davod darvishi

According to the law on the protection and exploitation of forests and pastures, any exploitation of natural resources by natural or legal persons must be done with the approval and permission of the country's natural resources and watershed management organization. Issuing grazing and grazing permits is one of the most important permits in the natural resources sector, which has its own implementation process. The evidence shows that there are various issues and problems in the process of issuing this license, and it is necessary to conduct a pathological scientific investigation to improve and correct the said process. The aim of the current research is to identify and categorize the existing damages in the process of issuing and renewing livestock grazing permits in pastures. 

This research is qualitative in nature and the technique of interviewing with focus groups has been used, in this research 96 beneficiaries and 31 experts from 6 provinces of Kerman, Isfahan, Hamadan, Kurdistan, Mazandaran and Semnan were purposefully selected and their opinions about the process and issues of livestock grazing licensing were analyzed using questionnaires and interviews, and the results were collected and analyzed using the content analysis technique.  

The results of this survey led to the identification and confirmation of 30 types of damage and problems in the process of issuing and renewing livestock grazing licenses in the form of three main categories (systemic, legal, and structural-executive), which in the branch of systemic problems, the component of multiple systems and the lack of a system integrated and intelligent, in the branch of legal obstacles, the component of time-consuming investigation of legal violations of applicants for grazing license renewal, division of grazing license among the children after the death of the owner of the grazing license, and in the branch of structural problems, the component of the weakness of monitoring and monitoring systems, lack of update of livestock and pasture statistical information , the low motivation of audit experts of natural resources departments and the lack of provincial credits have played the biggest role in the process of issuing grazing permits. Based on the results of this study, the issuing process in the investigated provinces takes 15 steps and 73 days, and the process of renewing the license is done in 8 days. 

In a general formulation and based on the findings and considering the problems that were stated before, in order to improve the process of issuing and renewing the Kera license, there is a need to take measures, for this purpose, it is necessary to create an integrated system, optimize the notification system, and automatically renew. Grazing license should be prioritized for responsible livestock farmers, updating information on livestock, pastures and determining the exact boundary of pastures and correcting or removing disturbing rules and instructions.

In this study, two methods of opening the pistachio shell (ice and mechanical methods) and natural opening at two storage temperatures (10°C and 25°C) and six months storage for Ouhadi pistachio cultivar, were compared in terms of peroxide index, acid number and sensory proprties. The results showed that the rate of changes in peroxide index during six months of storage varied from 2 to 3 mEq / kg, the changes in acid rate ranged from 0.51 to 0.85 mg / g and the moisture content of the samples varied from 4.36 % to 6.23 %. The highest amount of acidity (0.85 mg / g) and peroxide index (3.1 mEq /kg) in open shell samples was observed in the ice openenig method and storage tempreture of 25° C. The lowest acidity (0.51 mg / g) and peroxide index (2 mEq / kg) was observed in mechanical method opening and storage tempreture of 10 ° C. However, with the increasing of the storage time, peroxide index and acidity were incresed but the peroxide index at the end of storage in all treatments was found lower than the recommended safe limit (5 mEq /kg). The highest percentage (92%) and rate of shell opening (6.4 mm) were obtained by mechanical method. The percentage of pistachios that were crushed by the mechanical method was 2% and 3% higher than that in other two methods, respectively. According to the panel judges, the mechanical method was more desirable than the other two treatments with 86.5% of total acceptability. According to the significant effect of the appearance and chemical properties on the acceptability of the pistachio, it was concluded that the mechanical shell opening method was more acceptable method for artificially shell opening than the other methods.

Proper assessment of the learner in the educational system is one of the most important challenges facing all professors and teachers. Due to the ambiguity in some criteria or answering the questions, we will always face uncertainty in the evaluations. Therefore, in this article, two important issues in the results of the evaluation of the educational system in competitive exams when there is uncertainty for acceptance or selection based on academic record. Our proposal for problem solving is an approach based on soft computing techniques. Usually in exams, a answer sheet is evaluated based on the assignment of a score of one. Here, the main purpose of evaluation is the answer instructions from different perspectives of decision makers.From fuzzy sets to model the qualitative characteristics of questions and identify the problem of coefficient of educational importance of each academic year in different courses, by educational decision makers and from gray numbers to obtain the results of evaluating the learner's answer sheet and ranking them using methods Several gray criteria have been used. The use of a combination of different approaches to dealing with uncertainty that can cover the weakness of each approach is one of the future research of the authors.