behrooz mohammadi yeganeh

Climate change has negative effects on the economic, social, and environmental aspects of rural households. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of rural people, this study was conducted with the aim of reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience and adaptation to these conditions in Mashhad Township.

The statistical population of the study is 11,706 rural households in Mashhad Township, out of which 372 households were selected proportionally by multistage stratified random sampling based on Cochran’s formula. The main tool of the research was a questionnaire whose validity was examined through content validity, structural validity, and reliability by composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha (a= 0.9). The data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. To examine the fit of the measurement model of the effects of climate change on sustainable livelihoods, the collected data were analyzed using second-order confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL software.

The results of the study showed that the greatest impact of climate change was on financial capital, including income reduction, increased costs and increased product prices, reduced productivity and employment. In addition, the greatest effects of climate change on social capital include were on reduced sense of belonging and increased dependence on government support; on human capital include a were on reduced health levels and quality of life; and on natural capital include a were on reduced land resources and pressure and occurrence of hazards; and on physical capital were on reduced services and facilities for people. The research findings also showed that the goodness-of-fit indices (AGFI=0.91, GFI=0.91), (NNFI=0.91, CFI= 0.92), and (RMSEA= 0.073, X2/df= 2.97) confirmed an excellent fit of the measurement model of the effects of climate change on sustainable livelihoods with observed data. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the greatest impacts of climate change among livelihood capitals were respectively related to physical, financial, natural, social and human capitals.

The outbreak of the corona pandemic had various effects on rural areas, one of these effects is on the process of food insecurity, followed by the strategies of rural households to deal with food insecurity. The aim of the present research is to firstly know the food security situation of the households in the studied villages and then to investigate the difference in the coping strategies of these households before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The current type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the current research is eight peri-urban villages of Zanjan city, these 8 villages have 3047 households, and using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire (332) households was calculated and the questionnaires were completed using a systematic method. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon test and Amos structural equations) were used to analyze the data. The research findings show that 34.14% of households have food security, 22.18% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 18.64% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 25.04% of households have food insecurity with severe hunger. In order to analyze the significant difference between the indicators of food and non-food strategies to deal with food insecurity, it shows that the most significant difference is related to the indicators of overtime other than the agricultural sector and the use of cheap food with the test statistic value of -11.33 and -14.57. The results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of coping strategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.The outbreak of the corona pandemic had various effects on rural areas, one of these effects is on the process of food insecurity, followed by the strategies of rural households to deal with food insecurity. The aim of the present research is to firstly know the food security situation of the households in the studied villages and then to investigate the difference in the coping strategies of these households before and after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic. The current type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the current research is eight peri-urban villages of Zanjan city, these 8 villages have 3047 households, and using Cochran's formula, the number of samples required to complete the questionnaire (332) households was calculated and the questionnaires were completed using a systematic method. The method of collecting information in the form of library and field (questionnaire) and descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon test and Amos structural equations) were used to analyze the data. The research findings show that 34.14% of households have food security, 22.18% of households have food insecurity without hunger, 18.64% of households have food insecurity with moderate hunger, and 25.04% of households have food insecurity with severe hunger. In order to analyze the significant difference between the indicators of food and non-food strategies to deal with food insecurity, it shows that the most significant difference is related to the indicators of overtime other than the agricultural sector and the use of cheap food with the test statistic value of -11.33 and -14.57. ing strategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.villages against food insecuriThe results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of copategies of households in the studied villages against food insecurity.villages against food insecuriThe results show that the indicators of the type of household job, having a secondary job, the amount of watered land, vehicle, food inflation, household purchasing power, access to food stores and income diversity, education, size of the household and spouse's education, remittances , social bond, social trust and eating habits and patterns influence the choice of cop

Rural management, as a popular initiative, is the most important factor in the growth of rural society and it controls the process of moving from the present to the desired situation and is one of the most important aspects of rural management, which is a relatively new concept; and given that rural women play a key role In various fields, especially agricultural production, they have rural industries, they are important in rural development, and their ability to be recognized as the focus of new concepts for the development and strengthening of poverty alleviation strategies in rural areas, therefore. The statistical population of this study is rural women in the rural districts of Khodabandeh district. Using Cochran's formula, 175 individuals were selected as sample and data were collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and the questionnaire was distributed randomly among them. Became Data were analyzed by SPSS software, T-test, single sample and factor analysis and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results showed that there is a significant relationship between local managers performance and empowerment of rural women as well as their performance and female satisfaction at 0.99; And, respectively, the greatest influence was attributed to the role of local management in empowerment of rural women to women's economic power indexes with an average of 3.588, female participation with an average of 3.416, and self-esteem of women with an average of 3.315.

Housing is the most important component of the physical fabric of the village, over time and in harmony with social and economic changes has been associated with functional change. These changes are not in line with the rural economy and have led to socio-economic incompatibilities and the livelihood function of rural housing. In the present study, the components of livelihood-based housing and socio-economic factors affecting livelihood-based housing developments have been analyzed. The type of research is applied and its nature is descriptive-analytical. The data collection method was library and field (observation and questionnaire, interview), the data analysis method was descriptive and inferential (one-sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, correlation coefficient test and structural equations). The statistical population of the study includes households in the village of Miracles in Zanjan province. Using Cochran's formula, 273 families in 5 villages were selected as a sample. Rural sampling was simple to select households at random, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the indices, the values ​​of which were 0.70%. Findings show that, based on one-sample t-test, rural livelihood-oriented housing in the dimensions of livelihood-production, logistics, biological, socio-cultural is estimated below the numerical average. Also, the findings of structural equations show that there is a relationship between economic factors and livelihood-based housing with a regression value of 0.715. Rural livelihood-based housing in the dimensions of livelihood-production, darkat, biological, socio-cultural, respectively, indicates the low level of housing model in the form of livelihood. The results of socio-economic factors in housing developments showed four dimensions of income, employment, assets, Housing costs are at a disadvantage. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that as the socio-economic indicators improve, so does the tendency to build livelihood-based housing.

Ineffectiveness and unsustainability of classic approaches to respond to socioeconomic challenges in rural areas is one of the biggest barriers to sustainable development and achieving its goals. Hence, modern tourism as a new strategy has been able to be effective in the evolution of sustainable development in rural areas. Such that today emergence of postmodern tourism has made the tourists be more willing to use cultural attractions and unique experiences in tourism destinations, and the big entertaining places are not attractive to them anymore. On the other hand, rural areas have constantly faced difficulties in attracting tourists because of poverty and economic problems; therefore, creative tourism has been presented as an appropriate approach in developing rural tourism, since it does not need huge investments and uses the existing cultural and natural aspects. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the role of creative tourism in rural sustainable development and ranking the sample villages according creative tourism components. The present study is an applied study with regard to function and is a descriptive-analytic study with regard to its nature. We used field and library methods based on observation and questionnaire for data collection. Validity of the questionnaire items was confirmed by experts and using Cronbach alpha formula (0.856). The statistic population includes the households of six historic-cultural villages in northwest of Iran; 313 household heads were randomly selected using the Cochran formula. Statistical tests such as one sample t-test, multi-variate linear regression, and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for data analysis. The results indicated that the mean values are higher than 3 for all the components of creative tourism except risk taking which is 2.99; the components are also significant at 0.01 level indicating desirable conditions of the target villages with regard to creative tourism. Investigation of regression fitness model indicated that 0.83 of the positive effect of tourism on rural sustainable development is due to creativity in tourism. Also, according to beta values, among the five components of creative tourism, participation (0.286) and and risk taking (0.181) were the most and least effective factors in rural sustainable development through tourism, respectively. The results of Kruskal–Wallis test indicated that Kandovan (65.257) was at the first rank and Varkaneh (41.71) was at the sixth rank with regard to creative tourism and the consequent sustainable development.

Housing which is influenced by natural and human factors considered as the main factor contributing rural texture. Therefore, any types of transformation in natural and human circumstances will appear in housing as well. Nowadays, incompatibility among physical transformation and socio-cultural attitude in rural areas, culminates in Socio-economic disparities and change in the functioning of these living spaces, especially rural housing. During recent years the studied villages encountered transformation of function of housing and formation of novel function of housing. This transformation resulted by various economic factors. Now following questions will be raised: 1- What is the status of housing functions within the scope of the study?
2- Which economic indicators have influenced the transformation of functioning in rural housing?
This study is applied research and the approach is descriptive- analytical. Data collection is through secondary data, questionnaires and interviews. Statistical population consists of households of GhaniBeigloo county and lower Zanjan river district of Zanjan Province. According to 2011 census, there are 31 inhabited villages, 2358 households and 8413 of people in this county. Based on Cochran formula, we applied 330 out of 2358 households as a sample to fill the questionnaire. In order to study the functions of rural housing, 43 indices have been utilized in five dimensions of livelihood, logistical, economic, social, and women. Moreover, in order to examine the effective economic indicators of rural housing, 14 indices has been used as Likert scale. The descriptive findings obtained from the review of the individual characteristics of respondents demonstrate that, 96.4% of the respondents are male and 3.6% are female. The age group range mostly from 30 to 40 years old. The maximum frequency percentage of literacy level belong to elementary school with 40.6%. . The maximum frequency percentage of household's head occupation belong to agricultural and horticultural jobs with 37.5%. The monthly income mean of households is 748,000 Tomans. The maximum frequency percentage for sizes of houses, land area and building area are respectively, 200-150 meters, 100-50 meters and 150-100 meters. 31.3% of respondents constructed their properties with a loan. The descriptive results of the study show that, the highest mean of housing function is related to women's function with an average of 2.62 and the minimum average is the housing logistic index with an average of 1.46. By analyzing numerical mean derived from rural housing function of studied village, it can be illustrated that, rural housing function is below optimum point. Based on sample T-Test and Likert scale with range of 1-5, the fluctuated amount for whole housing function is less than average (3). This difference is significant at 0.01 alpha level and difference compered to optimum is shown as negative number. Also, the inferential results demonstrate that the economic indices of housing, vehicle, number of livestock, garden ownership, annals of credit allocation, type of occupation and income, and the income received from the non-agricultural sector, have a significant and meaningful effect on the changes in the function of rural housing.
By increasing the so-called urban tendency into rural environments, some of the structural components of the functions of rural houses have been transformed fundamentally. By moving away indigenous patterns and acquiring new patterns, the heterogeneity of housing patterns with living and livelihood needs, and increasing the use of instrument technology, not only the physical structure but also setting and design of rural houses is influenced. Such changes can be checked in interior design, appliance and layout of houses.
According to the results of the "Analysis of the economic factors affecting rural housing function transformations" the following suggestions has been offered: 1. attention to livelihood, production, crafts, etc. in the form of rural housing
2. Separation of rural and urban housing policy implementation model for rural housing
3. Construction of new housing due to geographical and environmental characteristics of each area
4. Using local area experiences in rural housing

Rural development experts, by taking into account of advantages and positive impacts of tourism activities in creating income and job opportunities, consider it as a new choice in creating commercial added value, a factor of creating relation between economic sectors of these areas and finally as a tool for economic diversification and local communities development. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of rural tourism in creating contexts of entrepreneurship in Hesar-e-Valiasr County (Avaj Township- Qazvin Province). The research method is analytical– descriptive based on data collection by using questionnaires. The research population includes 4 villages of Kameshkan, Esmaeelabad, Changureh and Mashhad in which the number of second homesin turism is more than 50 percent of existing homes. Therefore, from 404 permanent households in these villages, the researches only managed to get approval and cooperation of 112 heads of households that include a little more than 25 percent of the research population. For data analysis, statistical tests such as One sample T test and Friedman (for the analysis of ranking mean and) and Kruskal Wallis (for the investigation of ranking mean among sample villages) were used.Theresearch results show that tourism has been able lead to the improvement of entrepreneurship among settled respondents in sample villages. On the other hand, due to the effectiveness of these activities in all villages, high difference among target villages of second homes tourists in entrepreneurship indexes hasnt been observed. Also, the results of performed analyses in 4 main second homes tourism destination villages in Hesar-e-Valiasr County by the use of Kruskal Wallis analysis show that Kameshkan is in higher rank than the other villages in the indexes of diversification of family income resources in rural area, risk acceptance in activities, generating new jobs, and the improvement of individual and family job status. In the index of tourism resources management, Esmaeelabad and in the indexes of creativity and providence, Changureh are in the higher rank to the other studied villages.

From the very early stages of human history, the issue of housing has been of great importance and one of the most essential human needs that a lot of effort has been put in providing it. Presently the main function of housing, apart from its role as a shelter, is provision of a proper place for the family to have a desirable life in it. Housing is one of the most important elements in rural texture which is influenced by natural and human forces. So any kind of change in natural and human conditions demonstrates itself in housing. Therefore we can say that housing patterns are a reflection of the influential forces and elements in taking their shape. One of these important factors is identity, thus the present study focuses on the role of identity in the changes of rural housing patterns. This article is an applied study and the method used has been descriptive- analytical. The statistical population of the present article includes the villages of East Eghbal rural district in the central of Qazvin. According to the census of 2011, this district has 14 populated villages, 4424 households, and a population of 14656. Considering the expansion of the area under study and the fact that the research needed to be more precise, four villages were chosen (Erenjak, Vousough Abad, Shinghar, Najaf Abad) using the revised Cochran formula. These villages have a population of 4307 and 1256 households. A questionnaire with 27 qualifiers for the analysis of rural households’ identities, 27 indices for the analysis of the traditional components of rural housing, and 20 indices for analyzing the modern components of rural housing was formulated. The questionnaire’s level of reliability wasobtained 0.76 with Cronbach’s alpha which shows a proper trust factor. The method for analyzing and evaluating the obtained data has been descriptive (average, standard deviation) and inferential (Kendall test, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient). According to the research done on the traditional and modern elements of rural housing, most rural houses lack a traditional texture and have followed the modern urban pattern in deleting the productive functions. Also the analysis of the modern factors in rural housing has shown that most houses have followed an urban construction, the reason for which can be the short distance between these villages and Qazvin itself. As the researcwas carried on, it was proved that the households which had a transitional identity from rural to an urban one, have experienced most changes in housing patterns; and the households who havereceived housing credit have also had more changes in their housing patterns. The research shows that since the housing credit has only had a monetary aspect and there has been no supervision on the construction methods, thus most rural households were inclined to use urban housing patterns, a process which is effective to the elimination of the productive functions in rural houses and the acceptance of urban housing patterns.

Different schools of development considers investment as their fundamental principle. The existence of investment enables the operation and efficiency of the surrounding area, especially in rural areas which can lead to sustainable development. Today for achieving the paradigm of rural sustainable development, rural planners has emphasized more on empowerment of target groups (the poor, widowed women, landless laborers and small farmers) and believed that at the present, poverty is the most threatening factor of the environment. Over the last three decades, microcredit approach with the aim of accessing rural poor to financial resources in a lot of developing countries was conducted and has had successful results. This paper seeks to answer this question that to what extent, granting such credits can affect on the economic empowerment of rural poor. Identifying the extent of this strategy effects on the economic empowerment of the rural poor is the purpose of this paper. The research method is descriptive – analytical method and the method for collecting data is field and library method (questionnaire and interview). The statistical society of the present study includes Ganiabad Bigloo village. Among 33 villages of this area, 4 villages were selected and classified by using probable sampling method and questionnaires were prepared from all the families received the credits. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one- sample t test, Pearson correlation and multivariable regression) were used. The results showed that such credits has not lead to economic empowerment of the rural poor but there is an outstanding relation between the increase of credit amount and improvement of economic empowerment indices.