dariush babaei

By explaining a set of principles and rules governing the behavior and communication and agreements between companies, competition law prevents the deviation of the market structure to monopoly and improves its performance, and is actually the most important tool of competition policy in order to compensate for the lack of form and substance of private law regulations. As the most general and fair means of monitoring the economy, it has stepped into this field to increase the welfare of consumers through increasing the efficiency of resources.Considering the negative consequences of monopoly, including; Disruption of the market balance, the loss of consumer rights and the removal of other economic actors from competition, governments generally try to adopt measures such as the adoption of anti-monopoly regulations and the establishment of regulations facilitating competition in order to establish healthy and free competition in the relations of economic actors, while supporting Consumers' rights and creating balance in the market also prevent the formation of unnatural monopoly. Automobile manufacturing is one of the industries that, although it does not seem to have a monopoly, but in practice, this industry can be considered as one of the monopoly industries in Iran. This article was written with the aim of investigating the application of the rules of competition law in the Iranian automobile industry in a library manner using descriptive, analytical and inferential methods.The results confirm the fact that due to the monopoly of automobile manufacturing in Iran, competition laws are not applied in this industry.

The Internet and social networks, like many other phenomena, have positive and negative consequences, and by planning and raising the level of public awareness, we can take advantage of its positive effects and minimize the negative consequences. The rapid growth of technology and especially the ever-increasing progress in the fields of communication, satellites and the Internet has caused rapid changes in human societies and has had many positive and negative effects. In the meantime, the effects of the Internet and cyberspace in social relations are more than in other fields and have caused many changes and transformations. The purpose of writing this article is to examine the harmful activities of cyber space communication in Iran's legal system. Therefore, the structure of the article has been compiled in 8 sections and each section has several speeches. Also, the examples of harmful activities are specifically given, its components are analyzed and the civil responsibility resulting from it is described in the legal system of Iran.

 One of the important issues related to civil liability caused by sports accidents is the effect of injured consent in determining civil liability and its amount. This study, while paying attention to the moral and legal foundations of the validity of the injured satisfaction in sports operations, examines its role in applying the civil liability rules and compensation for damages.

 This research is of a theoretical type and has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method while using library resources.

Ethical Considerations:

 In the present research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

 The injured consent is a kind of declaration of unilateral will, and its validity is based on respecting the principle of independence and autonomy of individuals. From an ethical point of view, the validity of injured consent in sports activities can be analyzed in the light of the balance between the principles of autonomy, prohibition of harm and beneficence. In Iranian law, although the consent of the injured party and its effect in civil liability have not been considered by the laws, but by referring to the foundations and rules (jurisprudence and law) as well as the interpretation of the provisions of the law, it can be understood that the consent of the injured party has an influence and its effect is to remove or reduce the liability in relation to usual accidents in any sports field.

 The role of the consent of the injured party in different legal systems is different according to the laws and social and legal structures. In domestic law, considering the legal gap in this regard, it is suggested to amend and develop the laws regarding civil liability in sports, including the determination of the conditions and effects of injured consent in sports activities and the resulting accidents.

The issue of mistake in crime has often been a point of contention between jurists and criminologists in criminal law and criminology. A secondary issue of crimes’ psychological element is the occurrence of a mistake by perpetrators. In law, a mistake is generally a misconception a person has on a subject and does actions making them committed. Perhaps, if he had been aware of this in the beginning, his will and determination would never have been placed on committing such acts. However, in the process of committing a crime, mistakes may occur that ultimately affect the degree of criminal responsibility on the part of a perpetrator. Criminal justice calls for a distinction between those committing a crime with malice and criminal ill will and those committing a crime through a mistake/negligence without intending to violate the sanctity of the law and its effects, being a crime in the law. By adopting an analytical and descriptive method, the present study aims at investigating the effect of mistake in crimes from the perspective of criminology and criminal law.

Internet liability of Internet intermediaries means that if the actions of any person who deals with the Internet under different headings and purposes, lead to damage to the interests or rights of others, whether a person or a person, how and on what basis, should be required to Compensate. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted by referring to libraries and Internet sites. Examples that provide civil liability in cyberspace, such as the role of social networks and intermediaries and providers of virtual communication services and their place in the analysis of civil liability in space Examines and analyzes cyber law and proves that the basis of civil liability in cyberspace is based on fault and guarantee of rights and the type of liability is also joint and several. The results of the research also show that the victims in this space can claim all the material and moral damages that have been inflicted on them according to the general rules of civil liability.

The crime of disturbing the economic order is one of the significant crimes that this paper tries to explore with emphasis on corruption on earth. The present paper is an analytical descriptive study, applying the library method. The findings of the paper show that the Iranian legislature has always been silent on the definition and concept of economic crimes. In addition, given that disruption of the country's economic system is a common title, the law for punishing disruptors of the country's economic system without providing a proper definition of it, using vague words, including major, macro, and frequency, does not help transparency in this regard. In addition, the title and definition of corruption on earth is not clear and the conformity of the jurisprudential approach to corruption on earth with the crimes of disrupting the economic system is unclear. If the disruption of the economic system is done with the intention of hitting the system or with the knowledge and awareness of the effectiveness of action against the system, it is an example of corruption on earth. While there is no provision for measuring the criteria for identifying an act w

Modern technology, raw materials and efficient manpower, which are the factors of economic progress, are unequally distributed around the world, and the only establishment of rights that can make the economic plan possible while preserving the interests of the owners of these elements is joint venture. Joint investment in joint venture is a kind of business cooperation, where the parties are partners in the management of the economic plan and profits and losses. As compared to Imami Jurisprudence, the commercial law is totally different, especially in the need for a joint venture and the lack of common ownership in national resources and intellectual contributions. A closer look shows that for companies that have a separate legal personality from their partners, the idea of ​​creating legal personality in a joint venture contract is against the real intention of the partners. According to various laws such as the Foreign Investment Encouragement and Protection Law of 2002 and the third paragraph of Section "T" of Article 3 of the Law on Duties and Powers of the Ministry of Oil of 2012, a joint venture contract is identified as a general rule. The generalities of the joint venture contract can be found in Article 190 of the Civil Code and the principle of contractual freedom in Article 10 of the Civil Code.

 Sports accidents during sports operations constitute a major part of sports-related damages and in this respect, explaining the rules of civil liability and identifying the responsible parties for the accident in order to support the victims and compensate for the damages is very important. In this article, the basics of civil liability caused by sports accidents during sports operations were discussed.

 This research is a theoretical research in terms of type and also it has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical way using the method of legal discussion (logical-argumentative).

Ethical Considerations: 

In the present research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed.

 The results of the investigation showed that the direct responsibility of athletes and other perpetrators of harmful acts during sports operations are basically based on fault and the detection of fault is also based on the rules of each field and regulations, contracts, domestic and international standards and professional custom. However, in cases such as responsibility caused by another act in sports accidents, due to the controlling and supervisory position of individuals (managers, coaches and sports officials), the basis of liability is the assumption of fault; in such a way that a person must prove compliance with all aspects of caution and legal duties to be acquitted of responsibility.

 In general, it is not possible to determine an absolute basis for civil liability arising from sports accidents, because different components such as the nature of sports practice, the position of a person in sports operations and the contractual or non-contractual basis of responsibility, can be effective in the analysis of the basis of responsibility and especially the task of proving fault or non-fault.

Exploring the crimes of economic corruption is of great significance due to its great effect on public opinion. The request of the former head of the judiciary from the leadership to establish a special court for economic corruption can be evaluated in this regard. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the legal jurisprudence of investigating the crimes of economic corruption in the light of a fair trial. The present paper is an analytical descriptive study, applying the library method. The results indicate that the broad jurisdiction provided for in the suggested proposal and authorization of the former head of the judiciary to establish a special economic court to deal with economic crimes violated the rights of the accused persons, which are based on jurisprudential rules and domestic and international law, to enjoy the principles of a fair trial, widely and even irreparably because determination and speed are not necessarily provided through limited means by depriving defendants of their legal rights, which have been tried for years to establish. The examples of defendants' legal rights consist of holding fair trials, a proper judicial process during the trials, the right of access and free choice of lawyer, the right to appeal, having legal notice and objections, and protesting against temporary detention, which in the obvious form was ignored by violating some of the rules of criminal procedure. The conclusion is that the establishment of special courts and authorities can only lead to justice in the proceedings if it is in line with a fair trial.