ebrahim bagheri

Drought, as one of the natural disasters, has significant impacts on the environment. Although its occurrence is inevitable, its negative effects can be mitigated by taking measures. Freshwater groundwater, due to its sustainability and high quality, plays an important role in providing drinking water and socio-economic development, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. In this study, drought in Mahneshan County was investigated using various indices. 30 years of rainfall data from Mahneshan station were analyzed. To investigate climatic drought, the SPI index was used, to determine wet and dry periods, the 5 and 7 year moving averages of annual rainfall were used, and to investigate hydrological drought, well data and the GRI index were used. The findings show that climatic and hydrological droughts have occurred in the Mahneshan region and that there is a significant correlation between the SPI index and groundwater level changes. According to the findings, drought is one of the main challenges in the Mahneshan region. The use of various indices to investigate drought is necessary and its negative effects can be mitigated with proper planning. This study only focuses on a specific region and other factors affecting drought and ways to reduce its effects are not investigated. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the drought situation in the Mahneshan region and the need to pay attention to this phenomenon in future planning and actions.

This study is of an applied nature with a descriptive-analytical approach. To collect data, two methods were used: library studies and field surveys. In the field section, various methods were used, such as questionnaires, interviews, and observations, to collect the opinions and views of the local residents, expert information from specialists, and field surveys of water resources and water transmission systems. To complete the information, inquiries were made from relevant organizations such as the Rural Affairs Deputy and the Rural Water and Sewerage Administration. Also, by visiting the region in the field, information related to water resources, water allocation, and other drought-related matters were collected and analyzed and interpreted using scientific methods. To investigate climatic drought in the region, the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was used. This index is calculated using long-term rainfall data (30 years) and can show wet, dry, and normal periods in the region. In addition to the SPI index, the 5 and 7 year moving averages of annual rainfall were also used to determine wet and dry periods. In this method, the average rainfall in a specific period of time (5 or 7 years) is calculated and compared with the long-term average rainfall. To investigate hydrological drought in the region, data from wells with appropriate distribution and long-term data were used. Changes in groundwater level in these wells were calculated by the Groundwater Recharge Index (GRI). The GRI indicates the amount of water entering the groundwater and can be used to assess the status of groundwater resources in the region.

Analysis of SPI values at different time scales and 5 and 7 year moving averages of rainfall indicates a significant decrease in rainfall in the Mahneshan region over the past 20 years. This downward trend raises concerns about its negative consequences for water resources, agriculture and other water-dependent sectors in the region.Analysis of the GRI index on monthly and annual time scales indicates a decline in groundwater levels in the Mahneshan region. This decline has been exacerbated due to the imbalance between recharge and withdrawal from the groundwater table, especially in recent years with consecutive droughts.Overexploitation of groundwater resources has threatened the sustainability of these resources.Correlation analysis between the SPI and GRI indices indicates a significant correlation between meteorological and hydrological droughts in the Mahneshan region. This correlation is stronger at longer time scales. The findings show that meteorologicaldroughts can lead to hydrological droughts in the region.Analysis of the relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts with time lags of one, two and three years shows that there is a significant correlation between these two types of droughts with lags of one and two years. This correlation shows that meteorological droughts with lags of one and two years lead to hydrological droughts in the Mahneshan region.

The Mahneshan region has faced a decline in groundwater levels and frequent and severe droughts over the past two decades. Studies show that:The average annual decline in groundwater level has varied over the years. This is due to the diversity in formation type, permeability, hydraulic gradient, and the amount of groundwater withdrawal in different regions. In the 20-year period (1375 to 1395), the groundwater level in the Mahneshan region has dropped by an average of 45 cm annually. This indicates the excessive and unsustainable withdrawal of groundwater resources. Repeated droughts have also exacerbated the trend of groundwater decline. In addition to rainfall, other factors such as overexploitation of groundwater resources also affect groundwater decline. A comparison of the SPI (climatic drought) and GRI (groundwater resources) indices shows that there is a significant relationship between these two indices on monthly and annual time scales. This relationship shows that climatic drought, with a 2-year lag, affects groundwater decline in the Mahneshan region. The lag time between climatic drought and groundwater decline can vary in different parts of the basin, depending on the diversity of formation type and geological characteristics and different groundwater withdrawals.Overall, the results of this study show that the Mahneshan region faces a serious challenge of water scarcity and drought. Overexploitation of groundwater resources and repeated droughts have exacerbated this challenge.

Since the global system is increasingly unstable and cracked, we are in the middle of a series of regional transformation processes that have created the possibility of fundamental changes in the traditional order and subsequently in the behavior patterns of the actors. These processes of change and transformation have led to fundamental changes in the traditional ways of pursuing interests and in general the foreign policy strategies of global and regional actors. Due to its sensitive geopolitical situation, Turkey has faced many challenges in foreign and defense policy as a result of regional transformation processes. This issue has caused Turkey to be in a continuous geopolitical battle simultaneously on many fronts from the Eastern Mediterranean to the South Caucasus and the Ukraine crisis due to the power gaps that have emerged in the neighboring geography. The question of the current research is what effect the processes of regional change have had on Turkey's geopolitical competition in the surrounding areas؟ The current research hypothesizes that Turkey, by emphasizing the principle of self-help in the framework of the processes of change and transformation of the global and regional order, seeks flexible and dynamic alliances and shapes the vital space and united regions in line with the goal of strategic and balanced independence. Establishing relations with the West and the East is one of the emerging trends of foreign policy. The method of descriptive-analytical research and the method of data collection is the library.

The present study seeks to answer the question, of why the EU despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and its efforts, in particular, to maintain the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within JCPOA? The findings show that the lack of European strategic independence is due to its transatlantic dependence on three levels: Institutional security deficit, Asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of European transnational corporations concerning US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit, Given the United States security umbrella and the lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level, the interdependence of economic, trade, and highly intertwined transatlantic investment interactions and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) has severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in the library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources, and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data.

The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within BRICS. The findings show that the EU's lack of strategic independence is due to the EU's transatlantic dependence on three levels of institutional security deficit, asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of EU transnational corporations in relation to US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit; Given the United States' security umbrella and lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level; The interdependence of economic, trade, and investment interactions on both sides of the Atlantic and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) have severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The third level concerns the preferences of the market and the private and transnational corporations of the European Union and the rational and risk-taking pattern of companies under secondary US sanctions, which has been a major obstacle to the independence of the EU approach to Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data.

This article examines the approach of the United States of America in creating and constructing a perception of the threat from the Islamic Republic of Iran on the subject of terrorism and extending this perception to security-building audiences. The hypothesis is that the United States is leveraging terrorist charges against Iran in order to restore international consensus and legitimize actions and pressures against Iran. In this regard, the United States, as a security-building player, is trying to extending its security and threatening perception of Iran to the security-building audience within the framework of a "two-level (layer) strategy". In the first level; The United States is trying to persuade its security-building audience by focusing on terrorist charges against Iran in third countries. At the second level; By taking an aggressive approach, the United States has sought to establish and apply countermeasures (ranging from calling the Revolutionary Guards and allied forces terrorist to collaborating with terrorist groups against Iran) and supporting its allies in countering this threat. The research findings show that although the United States has been relatively successful in the first level of the threat- building (persuasion) strategy, it has not been able to gain the necessary support from the security audience in the second level (the threat relief solution). The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and the tools of libraries, documents, electronic resources and websites and statements of relevant authorities have been used to collect data.

The Withdrawal of JCOPA, with this claim that this agreement has not been able to curb Iran's regional actions and policies, was a turning point in the US regional strategy in the Middle East. The issue, which was generally pursued in various forms under the concept of "containment strategy" in previous US administrations, was pursued during the Trump era as a "strategic encirclement" under the "maximum pressure campaign." In this regard, the United States, as a securitizing actor, sought to extend its security and threatening perception of Iran's regional actions to securitizing audiences (Middle East and Europe) within "Two-level strategy". In the first level, By adopting a "negative approach" with the aim of introducing and representing the Islamic Republic of Iran as a threat to the stability and security of the region, de-legitimization and discrediting of the Iran’s region actions and position was put on the agenda. in the second level, by adopting a "positive approach", the United States has sought to provide the adequate context for its allies to engage in consensus-building and use countermeasures (ranging from sanctions, threats, coercion and negotiation) to this constructed threat. The findings show that although the United States has been relatively successful in the first level of the threatening strategy, but it has not been able to obtain the adequate support in the second level, which is required for positive actions by the threatening audience. The method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the library tools, documents, electronic resources and websites and statements of relevant authorities have been used to collect data.

The missile defense program is the overriding part of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)’s defense strategy to counter foreign threats. Despite the lack of an international legal ban on the development of Iran’s missile defense program, the United States has consistently sought to securitize and portray it as a threat to international peace and security in order to restore the lost consensus on sanctions against Iran. In the Copenhagen School, securitization is equivalent to threatization, a phenomenon that is not necessarily a real danger, but the creation of a common belief that the phenomenon is a threat and it is needed to be countered. The securitization actor (US), representing an issue (Iran’s missile defense program) as an existential threat, justifies immediate and exceptional measure for mitigation. Based on the research hypothesis, the US strategy to implement this approach is based on the two pillars of “range capability” and “warhead carrying” of Iranian missiles. In the same vein, the United States highlights the range of Iran’s missiles to introduce it as a measure for expanding the range of the missiles for acquisition of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). On the other hand, it emphasizes the warhead capability to display the missiles as ballistic missiles carrying a nuclear warhead. The method used in this research is analytical-explanatory by means of library tools, documents, electronic resources and websites and statements of relevant authorities to collect data.

Multiple Sclerosis is a myelin destroyer disease, which physical activity can be effective in improving it. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of swimming on oligodendrocytic cells and myelin tissue in rat brain of the Cuprizone model of MS disease is investigated.

In this study, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into Control groups, Cuprizone and Swim + Cuprizone. For the induction of MS, Cuprizone 0.6% were gavaged for one month. The group of Swim + Cuprizone swam at the same time with gavage. The training program included 4 weeks of swimming for 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to determine the percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and Luxol fast blue solution for evaluation of myelin density. Image j software and One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the findings.

The mean percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and myelin density in the Swim+Cuprizone group was significantly higher than that of the Cuprizone group (p≤0.05).

Swimming decreases destruction of the oligodendrocytes and myelin cells due to Cuprizone.

The present research addresses the U.S. military presence in Europe and the geopolitical, geo-economical and strategic reasons for the displacement of American bases that shifted the balance from the West to the East of Europe. The origin of the U.S. military presence and the establishment of the U.S. military bases in Europe dates back to the First World War, and on a wider level, to the Second World War. The requirements of the Cold War allowed America to perpetuate its military bases in this continent aimed at, and under the pretext of, countering communism and the East Block, and preventing its influence in the countries of the West Europe. Germany, Italia, England, Spanish, Greece and Portugal are traditionally countries in which the United States has more military bases than anywhere else in Europe. Despite this, since the beginning of 21th Century, due to economic, political, security-military, strategic and geopolitical reasons, efforts have been started to shut a few of the bases down and move them to Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe. The hypothesis in this article is that the departure of the American bases to Eastern Europe can be addressed under three kinds of logic, namely economic, strategic and geopolitical. The high costs related to maintaining troops in the Western Europe, suitable spaces in the Eastern Europe for extensive military maneuvers, the strictness displayed by most environmental institutions and public opinion in the Western European countries, military presence by nascent democracies of Eastern Europe and being adjacent to operational areas in the Caucasus and Western Asia are the most important reasons of the departure of the U.S. military bases from the West to Eastern Europe.

The successful launch of the Noor satellite into space (April 2020) was met with a strong response from the United States and some of its allies to Iran's violation of legal rules and international standards. However, the Islamic Republic of Iran has always stated that the development of its space program is based on the norms of international law and within the framework of conventions and treaties related to space law and has legal and international legitimacy; For this reason, it will continue to develop and expand its space program. This article examines the legitimacy of Iran's space program from the perspective of international rules, law, and standards, and argues that the main purpose of the United States is to threaten Iran's space program within the framework of a strategy of maximum pressure to build an international consensus against Iran. Research findings show that the United States is focusing on part of Iran's space program, which is dedicated to the technology of transmitting and sending satellites into space, seeks to portray Iran's actions in field of Satellite Launch Vehicle(SLV) as a cover for the development of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) carrying nuclear warheads, and thus to represent Iran's space program as a threat to international peace and security. The two main pillars of this US strategy focus on Iran's long-range SLV capability (aimed at representing it as intercontinental ballistic missiles) and its ability to carry satellite or cargo by SLV (aimed at representing it as ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads).

The entrance of the European Union as a supranational actor into the field of political-security issues is a rare occurrence that has challenged realism as the most important state-centered theory in the international arena. Therefore, since the theory of realism as the main theory in the field of security issues does not recognize any role for non-state actors in this field, the question is brought forward that how do this theory and its various branches analyze and evaluate the actions and role of the European Union regarding political-security issues? In response, it can be said that this theory, at first, did not pay enough attention to the EU's security developments, due to the fact that it did not consider the EU a non-state actor, but as the EU began to formulate a common foreign and security policy and European security and defense policy and to establish European rapid reaction forces, it was forced to present some views in this regard. Although all branches of realism, due to their belief in the monopoly of state actors in the international arena, and their emphasis on elements such as national interests and national sovereignty, do not provide a clear-cut view on the political and security integration of the European Union, defensive neo-realists have a clearer and more optimistic view on the evolution of political and security integration at the EU level, due to the importance attached by them to the role of institutions in establishing security cooperation between states.

Country of iran has highly potentials in field of tourism including cultural issues and existence different ethnics that so ethnic tourism is considered one of tourism bases in iran and which has been effected in tourism prosperity of tourism local-indigenous areas . this research is quality and goal of research is recognizing components and dimensions of tourism ethnic and research methodology is grand theory and that is acted gather and analysis .statistics society is including of academics ,professors, managers, experts and entrepreneurs of tourism. The sample of research is eleven of governmental -privacy experts in tourism that have been choiced by judgment. Resulted model has 6 main articles,4 sub-articles and 24 concepts .main articles are causality , ground, intervention, phenomenon, strategy and consequence and according to case every main article has been consisted of sub-articles and several concepts for example ethnic tourism as main phenomenon that is been consisted of two concepts including of ethnics properties, tourism based ethnics .

The impact of the U.S. variable on relationship between Iran and Europe is indicative of a trend that a part of the European perceptions of Iran's threats has been constructed by other actors seeking to change the European Union's approach to Iran. In this framework, the new strategy of the United States and its regional allies is to use Iran and Europe differences to construct a threat with the aim of building consensus on sanctions and take actions against Iran. To implement this approach, the United States is attempting to introduce European and Iranian issues as a real threat posed to Europe by Iran. The hypothesis is that the United States, along with its regional allies, is the most important driver of securitization of the Iran's issue and its threat against European security with the aim of bringing it to the attention of the European governments and decision-making bodies for the purpose of consensus-building on sanctions and other measures against Iran. Meanwhile, the differences between Iran and Europe regarding missile (ballistic) and alleged terrorist attacks in the soil of Europe are among the most important issues that the United States seeks to securitize and to portray as threatening for the European actors and decision-making bodies of the European Union. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and it uses library tools, documentation, and electronic resources and databases to collect data

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurodegenerative disease which is accompanied by neurological disability. Curcumin can be effective in prevention of this abnormal condition because of its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, its potent antioxidant effect and nerve protective effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate curcumin effects on improvement of muscle strength, prevention of degradation of oligodendrocytes cells and myelin in rat brain. Twenty eight rats (wt:200 g) were randomly divided into four groups: control, sham (DMSO), cuprizone and curcumin. Curcumin group, received cuprizone (0.6%) gavage and curcumin (200 mg / kg) simultaneously for four weeks. During the study we evaluated muscle strength by using a behavioral basket test, the percentage of cells expressing A2B5 and MBP markers by immunohistochemistry technique. Myelin density was evaluated by luxol fast blue staining. Using Image J and SPSS softwares, the results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. Immunohistochemistry images showed that the percentages of mature oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocytes progenitor cells in the curcumin group were significantly higher than those in the sham and cuprizone groups (p≤0.05). In addition, myelin density and muscle strength were higher in the curcumin group compared to those in the cuprizone and sham groups (p≤0.05). The consumption of natural compounds containing curcumin, can be effective in the prevention of oligodendrocytes and myelin destruction in people susceptible to MS

This article seeks to study various aspects of the European Union's cultural diplomacy in the form of normative power and identify the mechanisms used by the Union in this regard, study its cultural diplomacy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran.The hypothesis is that regardless of the level and depth of political and economic relations between the European Union and its member states with Iran, which is consistently the basis of the EU's policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran, the use of cultural diplomacy in the normative and softe power of this union with the goal of aligning the Iranian society with the attitudes and interests of the Union and Finally putting pressure on the Iranian government by its people to open up a desirable space in the long run. The study finds that, although the European Union has not defined a single cultural diplomacy to influence the public and the public opinion of the Islamic Republic of Iran, these policies, however, are within the same framework of the European Union's cultural policies since 1992 and the Maastricht Treaty as Policy Plans The European Union's cultural dimension was defined in two ways: direct and indirect influence and influence, and continues to be covered by various topics within the framework of the soft power of the Union, with the tools of cultural diplomacy and normative power . This paper is descriptive-analytic and inferential methodology is used to achieve the research objectives.

Britain and EU relation was complex and full of up-and-downs from the scratch when they entered EU in 1955. In spite of historic factors and Anglo-Saxon pride that never let Britain to letdown themselves, different viewpoints of the UK governments, media and Public opinion that was generally based on incomplete knowledge and information on EU set-up had been the reasons that lead to the rise up of a mark called “ European reluctance” or “European skepticism”. Britain was reluctant from the first to be a member of European Coal and Steel Community so that in 1973 showed this reluctance in incompatibility with EU’s common policies (like Common Fisheries Policy, Common commercial policy, Common Agricultural Policy, Economic and monetary affairs, Foreign & Security Policy and …. ) and also with not accepting the EU’s most important integration symbols like euro zone and schengen agreement. This article, based on intergovernmentalism-supernationalism’s theories of regionalism, opens up the hypothesis that Britain’s transatlantic tendencies that showed itself in “special relations” with united states and in the other hand aggregation of more power in EU institutions that lead to the more sovereignty transference were the main reasons of reluctance that at the end voted “yes” to Brexit in 23 June 2016. This article is a descriptive-analytic article and used deductive methodology for reaching the article’s main goals.

The vision of the Linked Open Data (LOD) initiative is to provide a distributed model for publishing and meaningfully interlinking open data. The realization of this goal depends strongly on the quality of the data that is published as a part of the LOD. This paper focuses on the systematic quality assessment of datasets prior to publication on the LOD cloud. To this end, we identify important quality deficiencies that need to be avoided and/or resolved prior to the publication of a dataset. We then propose a set of metrics to measure these quality deficiencies in a dataset. This way, we enable the assessment and identification of undesirable quality characteristics of a dataset through our proposed metrics. This will help publishers to filter out low-quality data based on the quality assessment results, which in turn enables data consumers to make better and more informed decisions when using the open datasets.

The European Union accounts for 19.7 percent of global trade in 2014. The EU with €1794 billion imports and €1687 billion of exports as well as absorbing some €523 billion foreign direct investments, the EU has gained the first position in these matters. The EU performs this large volume of trade in the framework of a special regulatory policy called the Common Trade Policy of the European Union. Now that the EU has been transformed into the world's largest trading power, we might ask what is the strategy of EU trade policy? What set of tools are being used to move it forward and what are its decision-making structures and mechanisms? And what are the main objectives of this policy? Given the importance of knowing the dimensions of the Europe Union's trade policy for the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is one of the EU’s trade partners, this article seeks to identify and analyze the implementation of the EU common trade policy mechanism and its various aspects. by discussing the answers to the above questions This article is a descriptive analysis and makes use of inferential research methodology to reach its objectives.

This article reviews the comparative public diplomacy policy of the United States under Bush and Obama administrations in the Middle East. The main question in this article is that what are the differences of public diplomacy of the US under Bush and Obama administrations? In this regard, it is hypothesized that the September 11 attacks have increased the importance of the public diplomacy in the foreign policy of the US in the Middle East. According to the findings of this article, during the Bush administration, the foreign policy was based on the logic of unilateralism and warmongering and Mr. Bush did not believe in soft diplomacy and the usefulness of public diplomacy. Therefore, the public diplomacy was interpreted in the context of "war of ideas ". Hence, to win this war, the main aim of the mass media in this regard was not engagement, rather it was introducing American values and ideas to ensure the national interests of the United States. In contrast, during the Obama presidency, although the main purpose was the same, but he preferred to change the previous approach and advocated an idea based on multilateralism and engagement. Interaction and direct dialogue adopted by Obama have been showed through messages like the congratulation of Nowruz and Ramadan.

The interaction between users and products، is one of the key factors in design process and assessment of products too. Because design for user’s perception، is a specific and technical issue. Designers refer to psychology and psychological theories to understand how on the one hand، form and other physical characteristics، and on the other hand، user intentions and values، affect the interaction between the user and the product، and how a product can transmit functional information to the user. Among these theories، affordance، describes the relationship between user’s actions and understanding the physical characteristics of products well. The aim of this research is to investigate and describe the applied concepts associated with affordance in detail، from the field of psychology which is the cradle of this technical term، to the design process which is the application place of this theory. So in the beginning، the term “Affordance” is defined. Presented definition، is the result of challenges which emerged in connection with the application of this term in recent years. Then it’s appearance and basic concepts in psychology is mentioned. Goes on to talk about affordance entering to the field of industrial design and it’s application to define the user’s interaction with environment and products. Continues to describe concepts of perceived affordance (proposed in 1999)، positive and negative affordances (affordance polarity)، mapping between the controller and the controlled parts of products، affordance – based errors، and categorized affordances based on complexity. Each section is accompanied with practical examples to clear the issues. In the final section، a complete affordance – based design process is offered which begins with motivation and results in applied products that satisfy the user’s needs. Thus designer’s related duties are fully explained. A general and systematic affordance – based design process، includes identification of different cognitive needs of users، based on research methods and instruments، analyze relevant information، convert needs to affordances، and provide concepts which involve desired affordances. So concepts and their affordances can be analyzed and compared with user’s needs. This way، it is possible to modify them and achieve final design. Such structure is similar to function – based design processes and can be combined with them properly. The theory of affordance was offered in 1960’s، and it’s application in the domain of product design was introduced in late 1980’s. So despite being well known in the realm of industrial design، even in recent years، different kinds of products are designed and produced which are deprived of principles and values of affordance theory، thus cannot satisfy user’s functional and cognitive needs properly. Concur with the development of user centered design (UCD) approach، scholars try to use theoretical and applied principles of affordance in design process and propose achieved models. It is obvious that the improvement of proposed models is dependent on their application in product design and benefit from implementing feedbacks. So، it is recommended to Industrial designers، to study more about the achievements of this kind of researches and experience and develop affordance – based design process accurately.

A split plot factorial experiment in RCBD with 3 replications was performed in 2012-2013. Three sesame cultivars namely Biarjomand native, Dashtestan 2, and Darab 1 in the main plot were subjected to drought stress at different growth stages, i.e., control (full irrigation), withdrawing irrigation at 69 BBCH (end of flowering stage) and withdrawing irrigation at 79 BBCH (fully grown fruits). Two levels of the foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 0.6 mM) were considered as sub plot. Results indicated that the highest level of carotenoid rate was 0.265 mg/g FW measured at 69 BBCH stage 69 cut of irrigation. The maximum of height, oil percentage, harvest index and grain yield under control treatment were 99.67 cm, 48.26%, 18.2%, and 1147.33 kg, respectively. The results showed that withdrawing irrigation at 69 BBCH caused a significant increase in carotenoid concentration and best results under control conditions were obtained in Darab 1.

Some products include emotional messages which are recognized and perceived by users unconsciously. Such products can have deeper influence on users and satisfy their emotional needs. From emotional design point of view, the main objective of design is to satisfy emotional needs of users, so tries to direct and incline design criteria to this main goal. Emotional design is based on advanced technology, new materials and computer aided design, so there is a possibility to produce variety of complicated products which are emotional, but it should be mentioned that all the products which are the resultant of new materials and advanced equipments, are not “Emotional”, So they can be distinguished by analysis of their forms, colors, functions and materials and the way they influence human emotions directly. Emotional objects should include semantics and emotions and they should transmit them to their users certainly. On the other hand, user responds to emotional motives in different levels; Decision making about stimulus can be automatic, without reasoning and due to comparing with last using patterns. It can be related to function and using products and be affected by designers and users experiments. Also can be formed by thinking about environmental motives and be related to cultural, social, semantic and semiotic aspects. Recent concepts can be formed gradually and influence on users insight and behavior. So visceral, behavioral and reflective levels of emotional design are distinguished. Some researchers of design field, believe that emotional design is not a style or “ism” and even does not belong to a period of time, it is an approach related to ergonomics and cognitive psychology. They believe that emotional design is the result of user centered design and focus on physical and psychological requirements of users will result in increment of sale and predominance of producers in competitive areas. It should be mentioned that nowadays we live in a world which is full of semantic and semiotic concepts and different values. Rapid and continuous development of technology and delivery of new products with new valuable capabilities by the mass media, makes it difficult to perceive and recognize rising and changeable requirements of users, so it is not possible to reach emotional design by standardization and making related patterns. Only extended study and research about individual and social aspects of users and accompany with development of technology is the main solution of this attitude. In this article brief history of emotional design is mentioned, then process of generation of emotion in users, analytical criteria of emotional design (form, function, material & color) and how to use them in design process with some related applied examples are described. Goes on to talk about the distinctions between concepts of emotionalize design, emotional design and emotion design, and at last the differences of visceral, behavioral and reflective levels of emotional design and the way products play their roles in these levels is introduced. Description of applied concepts of emotional design, helps designers to use them in design process and generate valuable emotional efficacy.

Employee performance appraisal is one of the most powerful tools for measuring various figures in Human Resource Management. This will eventually help employees to recognize their, and their weaknesses. This research investigates the validity of performance appraisal system for the Iranian Customs Department using the Singer model. The research method is descriptive and is based on survey study. The population of this research consists of 470 custom experts. Having used simple random sampling; 140 were used as a sample size. The results indicated that performance appraisal system of Iranian Custom is not valid. This means that appraisal system is not effective in attaining goals and performing tasks. It is suggested to managers to consider training needs, salary and reward, communication and feedback in designing the performance appraisal system. It is only through this way that predetermined goals could be achieved.