فهرست مطالب dr. s. izadi

The purpose of this study was to present a structural model of the effect of students 'perceptions of the classroom environment and Perception of Evaluation on students' attitudes toward mathematics with the mediation of self-efficacy in secondary schools in Noor city, Iran. The research method was descriptive structural equations. Using cluster sampling method, 281 individuals were selected as the sample. And Pearson correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. The results indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between perception of the classroom environment, Perception of Evaluation and self-efficacy with attitudes toward mathematics. The results also revealed that the effect coefficient of the perception of the classroom environment on the attitude towards mathematics was not significant, but the effect coefficient of the perception of evaluation on the attitude towards mathematics was positive and significant. Also, self-efficacy played a mediating role between perception of evaluation and attitude towards mathematics.

Aboveground biomass (AGB) of forests is an essential component of the global carbon cycle. Mapping above-ground biomass is important for estimating CO2 emissions, and planning and monitoring of forests and ecosystem productivity. Remote sensing provides wide observations to monitor forest coverage, the Landsat 8 mission provides valuable opportunities for quantifying the distribution of above-ground biomass at moderate spatial resolution across the globe. The combination of the sample plots and image data has been widely used to map forest above-ground biomass at local, regional, national, and global scales. Many predictive methods have been suggested to estimate forest aboveground biomass from sparse sampling points into continuous surfaces, ranging from regression methods such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and geostatistical methods such as Regression Kriging (RK). Researchers have been particularly interested in understanding the causes and effects in ecosystem functions of spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity, over the past decade. Where in forestry data include spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity, the independence and homogeneity assumptions of standard statistical approaches, such as ordinary least squares (OLS), may be violated. Many spatial models (such as Geographically Weighted Regression and Regression Kriging) have been developed in recent years to discuss spatial effects in the relationships between variables. Spatial models can be divided into global and local models depending on the spatial scales used in the modeling process. A global model usually involves, a tool to model spatial autocorrelation between observations in neighboring locations, through either a covariance matrix that can be calculated using a variogram or spatial weight matrix based on neighborhood proximity. Global models, of course, do not well represent spatial differences at any given location and may not be successful in dealing with spatial heterogeneity. By comparison, local models, such as geographically weighted regression, adequate a regression relationship within a given bandwidth for each spatial location using the neighbors. From the relationships between variables, the local models are more useful in exploring locational spatial variation (heterogeneity). In the present study, using a Landsat 8-OLI image, and Geographically Weighted Regression and Regression Kriging modeling were compared for the estimation of aboveground forest biomass. In this study, we gathered aboveground biomass data from a total of 184 (30 × 30 m) sample plots in Zagros forests in the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. The datasets corresponded to the Landsat 8 image pixel values. We applied the species-specific allometric equations for individual trees to estimate forest aboveground biomass. The aboveground biomass at plot-level is simply the summation for all trees within the same plot. The estimates were evaluated by ten-fold cross-validation and performances of the model was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2) and relative root mean squared error (RMSE%). The efficiency of the predictions can be described with the scatterplots showing the relationships between the forest above-ground biomass estimates and reference data. Results showed 1) that Geographically Weighted Regression (R2 = 0.61, RMSE%= 22) was a fairly better approach and could provide promising results for the prediction of forest above-ground biomass compared to Regression Kriging (R2 = 0.47, RMSE%= 28) and 2) scatterplots depicted that the problems of overestimation and underestimation for all the prediction were apparent.

The experience of some countries, including Japan, shows that opening the classroom and the whole educational process from design to evaluation to teachers and creating an educational group creates a cycle of gradual improvement of the educational process in the classroom and it brings positive effects. One of these methods that has emerged from the heart of the school and the classroom in the Japanese education system is lesson study. Lesson study is the most important factor in educational performance to develop the teaching profession. Curriculum research is a research circle in which teachers research curriculum topics in groups. In this advanced model, teachers and professionals work together. The assessment team (teachers) focus all their efforts on educating students in the classroom to grow and refine the subject matter. Through lesson study, the teacher communicates with the practice of research to base the practice of teaching on thought and action. Thoughtful and research-based practice actually introduces a set of skills and abilities that put a person in a critical position to solve problems and issues. This study aimed to explain principles governing desirable lesson study practice in mathematics in Mazandaran Province’s Educational Office.

The research method was qualitative and of phenomenological type. The statistical population of this study included all experts in lesson study. 16 participants were selected through Snowball sampling. The sample size was determined by theoretical saturation. The data collection instrument in this study was semi-structured interview and th validity of the data was assessed and verified by evaluating the participants. The data resulted from interviews were analyzed through categorization method.

Totally, 5 major categories were extracted from the interviews, including human aspect (creativity, responsibility and being open to criticism), structural aspect (technological equipment, supervision, programs, load of teacher work, ratio of the number of teacher to the student and applying results), cultural aspect (teamwork, school culture, belief and commitment to impact of lesson study, family cooperation, Researchers' spirit of teacher and principlas, teacher cooperation place of competition), managerial aspect (support, scoring process, authorities’ support, provision of budget, support of other school factors and time) and pedagogical aspect (exchange  of useful educational experiences, workshops, new teaching styles, provincial team of lesson study, educational content, conversion of quantitative evaluation to descriptive and educational design).

This study was conducted with the aim of explaining the principles governing the optimal implementation of mathematics studies in primary schools of education in Mazandaran province. The categories extracted from the interviews include the human aspect, the structural aspect, the cultural aspect, the managerial aspect and the teaching-learning aspect. The human aspect includes the variables of creativity, responsibility and criticism. The structural aspect includes the variables of technological equipment, supervision, programs, teacher workload, teacher to student ratio and application of results. The cultural aspects include the variables of teamwork, school culture, belief and commitment to the impact of study, family cooperation, research spirit of teachers and principals, teacher cooperation instead of competition. The managerial aspect includes support, scoring process, official support, funding, support of other school and time executives. The teaching-learning aspect includes variables of conversion of useful educational experiences, workshops, new teaching styles, provincial study team, educational content, conversion of quantitative evaluation into descriptive and educational desig.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the application of lesson study of mathematics in elementary schools mazandaran province

The present research is a type of qualitative research based on the phenomenological approach. The statistical population of this research includes experts in lesson study. 16 People of these experts with Snowball sampling were selected. Sample size determines data saturation. The data collection method was semi-structured, individual interviewing. For analyzing the data from the interview, the categorization method was used. The validity of analyzes has been reviewed and verified by checking the members.

The results showed that 85 concept and 5 general categories of interviews were obtained, including: The human aspect (creativity, accountability and criticism), Structural aspects (technological equipment, supervision, programs, teacher volume, teacher to student ratio, and application of results), Cultural aspect (teamwork, school culture, belief and commitment to the impact of lesson study, family collaboration, teachers and managers research spirit, teacher co-operation instead of competition), Management aspect (support, scoring process, authority support, funding, support for other school executive agents and time) and The pedagogical aspect (exchange of useful educational experiences, workshops, new teaching styles, lesson study provincial team, educational content, transformation of quantitative evaluation into descriptive and educational design).

The aim of present research was the study of family functioning, school and class environment and extra-curricular activities’ effects on the academic achievement of students. The research method was correlation and statistical population included female students in second high school of Mazandaran province in 2013-2014 academic years. Sample were included 321 students that selected by cluster random sampling method. Data were collected by FAD, school and class environment questionnaire and extra-curricular questionnaire. Data were analyzed by structural equation model using of LISREL and SPSS software. The findings showed that family functioning, school and class environment and extra-curricular activities have a significant impact on the academic achievement of students. So that the impact of family functioning equal to 0/75, school and class environment equal to 0/43 and extra-curricular activities equal to 0/32 on the academic achievement of students. Also findings showed that there was a significant relationship between family functioning component, school and class environment and extra-curricular activities include (scientific, sports, art, music and language learning) with academic achievement of students. In general the findings of present research emphasis on family functioning, school and class environment and extra-curricular activities’ effects on the academic achievement of students.