نشریه شهر ایمن
پیاپی 14 (تابستان 1400)

Recent academic literature has emphasized why urban resilience is different from urban sustainability. Meanwhile, urban policy programs use these terms almost interchangeably. In this research, due to the dilapidation of the building, the lack of porosity and low spatial permeability, the spatial distribution pattern of the population, the factors affecting the physical-spatial discontinuities in the level of the 2nd and 12th districts of Tehran metropolis are investigated. The current research is in the category of applied research, which was conducted with case-analytical method and quantitative approach. Considering the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, it is also non-empirical. In order to analyze the dimensions of resilience, first of all, 21 study criteria extracted from theoretical foundations, including statistics and documentary information, census sources, plans and available documents, including studies of detailed plans and statistical districts and blocks of 1396 Tehran metropolis, were investigated and analyzed. After extracting and classifying the studied criteria, they were operationalized and standardized based on FCM and K-Means clustering methods. Based on this, Excel, Arc GIS, Matlab and Eviews software were used for data analysis. The results of this research, while examining the difference of physical and spatial dimensions in the resilience of the regions, confirm the instability and increase of spatial discontinuities at the level of the studied localities. Among the localities of region 2, the localities of Shahrek Gharb, Ivanek, Pardisan of Shahrek Homa, Poonk and Islamabad were evaluated with regard to their new construction, proper permeability, spatial density and relatively optimal population distribution with moderate resilience status. Among the localities of region 12, Bazar, Arg-Pamnar, Ferdowsi and Imamzadeh Yahya were assessed as the worst resilience cluster due to the dilapidated buildings, low spatial permeability, spatial concentration of the population, and increased physical-spatial discontinuity.

Iran is one of the developing countries in which the number of urban poor areas has increased in the past decades with the increase in the rate of urbanization and the spread of urban poverty. So that currently, planning for housing low-income people and organizing urban slums, especially in big cities and their surrounding areas, is one of the important issues of urban development in the country. The aim of this research is to investigate the spatial factors and its effect on practical zoning for passive defense in the metropolitan areas of Tehran. In terms of purpose, the present research is applied, and in terms of method, it is part of descriptive-analytical research. In this research, the desirability of urban poverty in the form of two indicators of physical poverty and passive defense poverty has been investigated using a one-sample T-test. Prioritization of the research indicators has been done using the ANP network decision-making model. ARC GIS software has also been used to display and spatially evaluate urban poverty at the regional level. The final result indicates that the status of the index of physical poverty and passive defense poverty is unfavorable compared to the average of the society, and in terms of the spatial index of poverty, which had the highest score in the paired comparisons of the criteria, the 1st district of Tehran Municipality (the highest rank) and so on They are located in the 2nd and 3rd regions. The weak areas in terms of defense poverty are 18 (the lowest rank), 17 and 19 respectively.

Today, most urban areas and settlements are built in geographical locations that are exposed to all kinds of natural and man-made threats and accidents in terms of natural hazards. The point of view that has been paid attention to in urban disaster management has been more of a confrontational point of view and reducing risks. Meanwhile, resilience is a concept that is used recently in facing uncertainties and unknowns. The motive and purpose of this study is to evaluate the resilience components of safe urban neighborhoods in Matataq Kaviri using the Delphi model in Naeem Abad neighborhood of Yazd without taking into account the specific risk threat. Therefore, first, the components and dimensions mentioned in urban resilience were extracted and verified from the review of a large number of related domestic and foreign articles and theses. Then, using the Delphi model, the opinions of experts and senior managers of Yazd Municipality, urban planning professors of Yazd University, as well as comparative studies, dimensions and final components of the authors of the article were presented, and by examining and analyzing the questionnaires and studying and evaluating the components of resilience in detail Safe urban neighborhoods in desert areas were validated and measured in different dimensions and components. According to the statistical analysis and calculations and the studies conducted in the Delphi model, indicators such as the participation rate of citizens, the desire to maintain cultural standards and the savings and capital of households are among the factors that affect the resilience of safe urban areas in desert areas.

In routing the lines is considered different parameters for construction costs and environmental impact. Considering the extent of the factors involved in routing power lines can be multi-criteria decisionmaking methods and evolutionary algorithms considered as a useful tool. The research' method is descriptive - analytic. In this research use from IHWP model and PSO algorithm and paid to optimization power transmission line of Kerman power plant 400 kV to new ARG BAM in Kerman Regional Electric is length 251km.use With IHWP model in GIS for optimal routing, we use 12 indicators including the elevation, slope, distance from oil pipelines, land types and etc , has been used. The results show that the new route optimization 58.26% compare with the current status, and along of route 20 km decreased. The PSO algorithm processing in MATLAB software, the proposed route optimized 55.33% compare with the current status and along of route 18 km decreased. The results of both methods show a favorable situation than the current status and proposed route of IHWP, 2.93 % is more efficient of proposed route of PSO. the proposed route in IHWP method 4 km is less than of PSO method.

Due to the organic and old texture, high population density, low width of roads, proper accesses, etc., old texture are more vulnerable than other urban areas when intentional man-made threats occur. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the vulnerability of Shahid Khob Bakht neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran from the point of view of passive defense. In terms of the type of research, the present research is considered as an applied research and in terms of the nature of the research, it is considered as a descriptive-analytical research. Library method, interview and observation (qualitative) were used, and in order to evaluate the vulnerability of the neighborhood, Delphi questionnaire (quantitative) method was used. The analysis method of this research is the fuzzy IHWP method in GIS software. The research results show; The vulnerability of the neighborhood is high in the central and south-eastern parts of Shahid Ebrahimi Street and Shahid Bani Hashem Street, and the least vulnerability of the neighborhood is in the north of it, between Qurbani Street and the edge of Imam Ali Highway. The reasons for the neighborhood's vulnerability include the unfavorable and worn-out quality of the neighborhood's texture, the lack of multi-purpose centers for the function of shelters and the storage of essential items, and the lack of sufficient green spaces for temporary accommodation in the center and south of the neighborhood, the low width of roads and high population density in the south. He pointed to the east of the neighborhood. At the end, considerations and suggestions related to aligning renovation plans with the principles of passive defense and also reducing the vulnerability of the neighborhood have been presented.

Fire safety is almost impossible. Providing security in historical buildings has many challenges due to the architectural design, neighbors, structure and materials used and possibly human interventions as well as laws related to restoration. These buildings were built with the technology and facilities of their time. And they may not conform to today's standard codes. Numerous intentional and unintentional fires in recent years show the weakness of these buildings against fire. The historical market of Tabriz is the largest indoor market in the Middle East and one of the most important markets in Iran. Many references, construction conditions, variety of goods and their economic value have made this market an important area in terms of safety. Recent incidents show the vulnerability of the complex against fire. The last fire occurred on May 18, 2018, and many shops were damaged. In addition to the fire damage, parts of the building were also damaged due to the use of water during the fire. This research intends to provide the most optimal solution to answer the main question of the research, i.e. reducing the vulnerability to fire, by studying the past fires and examining the existing challenges, and knowing the strengths and weaknesses of the collection and using the opinions of experts. This research has been conducted in a combined (qualitative-quantitative) way. At first, the researcher with the help of the community of experts in the field of architecture and urban planning and using the network sampling method (snowball) and also after the interview using the open and axial coding technique and the Delphi exploratory survey method (members of the scientific faculty of architecture and urban planning of the country's universities) ) has prepared a table of objectives and contents. Then the relevant table was converted into a questionnaire and the questionnaire was distributed in 2 stages. Then, the data was analyzed with the help of SPSS 26 software. Based on the analysis of the Q factor, the extraction results and finally the most effective factors affecting the reduction of fire vulnerability in Tabriz market have been determined. The results of this research show that accessibility, safety and evacuation, self-safety and non-flammability against fire and its products, and responsive installation systems have the greatest impact in reducing vulnerability to fire in Tabriz market.