فهرست مطالب dr. abbas mahravan

A comfortable indoor environment is essential for the health, performance, and academic efficiency of students in schools. The amount of energy consumption to provide comfortable conditions in educational buildings in Iran has placed these buildings among the biggest consumers of the energy sector with energy consumption of more than 160-kilowatt hours per square meter, and it is necessary to reduce energy consumption in this sector through environmentally friendly solutions. This research aims to reduce energy consumption and provide comfortable conditions in educational buildings by making changes in the layering of building shell elements including walls and light-transmitting walls as a static combination solution. The research method is quantitative and modeled through the use of design-builder software, and to examine the existing situation and optimize the energy of the building with variables Insulation type, wall thermal insulation thickness, insulation layering, glass type, and thickness, gases between walls, wall thickness were discussed. The results showed that in the studied building, the use of polyurethane insulation in the innermost layer (behind the carpentry plaster) of the south and north classrooms with a thickness of 10 cm had the most optimal performance. In the north classroom, a 2-pane light-transmitting wall with low-emissivity glass with a glass thickness of 3 mm and 13 mm argon gas with 28.40% reduction in energy consumption, and also in the south classroom with windows with a 3-pane light-passing wall and 3 mm normal glass and 13 mm of air had the best performance of 23.04% reduction in energy consumption...

In many middle- and high-income countries, existing buildings will occupy the majority of building areas by 2050 and measures are needed to upgrade the mentioned buildings for a sustainable transition. This research proposes a method to mitigate the energy consumption of existing educational buildings using four energy efficiency measures (EEMs). The proposed method divides simulations into two main parts: simulations with and without using heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Four passive EEMs are used, including window replacement, proposed shading devices, new insulations, and installing a new partition wall for the entrance part of the building. This research uses a simulation-based method to examine the effect of each EEM on the energy consumption of the building using DesignBuilder software. The steps of data collection and modeling in this research include collecting raw data related to the physical characteristics of the building experimentally and creating a basic model. Afterwards, simulation scenarios were defined based on the proposed method, and several simulations were carried out to examine the impact of each EEM on the energy performance of the building. Two environmental parameters of the simulation process, including indoor air temperature (IAT) and relative humidity (RH), were used. The measures reduced the heating and cooling demands in the building by 80.14 % and 15.70 %, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that the total energy consumption of the building were reduced by 10.44 % after retrofitting measures.

Increasing fossil fuel consumption in the building, especially in the air conditioning sector, has increased environmental pollution and global warming.In this research, a zero-energy passive system was designed in a warm and dry climate to ventilate the building and provide comfortable conditions for people in the summer. This Hybrid Passive Cooling System (HPCS) includes two distinctive systems: the Solar Chimney (SC) and Evaporative Cooling Cavity (ECC).
This research experimental-analytical and simulation studied and tested the ability of the system in cooling the building in the warmest month of the year from 9: 00 am to 3:00 pm for ten consecutive days. The air temperature, humidity, and ambient air velocity were measured at the outlet of the evaporative cooling channel and the inlet of the solar chimney.
 The findings showed this system could reduce the air temperature by an average of 10  and could increase the air humidity by 34%. Moreover, the air velocity of the SC increased as the air got warm so that the maximum inlet air velocity in the solar chimney reached the highest level (2.8) at 3 pm. In addition. Since the outlet air velocity of the windcatcher rose to 0.41  at 3:00 pm compared to 9:00 am, which is equivalent to an air temperature drop of 3.6, the chamber was in comfort condition by using the hybrid system at 3:00 pm.
Discussion and The results show that using a passive hybrid system, the chamber is in comfortable condition from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm. Calculating the cost of constructing and installing a hybrid passive system and comparing it with a water cooler indicates that the proposed is profitable since used, and the return time of the system after running and launching the system.With an increase in the number of people from 1 to 4 people, the room is in comfortable conditions at 9 am and noon, but at 3 pm the room is placed with 4 people out of the comfort zone.

Increasing fossil fuel consumption in the building, especially in the air-conditioning sector, has increased environmental pollution and global warming. In this research, a zero-energy passive system was designed to ventilate the building and provide comfortable conditions for people in the summer. A hybrid passive system was designed for indoor cooling to minimize fossil energy use. This research was done experimentally- and analytically and by simulation. An experimental study comprising a test chamber and simulation using Builder Design software was carried out to evaluate the cooling and ventilation potential of a hybrid passive system functioning. In the experimental section, air temperature, humidity, and airflow for the outdoor environment and the output of the evaporative cooling channel were measured. These measurements were tested in August from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM for six consecutive days. The obtained experimental data were given to Design Builder software as an input parameter, and then, the comfort conditions inside the chamber, the dimensions, and location of the air inlet valve into the chamber were examined. The findings showed that the proposed system could reduce the air temperature by an average of 10 oC and increase the air humidity by 33 %. The findings showed that the air inside the chamber was comfortable during the hottest hours of the day. Raising the valve location, increasing the area, and increasing the volumetric flow rate of the air increased the percentage of dissatisfaction. The findings showed that in addition to wind speed and air temperature, the geometrical shape of the air inlet opening contributes to indoor air comfort conditions.

Iran is one of the 10 countries with the highest consumption of energy generated from fossil fuels, and approximately 40% of the mentioned energy is used in the building sector. The consumption of fossil fuel increases the emission of greenhouse gasses and leads to environmental pollution. In order to mitigate the unpleasant effects of consuming fossil fuel energy in building, it is essential to construct buildings with efficient energy usage. The first attempt in constructing a building with an efficient energy usage is designing a building envelope with a proper thermal behavior. The previous research have indicated the importance of the specification of the appropriate thermal resistance of the building envelope. Therefore, the aim of this research is to specify the appropriate R value for different elements of the residential building's envelope based on the climatic situation of the region and the commonly used building materials in Rasht, in order to effectively decrease heating and cooling loads. This quantitative research uses a composite descriptive-analytical and modeling research methodology. The needed data to perform simulation includes climatic data and numbers related to R value, as well as heat transfer coefficients of various building materials. A residential building has been simulated in the Designer Builder software version 5.5.0.012. This software uses the Energy Plus Engine 8.6 to analyze the collected data. The dimensions of the building are 15x10x3.5 and is in east-west direction. The window-to-wall ratio on the south and north fronts is 30 percent; the eastern front includes a door while no opening exists on the western front. Moreover, according to the default stings of the software, other variables exerting influence on the energy consumption of the building are also selected. This research examines external walls, roof and window's glasses of the building's envelope, separately. To analyze the thermal resistance of the wall, 16 walls with different materials and thermal resistance coefficients were simulated. The roof is examined in both flat and sloping forms with uncontrolled roof gaps. The sloping roof is also consisted of two parts, one that interacts with its surrounding environment and the other that its bottom separates the sloping roof from the living space. Furthermore, 18 types of glasses have been examined to assess the relationship between heat transfer coefficient of multi-layer glasses and energy consumption of a building. The results show that increase of the heat resistance of the building envelop reduces the heating load of the building more than its cooling load. Furthermore, this research proposes the appropriate thermal resistance of the different components of the building's envelope. The results indicate that the suitable thermal resistance for walls, flat roofs, sloping surfaces and attic floor are m2.k/W 2v-3.5, m2.k/W3, m2.k/W 1.5-2.5 and m2.k/W 1.5, respectively. Likewise, the results show that reducing the glass transition coefficient of the multi-layered glass of the window has no significant effect on reducing the heating and cooling load of the building.

The rapid growth of global population has placed an immense stress on the demand of natural resources and contributes to the destruction of the natural environment. As the planet is now consuming natural resources in the production of goods and services faster than the environment can regenerate, strategies are urgently required to manage the ecological assets in a more effective way. The planet has biophysical limits on natural resources production and waste absorption.Buildings are one of the main factors in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Buildings consume about 40% of global energy consumption. All building services such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems consume more than 60% energy in buildings, which is mainly supplied by fossil resources. Today, because of the need for an effective method to achieve efficient energy and biocompatible architecture, the use of natural ventilation systems in buildings has become more significant. One of the methods to create comfortable conditions in the interior is a use of evaporative cooling in the cooling systems. Unlike air conditioners, evaporative cooling can be considered as an acceptable solution for sustainable construction, which reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gases.Evaporative cooling is widely used as a passive cooling method in the built environment. In the system, the movement of air on a wet surface causes the water evaporation through the air energy absorption, thereby reducing the temperature and increasing the amount of vapor contained in the air.We need indicators to demonstrate the current carrying capacity of the Earth so that decision makers are better informed to set goals, establish options for actions, and monitor progress regarding stated goals. Footprint is a quantitative measurement of natural resources and it is used to assess the extent of human activities impact on global sustainability. Ecological footprint was initially developed by Wackernagel and Rees in 1992 , and is now widely used as an indicator for environmental sustainability. The international average water footprint is 7452(〖Gm〗^3⁄year) and this amount is reported to be 102/65(〖Gm〗^3⁄year) for Iran .
The aim of this study is to design a Passive cooling system to provide comfortable conditions in residential Buildings. Also, with minimal water and electricity consumption, it will reduce ecological footprints and water footprints and also reduce the amount of electricity consumption in the building. This research was done experimentally-analytically. In order to calculate the efficiency of the proposed system, on August 4th to 7th, the temperature, humidity, and wind speed of the interior room were measured by considering the system. The Hybrid Passive Cooling System (HPCS) consisted of two distinctive systems: the Solar Chimney (SC) and Evaporative Cooling Cavity (ECC). The ECC system was connected to the northern view of the room and SC system was installed to the southern view of the room. The air entered the tower via the openings of the head tower in all directions and passed through the clay cylinders. In this section, the air is cooled and diverted downward. The SC system creates sufficient temperature difference between the interior and exterior by maximizing the solar energy gain and performed air ventilation in the SC and ECC systems. The proposed hybrid system was built in the campus of Azad University, Kermanshah branch in August and was tested from August 4th to 7th. In order to calculate the efficiency of the proposed system, on August 4th to 7th, the temperature, humidity, and wind speed of the interior room were measured by considering the HPCS. To evaluate the water consumption of the HPCS, two scenarios were considered and their results were compared with each other. Scenario (1):on August 4th-7th, the amount of water reduction inside the clay cylinders was measured from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM. Scenario (2): On August 18, the room temperature and humidity were measured from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM.Based on the results,Cool performance of HPCS: the lowest temperature was recorded 21.1 ° C at 9:00 AM on the 5th of August. The lowest temperature is noon on 22.9℃ and on the 6th of August. At 3 PM, the lowest air temperature of 23.72 was reached on the 5th of August. The highest difference between the temperature of the inlet windcatcher and the outside environment is 16.3℃, which is on the 7th of August and at 3:00 PM. the ECC system can increase the RH of air by an average of 34 %. the highest outlet air velocity of the tower is 0.72 m⁄s, at 3:00 PM on the 5th of August. The lowest air velocity is 0.5 m⁄s at 9:00 AM on the 6th of August. Water and electricity consumption of evaporative cooler in scenario 2: To investigate scenario 2, on August 18, the temperature and humidity inside the room and the outside environment were measured from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM. The lowest and highest levels of indoor humidity are 16% at 3 PM and 27% at Noon, respectively, while the outdoor humidity is 13% at 3 PM and 19% at 12 Noon. The evaporative cooler lowers the indoor ambient temperature by an average of 5% and increases the ambient humidity by an average of 7%.Comparison of electricity and water used in scenarios 1 and 2: The amount of electricity consumed in Scenario 1 is zero, but in Scenario 2, this value is 12112.9 kJ per day. The environmental footprint of electricity consumed in Scenario 1 is zero, but in Scenario 2, it is 1.05 Gigabits per year. The water used in Scenario 2 is 0.04 m^3more than Scenario 1.The results showed that the chamber can provide comfort conditions with zero energy consumption by using a hybrid system during the hottest days of the year from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM. The power consumption of the evaporative cooler in the 3 months of summer is 1.13 GJ, while the power consumption of the designed hybrid system is zero. The ecological footprint of the power consumption of this system is zero, while the ecological footprint of the evaporative cooler is 1.05(Gj⁄year). From the data obtained, we conclude that the passive hybrid cooling system has the lowest ecological footprint of water and electricity compared to evaporative coolers. The system is also able to provide indoor comfort on the hottest days of the year.

This paper evaluates the changes in the ecological footprint index in rural areas by applying the replacement of renewable energy sources to fossil fuels. Population growth, and consequently increased use of fossil fuels, has resulted in various environmental degradation including climate change, global warming, and melting of polar ice. Detailed scientific analysis show that the buildings consume more than 40% of the total used energy, of which 70% is consumed as electrical energy. Therefore, it is essential to reduce nonrenewable energy’s consumption through particularly focusing on the substitution of renewable energy sources to achieve a far less environmental degradation. Although the rural areas are considered as locations contain a proportion of the population living in the biosphere with a less usage of nonrenewable resources, it should also be considered that the population living in the mentioned areas benefits from many economic, health and welfare facilities existing in their surrounding towns. Therefore, rural communities' participation in environmental conservation is crucial to the conservation of the living environment. In addition, rural areas have a wide range of potential uses of renewable energy sources than urban environments. In this regard, the Eco-villages have successfully supplied much of their energy consumption from renewable sources focusing on sustainable strategies and policies. For example, Ithaca eco village have reduced its ecological footprint to zero through using renewable energy sources and even transferred its surplus electricity to the national grid. The ecological footprint is an indicator that can be widely used for assessing the environmental impacts of human products, activities, and services on the Earth. This index specifies the amount of land needed to absorb carbon dioxide emitted through the consumption of a certain amount of fossil fuels. On average, at the global scale, one hectare of productive land is needed to absorb the emitted CO2 from consuming 80 to 100(Gj) energy resulted from combustion of fossil fuel. The index of the ecological footprint in Iran was 2.8 gha/capita/year in 2015. Comparing this index with the Iran's bio-capacity (0.9 gha/capita/year) reveals the excessive withdrawal of the biological capacity of natural resources in this country. The present paper proposes an efficient method for assessing the effect of using renewable energy sources in the ecological footprint of rural areas. A case study of "Nejobaran village" as an example of rural areas with rich natural potentials for using renewable energy sources is analyzed carefully using an analytical research methodology. The data collection has been done through observation, questionnaires and interviews, using statistics and research works along with the official websites and library resources. After assessing the feasibility of using a variety of renewable energy production methods in the Nejobaran village, the ecological footprint of the current situation of the electricity consumption is calculated and compared with the case of consuming renewable energy sources. The Nejobaran village is examined to determine how the substitution of available renewable energy sources can contribute to mitigating environmental impacts of using electrical energy supplied by fossil fuels. The detailed analysis show that the ecological footprint of consumed electricity in that village, used for cooling, heating, lighting, and other home appliances, as well as the communication equipment, is 6.893 (gha). The use of photovoltaic panels with a surface area of 1,000 (m2) and two small water turbines not only contribute to reduce the ecological footprint of this sector to 1,895 (gha) and 1,577 (gha), respectively, but also contribute to mitigate the total ecological footprint of the village comparing to the choice when all electricity supplied by fossil fuel. The use of these two systems together brings 1912.1 (Gj) of electrical energy, which is 1216.4 (Gj) in excess of the needs of the Nejobaran village, which changes this village into an energy plus rural area. Applying these two systems will be resulted to supplying the required energy as well as delivering the additional electricity to the national grid. As a result, this prevents the exploitation of 10,365 (gha) from the productive lands of the village and country.

Regulations can be interpreted as customs that have evolved over the years and define and set people relations with community, environment and history in a symbolic space. Rituals and ceremonies have roots in beliefs, feelings and people's social identity; for this reason, often they are held spontaneously by individuals. Ashura rituals is also a collective ritual that is repeated every year and affects the body and appearance of cities, Such a way that all the elements of the ritual and ceremony was effective on the audience and with each iteration and repetition, they become evocative and identity factors and create ritual landscape for cities.
In this research, using documentary and field studies, it was determined that carrying out the Ashura Day’s ceremonies in "Jihad intersection" or "22 Bahman Square” and routes leading to these places lacked historical background and in recent decades have been chosen by the municipal and provincial authorities. Also, there is no consistency with the human centers for collecting and is chosen only based on urban index and the confluence of several streets or the primal and central core of the city. Despite the abundance of high population in these two areas on Ashura day, there is no attention to anthropology and the wishes of mourners and interfere of various classes of society with different ages and demographic stratum abundantly is visible. In this regard, due to the existence of delves between these two urban area, Jihad intersection has better potential and merits than 22 Bahman square which requires more maneuver’s such as changes in the urban landscape of the region to infuse a sense of ownership to that place and create visual view related to the topic, determining suitable places for spectators, changes in forms of motion and etc.

During the last decades, we witness the damping of many functions of traditional rural houses with increasing people's tendency to renovate homes and the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation. Several factors are involved in , that the strengthening and also retrofitting rural housing and modernity and changing the needs of the rural people are among the most important factors effective on the renovation of rural houses compatible with the urban patterns . Changing the function of rural houses has widely affected on the rural life and has created new needs for inhabitants. The villagers based on the defined requirements , has formed new frameworks for their life, that due to the behavior change based on it have affected on their life and the depending rural life. Therefore, study the functions of new housing and the generated requirements in this regard is important. So, in this research, the functions of new housing in Pole Baba Hossein village was studied. The general approach of the research is qualitative one and the method for gathering data is of descriptive one and the data were analyzed by perceptual and communication Content analysis method. The statistical community of the research were the rural people who renewed their houses. Targeted and snow ball method was used as the sampling method. Based on saturation theory, 52 people who has renewed their houses, have been studied. The results of the research showed that the most important physiological, social, physiological- individual and livelihood functions of renewed houses in Pole Baba Hossein village are respectively as the following: providing recreational facilities, provision of social dignity and honor, creating the sense of calm and provision of a place for keeping agricultural tools and products .