ehsan rasouli

Formalism is one of the theories of contemporary literary criticism in the field of literary study that emerged in Russia in the first half of the twentieth century. Foregrounding is one of the important issues of this theory and is based on the norm deviation (irregularity) and the parallelism (that is raised through the principle of extra regularity). Hence, the language of the Qur'an can be regarded as a standard language and a norm deviated one as well. But it should be noted that the norm deviation in the Qur'an does not mean that the word of God is contrary to the rules and analogies, but that the way it is expressed is different. According to the formalists, de-familiarization is a relative issue, and over the time, the literary text becomes ordinary and repetitive. However, since the literary and scientific aesthetics of the Qur'an is endless, Qur'anic scholars are continually discovering new aspects of it and thus making it dynamic. This study examined the foregrounding (norm deviation and parallelism) in Taha Surah from Leech’s point of view. It also considered the relevance and appropriateness of the construction of the verses to the content and name of the Surah based on the theory of formalism using a descriptive-analytical approach.

The Islamic architecture of Iran is the result of a natural continuity of architecture in diverse historical epochs. Therefore, perceiving and studying the history of architecture can aid understanding the architecture of the Islamic period and its various aspects. In the late eighth century AH, the political turmoil in Iran paved the way for Timur Gurkhani to invade the country. The Timurids ruled Iran for more than a century, until the rise of the Safavids. Timur, after destroying the building and massacring the people of the cities, showed interest in building magnificent structures. His successors followed suit. As a result of these works, various arts flourished, especially the art of architecture. His successors followed the same suit. As a result of these works, various arts flourished, particularly the art of architecture. This research is accomplished via a historical-descriptive method followed by library study. The research findings also show that during the Timurid period, magnificent buildings were built mainly in present-day Khorasan, which are among the architectural masterpieces of Iran. Although the method of architecture in the Timurid period is influenced by the architecture of earlier periods such as the Al-Muzaffar era, however, the architecture of the Timurids, in terms of grandeur and richness, has achieved an unprecedented flourishing visible in various structures such as the Ghiasieh School of Khordgerd, Dodar School, Goharshad Mosque and Bibi Khanoom.

Research objectives:

1. To study the style of architectural art and its prosperity in the Timurid period. 2. To scrutinize Iranian decorative elements and its richness in the architectural art of the Timurid period.

Research questions:

پ1. What is the main feature of Timurid architecture that distinguishes the works of this period from other buildings? 2. In what structures can the style and features of Timurid architecture be perceived?