chiyaneh

Intercropping as a method of sustainable agriculture is defined as the simultaneous growing of two or more crops during the same season on the same area of land. Intercropping compared with monoculture has many advantages including the more efficient use of resources (water, nitrogen, and radiation), enhances yield quality, prevention of soil erosion, and reduced incidence of insects, diseases, and weeds. Javanmard et al. (2012) studied the agronomical, ecological and economic evaluation of wheat- chickpea intercropping under rainfed condition of Maragheh reported that the highest pods number per plant, seed number per plant, seed yield of chickpea and spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, grain yield, protein content, and protein yield were obtained in the sole crops. This research aimed to study the effects of different fertilizers (biological, chemical, integrative) and intercropping of barley with chickpea on their yield and qualitative traits. This study was carried out with a factorial design based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and 24 treatments in Naqadeh, Iran during the growing season of 2014-2015. The first factor included six intercropping patterns consist of 1-row chickpea + 1-row barley, 2-row chickpea + 2-row barley, 4-row chickpea + 2-row barley and 2-row chickpea + 4-row barley and monocropping of each crop and the second factor was included control (no fertilizer), 100% chemical fertilizers (NP), biofertilizers and biofertilizers +50% chemical fertilizers.
Barley was harvested when spike turned brown and chickpea was harvested when the first pod of the plants fully matured. Field data were collected by cutting 10 plants randomly from each plot and yield component of each plant was considered as the average for each plot.
Analysis of variance had been done by using SAS 9.4 software was performed for studied parameters. Means were compared with LSD at 5% probability level (P < 0.05). Results showed that intercropping patterns had a significant effect on all of the mentioned traits except the number of seeds per pod of chickpea pea. There was no significant interaction effect between intercropping pattern and fertilizer. The maximum and the minimum grain yield and biological yield of chickpea were obtained at monocropping and row intercropping (1-row chickpea + 1-row barley), respectively. In addition, the highest and the lowest grain yield and biological yield of barley were obtained from monocropping and 1-row chickpea + 1-row barley, respectively. Also, the effect of fertilizer was significant on all traits of both crops. The highest seed yield and biological yield of chickpea were achieved in the combined usage of fertilizers with 104.60 and 339.53 g.m-2 and the maximum grain yield and biological yield of barley were obtained in use of integrated application fertilizers with 215.90 and 1187.53 g.m-2, respectively. The highest and the lowest grain protein of barley and chickpea were obtained in the combined usage of fertilizers and control (no fertilizer), respectively.Calculation of LER revealed that the maximum LER (1.34) was obtained for intercropping (2-row of barley + 2-row of chickpea) with biochemical fertilizer, respectively. This means that intercropping improved land use efficiency by 34%, compared with monocropping. According to the results of this experiment, the highest grain yield for both plants (chickpeas and barley) were achieved in monocropping. However, the lowest grain yield of chickpeas and barley were obtained in intercropping patterns with ratios of 1:1, respectively. The higher grain yield of mono-cropped may be due to the fewer disturbances in the habitat in a homogeneous environment under monocropping systems. In the condition of application biofertilizer, more nutrient accessibility led to an improvement in the yield of chickpeas and barley. Results indicated that application of biofertilizers enhanced the grain and yield components. Among treatments, the combined usage of fertilizers (%50 chemical fertilizers+ biofertilizer) showed a greater increase in studied traits than individual consumption. The positive effect of biofertilizer may result from its ability to improve the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients especially under limited irrigation of the soil which causes decreasing on the nutrient's availability.

To study the effect of fertilizer and planting pattern on chickpea and linseed plant traits in dryland farming, a field experiment was conducted in factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Naqadeh, Iran during growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments were included six substitutive cropping patterns; sole cropping of chickpea, sole cropping of linseed, 1 row chickpea: 1 row linseed, 2 rows chickpea: 2 rows linseed, 4 rows chickpea: 2 rows linseed, 2 rows chickpea: 4 rows linseed and four fertilizer sources: control (without fertilizer; Control), 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK), biofertilizers (Azoto Barvar1+ Phosphate Barvar2+ PotaBarvar2+ Sulfur Barvar1) and vermicompost (10 t.ha-1).  Results showed that the effect of intercropping patterns and fertilizer sources on seed yield, biological yield, oil content and oil yield of lineseed and seed yield, biological yield, number of nodules and protein content of chickpea were significant. The highest seed yield of both species was obtained from sole cropping (linseed 945 and chicpea 629 kg.ha-1), but the mean seed yield of each crop in the same unit area was higher than sole cropping (linseed 161.5 and chickpea 128.5 kg.ha-1). The oil content of linseed (6.6%) and protein content of chickpea seed (20.2%) were higher in intercropping compared to sole cropping. Fertilizer resources, especially vermicompost, increased the plant traits of both species compared to control. The maximum LER (1.55) was obtained from 4 rows of chickpea + 2 rows of linseed in control (without fertilizer application) treatment that means 55% of profitability of intercropping compared to sole cropping. According to the objectives of sustainable agriculture concerning elimination in chemical inputs application, intercropping pattern of 4 rows of chickpea + 2 rows of linseed, without fertilizer application, was more suitable in this experiment.

Intercropping is defined as the growing of two or more crops at the same time in the same piece of land. Intercropping of legume with non-legume compared with monoculture has many advantages such as reducing the risk of crop failure, making efficient use of available land, improving productivity and income, more efficient use of resources (water, nitrogen, and radiation) and increasing food security in vulnerable production systems. Biofertilizers are important not only for the reduction of quality of chemical fertilizers but also for getting better yield in sustainable agriculture. Application of biofertilizers and no use of chemical fertilizers are rapidly gaining favor. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been well documented to be a bio-fertilizers that have a symbiotic relationship with many crops and by increasing the uptake of nutrients mainly phosphorus, and enhancing the water absorption and resistance to pathogens, improves growth and yield of host plants in sustainable agricultural systems. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effect of biofertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur solubilizing bacteria+ Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and intercropping on seed yield and yield components of linseed and faba bean.

This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran, during growing season of 2017. The first factor was five intercropping patterns including 1 row linseed + 1 row faba bean, 2 row linseed + 2 row faba bean, 3 row linseed + 3 row faba bean, and monocropping of each crop and the second factor was included control (no fertilizer), and biofertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur supplier bacteria+ arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi). Before the sowing, the related biofertilizers were shaked completely to cover the whole seeds surface after which the seeds were shadow-dried and planted, irrigation was done immediately after seed sowing. No fertilizer was used during the growing season. In addition, the land equivalent ratio (LER) was calculated to determine the advantages of intercropping. The Analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.4 software; means were compared by using Duncan's multiple test at 0.05 probability level.

The results showed that the effect of cropping pattern on all measured traits was significant on height, number of lateral branch, number of capsule per plant, number of seed per capsule, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, oil percentage of linseed and on height, number of lateral branch, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield of faba bean. The highest seed yield of faba bean (4.280 t ha-1) and linseed (2.230 t ha-1) were obtained in monocropping treatments, respectively. The higher production in linseed and faba bean monocropping may be due to the less disturbance in the habitat in homogeneous environment under monocropping systems. The results showed that biofertilizer had a significant effect on all traits, in linseed and faba bean. The highest yield and yield componenet of both plants were achieved in use of biofertilizers. In linseed, the highest oil percentage of all treatments was higher than solecropping. Also, total LER was more than 1 and the highest values were observed in all treatments. The maximum LER values (1.50) were obtained for intercropping 2 row of linseed + 2 row of fababean with using biofertilizers. It seems that better utilize of the growth resource in the intercropping led to reach this result.

In general, the results of this experiment showed that the faba bean and linseed yield were influenced by different intercropping patterns and biofertilizer. The highest seed yield for both plants (faba bean and linseed) were achieved in monocropping. In the present study, application of biofertilizers could improve the yield and some characteristics of faba bean and linseed. In addition, with application of biofertilizer the seed yield of linseed and faba bean about 38% and 31% compared with control (non-consumption), respectively. It seems that the use of biofertilizers in intercropping is one of the suitable strategies for achieving optimal yields with minimum inputs, which in the long run can reduce the need of crop systems to chemical inputs.

In order to evaluate the effects of biofertilizers, organic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica) under dry farming, a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province - Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2015-2016. Treatments included application of Vermicompost (10 t.ha-1), biofertilizers , Azotobarvar1 (Azotobacter) and Barvar Phosphate-2 (the combination of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus lentus), chemical fertilizer (N, P), Vermicompost+ biofertilizers, 50% chemical fertilizer+ biofertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + 25% chemical fertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer and control (Without any fertilizer). Different traits such as plant height, number of nut goal per plant, number seed per capitol, thousand seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, oil percentage and oil Yield, percentage of protein were recorded. The results showed that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield, yield components and qualitative traits of balangu. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed the greater increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. The highest seed yield, Essential oil content, mucilage yield and protein content were obtained from combined usage of biofertilizers (75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer). According to the results, it seems that integrated application especially triple combination under dry farming conditions had positive effects on seed yield, qualitative traits of Dragon's Head and reduction of chemical fertilizers in the recommended region.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the seed yield and chemical composition of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and twelve treatments at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of urmia, Iran during growing season of 2015-2016. The first factor included of three Landraces (Urmia, Hamdan and Germany) and second factor included of four biofertilizers as: complete biofertilizers (consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur supplier bacteria), mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices), integrated Bacterial biofertilizers with mycorrhizal fungi and control treatment. Results indicated that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield, colonization percentage, nutrients absorption, essential oil content, essential oil yield and essential oil composition. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed that great increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. Also, The effect of landrace on all studied quantitative and qualitative traits was significant except for seed nitrogen. Seed yield of the German landrace were higher than Hamedan and Urmia landrace. The main components of the essential oils fennel were; Anethol, Fenchone, Limonene and p-Allylanisole. The highest amount of anethole was found in Urmia landrace in inoculated with mycorrhiza and bacterial biofertilizer. In general, the results showed that the use of biofertilizers had a significant effect on the improvement of quality and quantity of fennel traits.

Mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with plants root through effective uptake of water and nutrients can be reduced the negative effects of salinity. To evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some morpho-physiological traits and yield of Summer savory a greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, Payamenoor University of West Azerbaijan- Nagadeh, Iran, in 2013. The first factor included three salinity levels as zero (control), 75 and 150 mM. and second factor included of six mycorrhizal fungi species as Glmus versiforme, G. mosseae, G. interaradices, G. caledonium, G. clarum, Acaulospora langula and control treatment. Increasing salinity caused to significant reduction of chlorophyll a, stem length and stem diameter. The highest concentrations chlorophyll a, stem length and stem diameter were obtained from mycorrhizal plants of G. versiforme, as same as other species. The interaction between mycorrhiza and salinity on number of leaf, total dry matter, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, prolin and leaf relative water content were significant. The maximum total dry matter was observed in non-saline treatments of G. intraradices. The highest concentrations of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were belonged to plants treated by 75 mM NaCl and inoculated with G. intradices. The highest leaf relative water content (87.6 %) and prolin were respectively obtained from plants treated by G. caledonium and G. mosseae in 75 mM of NaCl. In conclusion, Mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis led to enhance morpho-physiological traits and yield of savory affected by salinity.

Cultivation of medicinal plants in agricultural ecosystems plays an important role in the diversification and sustainability of these systems (Rezaei-Chiyaneh & Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab, 2014). Therefore, the application of ecological principles such as multi-ship system seems essential in the production of these plants. Zarifpour et al. (2014) in intercropping arrangements of cumin and chickpea showed that different cropping patterns had a significant effect on chickpea and cumin yield and the highest essential oil and land equivalent ratio achieved by planting ratio 50% cumin 50% chickpea. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to examine the effect of different intercropping patterns of black cumin and basil with bean on their yield and qualitative traits.
In order to evaluate some quantitative and qualitative traits of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in different intercropping patterns with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and land use efficiency, a field experiment was conductedbased on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province in Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason about 2013-2014. Cropping patterns included row intercropping (one row of black cumin one row of bean one row of basil) and strip intercropping (one row of black cumin two rows of bean one row of basil, two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil, three rows of black cumin six rows of bean three rows of basil, four rows of black cumin eight rows of bean four rows of basil) and their solecropping.
Black cumin was harvested when they turned brown, dried and shelled, and bean was harvested when the first pod of the plants fully matured and dried. Basil was harvested in the first and the second harvest at 50% of flowering.
Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
Land equivalent ratio of basil, black cumin and bean was calculated using equation 1 (Koocheki et al., 2014): Equation 1: Where, Y1, Y2 and Y3 represent basil, black cumin and bean yield in intercropping, respectively and B1, B2 and B3 represent basil, black cumin and bean yield in solecropping, respectively.
Results revealedthat the economic yield of three plants was significantly affected by treatments and theaverage yield was higher in solecropping than intercropping. By increasing in strip width seed yield of black cumin, dry matter yield in the first,and the second harvest of basil were decreased 30, 29, and 24 percent, respectivelycompared to monoculture. However, seed yield and biological yield of bean did not indicate any significant differences at solecropping with four rows of black cumin eight rows of bean four rows of basil. Higher seed yield and biological yield of sole cropped may be due to the fewer disturbances in the habitat in homogeneous environment of monocropping systems. Moreover, no significant difference between sole cropping of bean with combinations of 4 rows black cumin 8 rows bean 4 rows basil may be due to facilitative interaction in this combination. The percentage of essential oil in black cumin and basil of all treatments was higher than solecropping. Higher essential oil yield in intercropped could be due to the positive effect of bean such as nitrogen fixation for black cumin and basil. The essential oil content of black cumin and basil are, furthermore, positively affected by intercropping with bean.The maximum land equivalent ratio (1.93) was obtained in two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil that represents an increase advantages in intercropping than solecropping.
The results showed that quantitative and qualitative yield of three species was affected by planting ratio. The maximum seed and biological yield of three species were obtained at solecropping. The percentage of essential oil in black cumin and basil of all treatments were higher than solecropping. The LER index was higher than one in all intercropping treatments compared to solecropping systems. Generally,it seems that the cropping pattern “two rows of black cumin four rows of bean two rows of basil“ is remarkably effective to increase the economic income and land use efficiency.

In order to evaluate the intercropping advantage of flax seed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)under foliar application of Nano chelated iron and zinc, a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications on the filed located in Naghedeh,West Azerbaijan province, Iran during growing season of 2013-2014. The fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer), Nano chelated iron, Nano chelated zinc and Nano chelated iron Nano chelated zinc and intercropping patterns consist of one row of flax seed one row of pinto bean, one row of flax seed two rows of pinto bean, two rows of flax seed one row of pinto bean, two rows of flax seed two rows of pinto bean and sole cropping of each crop. Results showed that the intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits. The highest seed and biological yield of pinto bean were achieved in solecropping but the maximum protein content was observed in row intercropping. In flaxseed, the highest biological yield, seed yield and protein content were obtained in sole-cropping, however, the highest oil percentage of all treatments was higher than solecropping. Foliar spray with Nano chelated iron and zinc had significant effect on quantitative and qualitative yield of flax seed and pinto bean. Quantitative and qualitative yield of flax seed and pinto bean were enhanced by foliar spray of Nano chelated iron and zinc, compared with control. Among treatments, combined usage of Nano chelate showed the greater increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. The maximum LER values (1.89) were obtained for two rows of flax seed two rows of bean with Nano chelated iron, respectively. This means that intercropping improved land use efficiency by 89%, compared with solecropping.

In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of ajowan (Carum copticum L.), a field experiment was conducted at a farm located in West Azerbaijan province - city Nagadeh, Iran during growing season of 2012-2013. The experiment was arranged as split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications. The main plots were allocated to irrigation levels (Irrigation after 50 mm (control), 100 mm (moderate water stresses) and 150 mm (severe water stresses) evaporation from class A pan) and sub-plots were allotted to biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza, the combination of Azotobacter and Barvar Phosphate-2, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Barvar Phosphate-2 and control). Results showed that by increasing irrigation times from 50 to 150 mm evaporation, plant height, number of umbel per plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield and concentration and content of essential oil in ajowan were significantly decreased. Among the biological fertilizers, combined usage of biofertilizers (Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Barvar Phosphate-2) showed greater increment in studied traits than individual consumption. In each irrigation levels (Irrigation after 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation), the highest seed yield (783 kg/ha) was obtained from combined usage of biofertilizers and the lowest seed yield (400 kg/ha) belonged to control treatment, respectively.

Biological fertilizers can be suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers to increase soil fertility and crop production in sustainable agriculture. In order to evaluation of integrated application of bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on on quantitative and qualitative yield of Ajowan in strip intercropping، a field experiment was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications at research farm of Payamenoor University of Nagadeh، Iran during growing reason of 2011-2012. The fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer)، 100% chemical fertilizers (NPK) and biofertilizers +50% chemical fertilizers and strip intercropping patterns consist of 4 row of ajowan+ 2 row of fenugreek، 8 row of ajowan+ 4 row of fenugreek and 12 row of ajowan+ 6 row of fenugreek and sole cropping of each crop. Results showed that intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits except plant height of ajowan. The highest and the lowest seed yield were obtained in of 4 row of Ajowan+ 2 row of Fenugreek and 12 row of Ajowan+ 6 row of Fenugreek، respectively. The essential oil percentage of all treatments was greater than، compared with in monoculture. Also، the effect of fertilizer was significant on yield and some yield components of Ajowan. The maximum grain yield and essential oil yield of Ajowan were obtained of treatment of bio-fertilizers +50% chemical fertilizers and control، respectively. Calculation of LER revealed that the maximum LER values (1. 97) were obtained of strip intercropping (4 row of ajowan+ 2 row of fenugreek) with chemical fertilizers. This means that grain yield per unit area in intercropping improved by 97%، compared with monocropping، intercropping had advantage over sole crop.

Organic production ensures the safety and security of medicinal plants products and drugs. To evaluate grain yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in intercropping with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under organic farming condition, a field experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications on a filed located in Naghedeh,West Azerbaijan province, Iran, in 2012-2013. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 (chickpea: black cumin) using replacement method. Results showed that different planting ratios had significant effect on studied traits in chickpea (except plant height and number of grain.pod-1) and black cumin (except essential oil content). In chickpea, the highest pod.plant-1, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yield were obtained in sole cropping, however, the highest protein content (24.8%) was achieved in planting ratio of 25:75 (chickpea: black cumin). Results showed that in black cumin the highest follicule.plant-1, grain.follicule-1, biological yield, grain yield and essential oil yield were obtained in sole cropping, however, the tallest plant height and the most heavy1000 grain weight were obtained in planting ratio of 75:25 (chickpea: black cumin). There was no significant difference between treatments in essential oil content. The highest LER values (1.45) were obtained in planting ratio of 25:75 (chickpea: black cumin). This means that grain yield in intercropping improved by 45% as compared with sole cropping. According to the grain yield and LER, it seems that 75% black cumin + 25% chickpea was suitable for increasing the income of farmers and land use efficiency.

Henbane Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. is a plant species in solanaceae family that seeds hardly germinate because of seed dormancy. In order to determine the best methods for seed dormancy breaking in henbane, a experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included moist pre-chilling (at 4 °C) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and moist chilling at 4 °C for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, soaking the seeds in hormones gibberellic acid, kinetin, auxin (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm) for 24 h, KNO3 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%), Hot water (70 and 90 °C) for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, soaking seeds under running water for 24 and 48h, soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid 70% and 90% (5, 10 and 15 minutes) and mechanical scarification with sandpaper. The results showed that seed dormancy in henbane is physiological since the highest germination percentage (96%) was obtained by using the combined treatment of gibberellic acid (500 ppm) and pre-chilling (for 25 days). In addition, moist chilling and gibberellic acid treatments -by itself- on breaking seed dormancy were remarkable in this plant as germination increased up to 40 and 81%, respectively. Effects of hormones were also statistically significant on increasing seed germination but compared with the salient effect of combined chilling with gibberellic acid treatment and gibberellic acid treatment was not so remarkable. On the other hand, other applied treatments (Hot water, sulfuric acid and mechanical scarification with sandpaper) had no effects on breaking seed dormancy in henbane which indicates that the type of seed dormancy in henbane is not physical or it is due to the accumulation of inhibitory substance in seed coat.

In order to evaluate the comparison of different intercropping patterns of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in double crop، a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatment at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province - city Nagadeh، Iran during growing reason of 2011-2012. Treatments included intra- row intercropping (50% cumin + 50% lentil)، row intercropping (one row of lentil + one row of cumin) and strip intercropping (two rows of lentil + one rows of cumin، three rows of lentil + one rows of cumin، four rows of lentil + four two of cumin، six rows of lentil + two rows of cumin and pure lentil and cumin. Intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits. Results showed that the highest and the lowest economic yield of lentil were achieved in monoculture with 600 and 1600 kg. ha-1and six rows of lentil + two rows of cumin with 273 and 676 kg. ha-1، respectively. Grain yield and biological yield were no significant differences at monoculture with row intercropping and intra- row intercropping. But with increasing strip widths of grain yield and biological yield decreased by 50 and 54 %، respectively. The essential oil percentage of all treatments was higher than monoculture. The highest essential oil yield was obtained of intra- row intercropping (20 kg. ha-1). Results indicated that maximum (1. 8) and minimum (0. 94) LER values were obtained of row intercropping and strip intercropping (six rows of lentil + two rows of cumin)، respectively. By changing row intercropping patterns to strip intercropping، LER was decreased due to complementary and facilitative effects in intercropping.