results also revealed the unfair and unequal distribution of a number of activities and services in different areas of the city. Finally, investigating the spatial distribution of urban services indicated that there was a tendency towards concentration and polarization in land use in some areas of the city.