daneshmand

Graphene quantum dots GQD can be used for diagnosis for its high Optical properties. Quantum dots which were synthesized by pyrolysis method, used for detection of acetone as in diabetes mellitus breath. In this projects, the Graphene quantum dots were characterize by TEM, FTIR and UV-vis. The TEM graphs reveal that the sizes of GQDs are in average about 4.48 nm.The UV-vis and FTIR spectrums show that the responses to exhaled breath cause to quenching or decrease optical intensity due to acetone. Acetone molecules as simplest ketone are deexcited to initial state because of collision with other molecules, especially with oxygen-containing functional groups and the spectrum plots show the optical quenching of GQDs solution.

Essential Oils (EO) are highly volatile compounds. Encapsulation of EO into the nano-carrier leads to reduced EO volatility and oxidation, as well as increased therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to synthesize a biocompatible nano-niosome containing Mentha piperita L. and Mentha pulegium L. EO and develop herbal-medicine system with suitable encapsulation efficiency. Hence, the amount and type of surfactant and also the amount of phospholipid were investigated in various niosomal formulations. Furthermore, the optimized formulation was introduced in terms of EO loading efficiency by investigating the acidity effect of hydrating buffer at 7.4 (neutral), 5.0 (acidic) and 9.0 (alkaline) pH. In addition, the EO release kinetic from the system was investigated in physiological conditions of normal (pH= 7.4, Temperature 37°C) and cancerous cells (pH= 5.4, temperature 42°C). Various niosomal formulations were prepared using thin-film method and the particle’s size, morphology, zeta potential and chemical interactions were characterized. Then, antioxidant activity of nanoparticles was evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay. Results of the present study showed that the niosomal formulation containing soy phosphatidyl cholin, cholesterol, and tween-60 loaded with mint or Mentha pulegium EO (0.5 mg/mL),hydrated with PBS at pH= 9, had the highest loading efficiency. The EO loading efficiency for mint and Mentha pulegium was 61.36% and 74.31%, respectively. The investigation of morphology, size, and zeta showed particles to be spherical with the size less than 80 nm and anionic surface charge. EO release in acidic condition of cancerous cells and 42°C temperature was more than physiological conditions of normal cells, representing the sensitivity of synthesized formulation to pH and temperature. The FTIR analysis results showed that no interaction occurred between EO and noisome and the loading of EO into the niosomes did not make any changes in chemical nature of EO. In addition, the antioxidant activity of EO was very well preserved during the encapsulation.

Titanium is a beneficial element for plant since its promotive effect on plant metabolism has been well documented. However, the physiological role of this trace element in tomato is not clear. This experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design to study two concentrations of titanium (1 and 2 mg/L Ti) and 0 as control on physiological and nutrient properties of tomato cv. Foria with 4 replications. Plant growth (fresh and dry weight, root volume and flower number), greeness Index (SPAD value), photosynthesis and nutrient parameters of tomato were evaluated. The result of nutrient use efficacy (NUE) showed that NUE of K, Ca and Mn improved by Ti supplementation and Zn use efficiency decreased by increasing Ti concentration. The earliest flower induction was observed at 2 mg/L Ti. Root volume increased by both Ti concentration and root fresh weight increased at 2 mg/L Ti. Greeness Index (SPAD value (and PWUE were not influenced by Ti application. Results showed that photosynthesis rate increased by increasing Ti concentration. Transpiration was reduced at the highest Ti concentration. Based on the results, Ti increased plant growth and photosynthesis through increasing nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency.

Holistic education is one of the educational trends of the late twentieth century, which, resting on spiritual foundations, attempted to overcome the shortcomings of modern educational theories. Although the origin of this approach can be found in the works of contemporary Western educators, this paper traces its roots in the old Eastern philosophical and spiritual thoughts centered on Daoism, and illustrates the encounter between the contemporary form of this approach and its eastern form in ancient time .Using content analysis and philosophical evidence, this paper first elucidates the fundamental components of Daoism in the original texts of such books like “the Tao Te Ching” by Lao Tseu and Ching tse, and then deals with the part which this approach has in holistic education. Considering the fundamental themes of Daoism, such as the nature of Dao, the collapse of the conventional system of values, self-monitoring and negation of mind and language; the basic educational concept of "fluidity”, its basic purpose of "liberation from mind" and the fundamental concept of learning" not-learning" reveal the truth of Dao.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important medicinal plant that is a source of diosgenin, trigonelline and other valuable components. Fenugreek seeds is used for its pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties.
The aim of present study was to investigate the genetic diversity within and between different populations of Trigonella foenum-graecum using DNA markers and phytochemical characteristics.
The total genomic DNA was isolated from 12 populations of Trigonella foenum-graecum collected from different regions in Iran. After optimizing PCR, 10 ISSR and 10 SCoT primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA of all genotypes. To investigate genetic distance, cluster analysis based on Jaccard similarity coefficients and UPGMA algorithm calculated for the 12 genotypes. Also, the trigonelline content was determined between 2 populations which had the highest genetic distance.
Analysis of banding patterns of 10 SCoT primers revealed 92 polymorphic bands with an average of 9.2 fragments per prime. A total of 79 bands were generated from 10 ISSR primers, out of which 55 (68.21%) were polymorphic bands. The average values of dissimilarities based on the SCoT and ISSR data were 0.60 and 0.44, respectively. Also, shoot trigonelline content was significantly different between genotypes with the highest genetic distance.
Our results revealed a high level of genetic variation among fenugreek populations. The findings also indicated that SCoT technique is more informative than ISSR technique for evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships among fenugreek populations. The genotypes with the highest genetic distance based on SCoT data, were noticeably different in respect of trigonelline content.

One of the principle design stages of the machine tools, especially based on parallel mechanisms is the deflection analysis of its structure under machining forces. In this paper a new four degrees of freedom parallel robot with three translational and one rotational degrees of freedom was investigated to find the best design configuration. At first the kinematics and force analysis of the mechanism as the base of design analysis considering the load distribution on its various components were implemented. Then, deflection of the different components of structure under external torque and forces on the moving platform was obtained. To confirm the force relations and static analysis of the mechanism, the structure of robot by the FEM in ANSYS environment was analyzed. At last, the results of theoretical relations calculated by the MATLAB were compared with the simulated results obtained by the FEM. It was found a good consequently, the agreement between these two of the proposed design method.

Over the past few years, the rapid use of high frequency electromagnetic fields like mobile phones has raised global concerns about the negative health effects of its use. Adaptive response is the ability of a cell or tissue to better resist stress damage by prior exposure to a lesser amount of stress. This study aimed to assess whether radiofrequency radiation can induce adaptive response by changing the antioxidant balance.
In order to assess RF-induced adaptive response in tissues, we evaluated the level of GSH and the activity of GR in liver. 50 rats were divided into 5 groups. Three groups were pre-exposed to 915 MHz RF radiation, 4 hours per day for one week at different powers, as low, medium and high. 24 hours after the last exposure to radiation, they were exposed to 4 Gy sublethal dose of gamma radiation and then sacrificed after 5 hours. Their livers were removed, washed and were kept at -80o C until used.
Our finding showed that pre-exposure to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation with specific power could induce adaptive response in liver by inducing changes in the activity and level of antioxidant enzymes.
It can be concluded that pre-exposure to microwave radiation could increase the level of GSH and the activity of GR enzyme, although these increases were seen just in low power group, and the GR activity was indicated in medium power group. This increase protects tissue from oxidative damage induced by sublethal dose of gamma radiation.

Medicinal herbs are one of the most valuable Iranian National assets. Herbal essential oils have valuable therapeutic properties. Oxidation and volatile of essential oils caused some limitations in its usage. Nanoliposomes are nonometric lipid-based vesicles. Drug delivery carrier to improve delivery of therapeutic agent is one of the most well-known application of liposomal vesicles. In recent years, scientists paid much attention to encapsulate plant essential oil in nanocarriers. The goal of presented study was encapsulation of Trachyspermumcopticum in nanoliposomal carriers to improve the therapeutic functionality.
The essential oil of Trachyspermumcopticum was extracted by Clevenger instrument using hydrodistilation method and its components were determined with gas-mass chromatography. Small unilamellar lipid based vesicles containing Trachyspermumcopticum essential oil were prepared using thin film hydration method. Lipid phase were contained SPC 80, cholesterol and Trachyspermumcopticum essential oil. Nano-vesicles were evaluated by several analyses such as encapsulation efficiency, size, zeta potential, release kinetic profile and surface morphology.
Results showed that the encapsulation efficiency of entrapped essential oil was 35.6±7.4% and mean nano-liposome diameter was 186.1 nm. The prepared nano-vesicle led to controlled release profile.
In the present study, encapsulation of Trachyspermumcopticum essential oil into nano liposome was performed in order increasing stability, water- solubility and improving therapeutic index. The prepared formulation was slow-release, well-coating to preserve the essential oil against oxidation and increasing stability.

In this research, the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid, as a key precursor in the biosynthesis of porphyrin compounds such as chlorophyll, in mitigating salt stress were studied in Lycopersicum esculentum mill. Salinity at three levels (0, 50 and 75 mM NaCl) and ALA treatment at three levels (0, 1 and 2 mM) were applied on plants of this species. Both levels of salt (50 and 75 mM) reduced shoot fresh weight (11, 13%), shoot dry weight (15, 20%), shoot length (13, 25%), leaf area (20, 27.5%), chlorophyll (22.5, 49%), protein (12.5, 33.5%) and K+ content (22.5, 55.5%), and increased lipid peroxidation (84, 117%), H2O2 level (60, 100%), proline (61, 110%) and soluble sugars content (8. 18%), and ascorbate (25, 50%) and glutathione pool (29, 43%) and Na+ content (500, 700%) respectively. 5-aminolevulinic acid application in both levels, increased the leaf area, the amount of chlorophyll, protein, proline and soluble sugars, and ascorbate and glutathione pool by reducing the amount of lipid peroxidation, H2O2 level and Na+ content. The K+ content was not affected by ALA application. These results suggested that application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (1 and 2 mM) improved plant growth under normal condition and increased tolerance of tomato plants to salinity stress via increasing the amount of osmolytes, non-enzymatic antioxidants and chlorophyll cencentration.

A limiting factor for prodution of turf grasses in temperate regions is their low level of cold tolerance. In order to elucidate the cold tolerance, physiological and biochemical responses of two turf species, this study was conducted at a controlled environment greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture in Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran by a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replicates. Factors consisted of two turf species including Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) and four temperatures: 25, 15, 5 and -5 °C. Data analysis revealed that decreased temperature resulted in significant increases in proline, soluble sugars contents and activity of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, although seashore paspalum indicated a significant drop in antioxidant enzymes activity at cold stress of -5 °C. Furthermore, decreased temperature brought about a significant decline in visual quality, chlorophyll, starch and relative water content. Seashore paspalum exhibited a greater deterioration in visual quality, chlorophyll and relative water content at -5 °C compared to Kentucky bluegrass. The results showed that Kentucky bluegrass withstood cold stress with a better and more efficient defensive mechanism in comparison with seashore paspalum, thus it is considered more tolerant to cold stress and could, potentially, be used in temperate regions.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and plant number on yield and yield components of two rice cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in Babol city- during 2010. A split-split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 3 factors including fertilizer rate (0, 57.5 and 115 kg.ha-1), plant number per hill (3, 4 and 5) as sub plot and cultivars (Fajr and shiroudi) as sub sub plot were used. Results showed the rates of nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on grain yield, harvest index, fertile tillers number, panicle number and biological yield. Also, different levels of plant number have not significant effects except of panicle number, grain yield and biological yield. With increasing nitrogen fertilizer application, grain yield was increased significantly compared with control treatment (without nitrogen fertilizer application). Interaction effect between nitrogen fertilizer rate and cultivar was significant at 1% probability levels for grain yield and panicle number in which the highest yield was belong to the nitrogen fertilizer rate of 115 kg.ha-1 and Shiroudi cultivar. Among the mentioned traits, fertile tillers number, panicle number and biological yield had the highest correlation with grain yield.

Tourism industry with potential impact on the economy of any country, including factors that has always attracted the attention of authorities.With urbanization and the race of change in cities, close to decades the historic fabric of the city has changed for and their coordination with the main structure of the city is lost. This would especially affect urban spaces in the field of tourism and historical and cultural heritage of cities and reduce the number of clients and gradually forget the past memorials cities. The historic city Abarkuh despite numerous of historical and natural Monuments, especially old Cyprus that lived approximately 4,500 years and a height of 25 meters and surrounding context, is a special area which has natural, historical and unique potentials to attract tourists; but Unfortunately, the appropriate arrangements have not already been made to attract tourists in the city. According to the desert areas of this region, effective protection and optimization of the tourist attraction in the desert Iran could someday make it as the heart of recreational and scientific tourism in the depths of the desert. That’s why it is necessary to have a Tourist Complex consistent with local and regional values in this region.

In this paper، the behavior of energy absorption of crush-boxes، made of Aluminum foam advanced material، was investigated based on foam cellular structure homogeneity. Therefore، thin-walled tubes of Cu-Zn30wt. %. brass alloy with 27 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness were filled with A356-10vol. %SiC-Xwt. %. of TiH2 foam liquid. Foam samples with 1، 1. 5، 2wt. %. of TiH2 were prepared by Form Grip into the brass tubes in order to produce crush-box. Then the crush-boxes as energy absorber elements were compressed by un-axial loading and then behaviors of progressive buckling foams were measured. Results showed by decreasing A356-10vol. % SiC foam density from 0. 93 to 0. 88 and then 0. 43 g/cm3، the energy absorption would be changed from 12955 to 13465 and then to 11192 J، respectively. The sample with 1. 5wt. % of TiH2 and density of 0. 88 g/cm3 had the maximum energy absorption. Also، the results of foams cellular structure images showed that foams of homogenous cellular structure had a sizeable effect on the progressive buckling behavior. We developed a new parameter as «sorting coefficient»، which can release the foams cellular structure non-homogeneity، and change the crush-boxes energy absorption during the progressive plastic buckling.

To develop reproducible parameters for identification of drought tolerance of potato wild species or cultivars, response of tree wild species of potato Solanum bulbocastanum (intolerant), S. stoliniferum (semi- tolerant), S. acaule (tolerant) and a cultivar (S. tuberosum cv. ‘Agria’) (tolerant) to osmotic stress, using polyethylene glycol (PEG 15%) was studied using MS medium in vitro. Osmotic stress reduced shoot dry weight (SDW) and increased malondialdehyde, other aldehydes, ion leakage, hydrogen peroxides and the activity of lipoxygenases, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and guiacol peroxidase enzymes in potato species. However, the response of species was different to osmotic stress, such as accule showed the highest and bulbocastanum the lowest level of tolerance, in terms of SDW production. Correlation showed that ion leakage (r=-0.91**), catalase (r=-0.89**), malondialdehyde (r=-0.8**) and lypoxygeneses (r= 0.75**) were significantly correlated which may be used to screen potato genotypes to osmotic stress. The use of ion leakage parameter is recommended due to its low cast, precision and applicability.

Soil accumulation with toxic metals and their transmition into agricultural products as a world problem is ever expanding. Cadmium (Cd) content of soil has increased due to luxury consumption of phosphorous fertilizers application which enters human food chain. In present study which was conducted in college of agriculture, Kerman University in 2010, the effects of chemical treatments; namely salicylic (SA) at 0.1mM, silicon (Si) at 5 mM and SA+Si (0.1 mM and 5 mM) was studied on growth and development and cadmium accumulation in potato tubers grown under cadmium stress (0 and 12 mg/kg soil) in a pot experiment, using a factorial experiment with three replications. Compared with control treatment (No Cd), Cd decreased relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic and plant growth parameters. It also increased leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and Cd accumulation in tubers. All chemical treatments improved plant performance under Cd stress and non-stress conditions and the effect of SA+Si was more pronounced for most recorded parameters. However, under Cd stress, combination of SA+Si increased tuber number (81%), tuber fresh weight (112%), chlorophylls (50%) and decreased MDA (50%) and Cd accumulation in tubers (85%), relative to corresponding control and therefore, this treatment (SA+Si) can be commercially used to improve plant performance and reduce tuber Cd contents under field conditions.

This paper presents a methodology for solving shape optimization problemswhere the unknown is the shape of the problem domain. The proposed algorithm is based on the minimization of the stress along design boundary calculated by the Modified Fixed Grid Finite Element Method (MFGFEM).Using MFGFEM eliminates mesh adaptation and re-meshing processes as needed in the standard finite element method and reduces the analysis cost significantly. In this study, a new approach for computing stiffness matrix of boundary intersecting elements is also presented and optimal shape of the problem domain is obtained via a simple optimization algorithm.The performance of the proposed approach is investigated for the shape optimization problems. It is concluded that the results of the present method are in a good agreement with other analytical and finite element solutions.

Ceramic Ultrafiltration membranes are considered as an alternative for the treatment of both stable water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions proved to be more effective in comparison with other conventional techniques. In this study, symmetric macro-porous ceramic membranes are prepared through dry pressing of α-alumina powder and the addition of various binders including Poly (vinyl alcohol). The disk is sintered after the organic material is burned away and the porosity can also be adjusted by the variation of sintering temperature. The results show that the fabrication of compact membrane supports can be done by increasing the sintering temperature which leads to grain size reduction. Moreover, application of different binders and additives result in various supports possessing different pore size and size distributions. Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs illustrate the surface and grain size distributions caused by various binders. These membranes can be used for microfiltration at elevated temperatures and extreme environmental conditions and also as porous supports for the fabrication of composite-asymmetric nanofiltration membranes.

Titanium (Ti) has beneficial effects on growth, physiology and metabolism of plants. On the other hand, there is a high concern to use the nano-fertilizers with technological progress. In this respect, a hydroponic experiment, was designed in which Ti and nano-titanium (N-Ti) were added to the nutrient solution (NS) in two concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/L; the NS without adding treatments was considered as control. The experiment had completely randomized design with four replicates, and the growth changes and photosynthesis attributes of tomato were studied. The results showed that the effect of N-Ti in NS on root growth was more than shoot and had more positive effect on dry and fresh weight of the roots in 1 mg/L treatment. Ti and N-Ti increased transpiration, photosynthesis and inter-stomata CO2 content. N-Ti showed more effectiveness than Ti on transpiration and photosynthesis and this effect was more pronounced at higher concentrations. The chlorophyll content, root volume, fresh and dry weight of shoot, and time to the emergence of the first flower did not change significantly by Ti and N-Ti treatments. Conclusively, Ti at higher levels and N-Ti, due to its tiny size and easiness of penetration into the roots, can be effective on some growth and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato.

Free surface seepage flow problems in porous medias have many industrial and agricultural applications. In these problems, the geometric shape of the phreatic surface is unknown a priori and therefore the unconfined seepage problems are categorized as variable domain problems. Solving these problems using methods such as finite element method undergoes some difficulties because the domain boundary changes in each iteration and remeshing is inevitable. In the present paper, the smoothed fixed grid finite element method which is a new numerical approach based on non-boundary-fitted meshes is used to solve free surface seepage problems. The use of non-boundary-fitted meshes leads to simplification of solution of variable domain problems. In this method, gradient smoothing technique is used to formulate internal and boundary intersecting elements. To evaluate the applicability of the proposed method, some numerical examples are solved and the results are compared with those presented in the literature.

Fiber metal laminates are hybrid laminates consisting of thin alternating bonded layers of aluminum and fiber/epoxy. ARALL (Aramid aluminum laminate) and GALARE (glass fiber reinforced aluminum laminate) are specific kinds of fiber metal laminates that consist of thin aluminum sheets along with Kevlar/Epoxy and Glass/Epoxy composite layers, respectively. In this study, nonlinear tensile behavior of GLARE fiber metal laminates under in-plane loading conditions has been investigated. Due to the elastic-plastic behavior of aluminum layers, elastic analyses are not enough to accurately predict the tensile response. Thus, it is necessary to consider and explain the inelastic deformation behavior of GLARE laminates after yielding of aluminum alloy layers. Two appropriate analytical approaches, the orthotropic plasticity and modified classical laminated plate theories, have been used to predict the stress-strain response and deformation behavior of GLARE laminates. An acceptable agreement was observed between the two models. Results show that the GLARE behavior is almost bilinear under tensile loading condition and the tensile strength of unidirectional GLARE laminates are substantially stronger than aluminum alloys in the longitudinal direction.

In this paper, a computational technique is presented based on the natural element method (NEM) for large plastic deformation simulation of the metal forming problems. NEM is a numerical technique in the field of computational mechanics and can be considered as a meshless method. The selected process is backward extrusion for circular shape hollow components from round billets. The punch stroke value is divided into sub-steps, whereas a new set of nodes become active at the end of each sub-step of deformation. Solutions are obtained for different area reductions under friction condition. Hollman-Ludwik law is selected to explain the material behavior after the yielding point. The experiments are carried out with fully annealed commercial aluminum alloy billets at room temperature, using various punch sizes. A set of die and punches are designed and constructed for experimental works. The validity of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results from deformed geometry, contours of equivalent strain and forming loads with those obtained from finite element simulation and experimental measurements. It is concluded that the results obtained by NEM are in good agreement with those from FEM and experiments and therefore, the meshless natural element method is capable of handling large plastic deformation.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors which restrict plant growth, development and productivity. In this study the morphological and physiological effects of different concentrations of NaCl of three wild species of potato with different sensivity to salt including Solanum acaule (tolerant), Solanum stoloniferum (semi-sensetive) and Solanum bulbosum (sensetive) were investigated. Stem explants with one single nod were transsfered to MS medium with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM). After 5 weeks some of the physiological and morphological changes induced by NaCl were studied. Salinity reduced shoot height, chlorophyll content (a, b and total), carotenoids and ascorbates and increased proline, lipid peroxidation and ion leakage in S.stoloniferum and S.bulbosum. On the other hand salinity had no adverse effects on shoot height, chlorophyll content, MDA, ascorbates and ion leakage but increased chlorophyll content(a, b and total)), carotenoids and proline in S. acaule. In S. acule only at high salinity level (120mM) the level of aldehydes was increased. Based on these results, lipid peroxidation and ion leakage parameters can be used as screening criteria in wild species of potato.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most frequent genetic enzymatic disorder in hu man, which is inherited as an X-linked gene. It encodes a housekeeping enzyme, which is vital for cell survival. Accord ing to previous investigations, Mediterranean mutation (C563T) of g6pd gene is the most prevalent mutation in some prov inces of Iran and neighboring countries. We aimed to study the Mediterranean mutation of g6pd gene in Khuzestan province of Iran. A total of 1064 randomly selected male blood samples were selected in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, in 2008 and screened for G6PD deficiency using fluorescent spot test method. In order to determine the frequency of G6PD Mediterra nean variant, 144 G6PD deficient samples were analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. Eighty-one out of 1064 random selected screened samples were G6PD deficient, so a 7.6% frequency was obtained for G6PD deficiency. In addition, 105 out of 144 collected deficient samples had Mediterranean mutation that resulted in a 72.91% allel frequency. Corresponding to other investigations in Middle East countries and some provinces of Iran, we found that the Mediter ranean mutation of g6pd gene was the most prevalent variant and G6PD deficiency occurred in a high frequency.

In the present paper, applicability of the modified fixed grid finite element method in solution of three dimensional elasticity problems of functionally graded materials is investigated. In the non-boundary-fitted meshes, the elements are not conforming to the domain boundaries and the boundary nodes which are used in the traditional finite element method for the application of boundary conditions no longer exist. Therefore, special techniques are needed for computation of the stiffness matrix of boundary intersecting elements and application of boundary conditions.The stiffness matrix of boundary intersecting elements are calculated via integration of strain energy over the internal parts of these elements. Essential boundary conditions are applied using penalty function method. To examine the effectiveness of the proposed method, some numerical examples are solved and results are compared with those obtained using the standard finite element method.

In order to determine the effects of water deficit and different nitrogen levels on oilseed, seed protein and relations of them with oil yield and protein yield in rapeseed,two field experiments were conducted using a factorial split-plot in randomizedcomplete block design in 2005 and 2006 growing seasons at Seed and PlantImprovement Institute, karaj. In this study, two cultivars (Zarfam and Modena), threewater regimes (irrigation after 40, 60 and 80 percent depletion of soil water) and fournitrogen levels (0, 75, 150 and 225 Kg/ha) were studied that irrigation and nitrogentreatments were in main plots and cultivars were in sub plots. Results showed thatincreasing the nitrogen rate from 0 to 225 kg/ha and increasment in soil water, causedincreasing seed yield, oil yield and protein yield. In water stress condition the seed oildecreased (7.17%) but the seed protein increased (8.31%). Increasing nitrogen usedcaused to decreasing seed oil (10.08%) and increasing seed protein (25.19%). Oilyield had strong and significant correlation with seed yield and oil percent. Also,protein yield had positive and significant correlation with seed yield. In contrast thetwo varieties, Zarfam had a higher nitrogen uptake and mobilization under normalirrigation and severe water stress conditions, and also in higher and lower nitrogenconditions.