فهرست مطالب ehsan mirzaei

the aim of this study was to analyze the content of elementary period  textbooks according to the components of the culture of resistance, self-sacrifice and martyrdom of the palestinian people. the research method was descriptive and applied in the form of documentary analysis and content analysis and its approach. the research method was descriptive and applied in the form of documentary analysis and content analysis and its approach. the research population included all elementary period textbooks and samples included persian books, social education and heavenly gifts written in the academic year 2020/2021. the measuring instruments of the receipt form and the checklist were descriptive statistics. in the end, it was found that the highest level of attention and frequency were related to the components: patriotism and patriotism and preservation of islamic and arab achievements and values, respectively, related to the palestinian cause, and the highest frequency was related to the sixth grade. it was also found that the content of textbooks in the field of cognition, relatively good in the field of components of martyrdom and the desire for jihad in the way of god, islamic-arab cohesion and solidarity on the issue of palestine, recognizing the dangers of zionism and emphasizing the inalienable rights of palestinians, idealism and freedom-seeking for palestine, but in the emotional and practical realm, ie: interest in friends and allies of the country and the palestinian people and the resistance in the region, hatred of the enemies of genuine islam the revelation of the crimes of international zionism and the effects of the interventions of the oppressive powers in the region have been superficial and transient and have not been dealt with in depth.

In this paper, an inbound and outbound truck scheduling problem is investigated in a multi-door cross-dock system considering due date assumptions for outbound trucks as a strict constraint. Part of the products is placed inside outsourcing trucks to ensure timely delivery, customer satisfaction, and product quality enhancement. The problem under consideration is formulated as a bi-objective mathematical programming problem whose objectives are to minimize operational costs and maximize the quality of products delivered in cross-dock. In this paper, the sequence of trucks behind the inbound and outbound doors in the cross-dock is also regarded. A mixed-integer programming model is formulated for the proposed problem. Since the real-world uncertainty is inevitable; therefore, an improved IVF-SO fuzzy method is presented in this paper to solve the model. In this paper, to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed model and also the introduced approach, a real-world example is presented to justify the performance. The numerical results of the case study demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach over previous methods.

Prescribing medication and prescribing was the last stage of communication between doctor and patient, the quality of which plays an important role in achieving the desired treatment outcome. This study aimed to investigate prescription behavior of dentists and common prescription errors by dentists in Karaj Province in 2018.

In this study, 1254 prescriptions by dentists in Karaj Province from April 2018 to February 2019, from Social Security and Therapeutic Services insurance organizations were evaluated, in order to access the required information a checklist containing essentials of Standard and correct medical prescription was provided. Then, each medical prescription was reviewed for what was said and the error was recorded in the existing list. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 using chi-square test.

The prevalence of prescription errors in dentists in Karaj (94%) was estimated, most common errors observed in the reviewed medical prescriptions were respectively number of each drug (88%), the mistake in the dosage (54%), the unidentified intervals of prescribed medications (35%), the mistakes in writing the name Medication (21%); mistake in writing the drug form (18%); administration of more than 3 drugs in one copy (17%); mistakes in the prescription drug (12%) and not the end of the prescription (8.1%).

According to the findings of present study, the medical prescriptions reviewed did not satisfy correct prescribing principles, This could delay or endanger the success of treatment and improvement of patients, Based on this information gap, it is essential that more emphasis is Systematic and targeted training of dentists during the course of dentistry as well as the development of retraining planning.

Most patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU) have problems in using oral medication or ingesting solid forms of drugs. Selecting the most suitable dosage form in such patients is a challenge. The current study was conducted to assess the frequency and types of errors of oral medication administration in patients with enteral feeding tubes or suffering swallowing problems.

A cross‑sectional study was performed in the ICU of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran. Patients were assessed for the incidence and types of medication errors occurring in the process of preparation and administration of oral medicines.

Ninety‑four patients were involved in this study and 10,250 administrations were observed. Totally, 4753 errors occurred among the studied patients. The most commonly used drugs were pantoprazole tablet, piracetam syrup, and losartan tablet. A total of 128 different types of drugs and nine different oral pharmaceutical preparations were prescribed for the patients. Forty‑one (35.34%) out of 116 different solid drugs (except effervescent tablets and powders) could be substituted by liquid or injectable forms. The most common error was the wrong time of administration. Errors of wrong dose preparation and administration accounted for 24.04% and 25.31% of all errors, respectively.

In this study, at least three‑fourth of the patients experienced medication errors. The occurrence of these errors can greatly impair the quality of the patients’ pharmacotherapy, and more attention should be paid to this issue.

Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem worldwide, especially in the Middle Eastern region. Although various dosing regimens of vitamin D have been used for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency, it is still unclear as to which dosing regimen can efficiently increase the serum level of vitamin D in different patient population.

This study was designed to compare the efficacy of weekly and daily regimens of vitamin D3 in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Settings and Design: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in the autumn and winter of 2016 and 2017, Hamadan, Iran.

A total of 130 patients with moderate to severe hypovitaminosis D were allocated into two groups: weekly 50,000 IU (routine recommended dose for vitamin deficiency treatment) or daily 4,000 IU (safe upper limit dose of vitamin D per day) of oral vitamin D3 for 8 and 14 weeks, respectively. The serum levels of 25-OH-vitamin D were measured in all patients at baseline and at the end of the treatment period.

Results of this study showed that though both dosing regimens can be effective in increasing the serum level of 25-OH-vitamin D, higher percentage of the subjects in the daily regimen group achieved the sufficient serum level of 25-OH-vitamin D when compared to the weekly regimen group.

Accordingly, probably owing to better bioavailability of daily regimen of vitamin D3 and establishment of a more steady serum concentration compared with weekly regimen, it can be recommended as the preferred dosing regimen for effective treatment of vitamin D deficiency.

Kidney transplant patients usually take a combination of medications after transplantation; hence, medication safety becomes an important issue in order to maintain the new organ working properly. To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in hospitalized patients in Nephrology and Post-transplant wards to improve clinical management of pDDIs by a clinical pharmacist.

In this cross-sectional study, patients in Nephrology and Post-transplant wards were screened for pDDIs, using the interaction screening program Lexi-comp resource®. After evaluating the detected pDDIs for clinical relevance, the intervention was performed through physicians or nurses for type D and X drug interactions. Intervention feedback, implemented recommendations, and any probable adverse drug reactions were documented.

During the study, 399 patients (239 in nephrology and 160 in post-transplant wards) plus 6105 drug orders were evaluated, and a total of 3263 DDIs were identified; of them, 827 (23.5%) were determined to be D and X classifications, and a total of 89.97% of all hospitalized cases had at least 1 pDDIs. Factors that had the greatest influence on pDDI incidence included the number of drugs and the admitted wards. Patients in the post-transplant ward experienced 2.3 times more DDIs than those in the nephrology ward. In total, 78% of class X and D DDIs required intervention, of which 75% were accepted and implemented by the physicians and nurses.

Clinically relevant pDDIs are common in patients in Nephrology and Post-transplant wards, and pharmacists play a critical role in detecting and managing this medical problem in hospitalized patients.

The issue discussed in this paper is a bi-level problem in which two rivals compete in attracting customers and maximizing their profits which means that competitors competing for market share must compete in the centers that are going to be located in the near future. In this paper, a nonlinear model presented in the literature considering customer preferences is linearized. Customer behavior means that the customer patronizes the most attractive (most comfort) location that he/she wants to be served among the locations of the first-level decision maker (Leader) and the second-level decision maker (Follower). Four types of exact algorithms have been introduced in this paper which include three types of full enumeration procedures and a developed branch-and-bound procedure. Moreover, a clustering-based algorithm has been presented that can provide a good approximation (a good lower bound) to the mentioned binary problem. For this purpose, the numerical results obtained are compared with the results of the full enumeration, heuristic and the branch-and-bound procedure.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is the third cause of hospital-acquired renal failure and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies have revealed the protective role of omega-3 in prevention and treatment of some kidney injuries. This study was conducted to examine the effect of omega-3 supplementation on the markers of renal function and to evaluate its potential in the prevention of CIN in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In this double-blind, randomized clinical trial, 85 eligible patients scheduled for PCI was randomly divided into omega-3 (a single 3750 mg dose of omega-3 as well as routine hydration therapy within 12 hours before PCI) or control (placebo plus routine hydration therapy) groups. Serum creatinine (SCr) and cystatin C levels were measured at baseline and 24 hours after PCI. Our results indicated that post- PCI cystatin C levels were significantly decreased in the omega-3 group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Although less upward manner was seen in the level of 24-hour creatinine in the omega-3 group, it did not reach the significance level (P = 0.008). The positive effect of omega-3 on cystatin C levels showed that it may have a protective role in the prevention of CIN in post-PCI patients with normal kidney function. However, to better assess this effect, it is highly recommended to design future studies with higher doses and longer duration of therapy with omega-3 plus long-term follow up.

Medication errors may prolong hospitalization period, enhance its costs and make harmful impacts on health. Inappropriate drug history taking is a type of medication errors which may occur on admission, resulting in medication discrepancies. This work presents a report of discrepancies between the drug history acquired by pharmacists and the drugs administered by the physicians at a teaching hospital in Shiraz, Iran. This prospective study was conducted from October 2016 to March 2017 in 7 wards of Namazi hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Both the physicians/nurses and pharmacists obtained medication history from patients recruited in this study during the first 24 hours of their admission. The medications were classified according to the ATC classification. Totally, 103 patients were recruited and 557 medications were recorded in this study. The mean±standard deviation age of patients was 58.52±18.75 years. Comparing pharmacist drug history with medication lists obtained by nurses or physicians revealed 353 discrepancies. On average, 3.42 discrepancies were identified per patient (ranged from 0 to 12). Most (85.8%) of medication discrepancies were related to omission errors. Metformin and aspirin were the most common medications involved in omission errors. The rate of medication discrepancies at admission in our hospital was high. Active contribution of pharmacists and providing accurate medication histories at the time of hospital admission can be considered as possible solutions for this problem.

In most Iranian hospitals, the nurses in the wards prepare intravenous (IV) drugs and unfortunately pharmacists are not involved in this process. The severity of the patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) heightens the risk of errors. More over the frequency of using IV drugs in this unit is high, so we decided to determine the frequency and types of errors, which occur in the preparation and administration of commonly, used IV medications in an ICU. A prospective cross sectional study was performed from November 2013 to August 2014, in the intensive care unit in Shahid-Sadoughi hospital in Yazd. Medication errors occurred in the process of preparation and administration of IV drugs, were recorded by a pharmacy student and were evaluated by direct observation, according to the method established by Barker and McConnell. A total number of 843 intravenous doses were evaluated. The most common type of error (34.26%) was the injection of IV doses faster than the recommended rate followed by preparation (15.69%), administration (9.23%) and compatibility with doctor’s order (6.24%). Amikacin was the most common drug involved in errors (41.67%). Most of errors were occurred at afternoon (8 p.m, 28.36%). According to our study the rate of errors in preparation and administration of IV drugs was high in this ICU. Employing more nurses, using developed medical instruments and clinical pharmacists can help to decrease these errors and improve the quality of patient care.