elham aghadoosti

According to historical sources, the first migration of Muslims to Abyssinia took place around the fifth year of the Prophethood. The reports in the historical sources do not provide reliable results to explain the atmosphere in Abyssinia at that time and to know the inhabitants and their religion and beliefs. Considering the fact that the Holy Quran reflects a part of the conditions in Abyssinia, it is possible to recognize the atmosphere in Abyssinia in those years by using the method of "historical reconstruction". For this purpose, Surah Maryam, which based on historical documents has the most connection with this migration and its details, has been the focus of historical reconstruction. The results of this reconstruction indicate the existence of various sects and religions in Abyssinia. The most important of these religions were Christianity, Sabaeanism and Judaism, and the most important sects in that era were the "Menophysite" and "Arian" Christian sects. These results are in harmony with the references of historical and sectarian sources and complete and confirm them.

The root "Kh-t-f" in the single triliteral structure has a clear meaning. Notwithstanding, its augmented triliteral form has been variously explained in verse 57 of Surah al-Qasas and 67 of Surah Ankabut by commentators of the Qur'an. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and examine commentators` views by looking at the application of this structure among ignorant Arabs and its meaning in contemporary Arab social culture. In this regard, this study, with a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to analyze the meaning of »Takhattuf« among Qur'an commentators by exploring the common views of interpretive-historical sources and in the light of that, discover the intended meaning of this word in the era of early Islam. The result shows that the meaning of the word »Takhattuf« in these verses, as mentioned by commentators of the Qur'an, is not only related to property or soul, rather it includes both concepts. Therefore, the Quraish living in Makkah regarded both the looting of other tribes and their assault on their lives as the main reason for their lack of faith. This impression is a more realistic image of the concept of the verse since the paper result is consistent with historical, lexical, and intertextual context of Qur'anic verses on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is consistent with the special position of Quraysh among Arabs.

There is a title called honors in Arab history. It can be seen in poetry, especially in Arab Diwan. Through this title one can understand the type of boasting, cause, goals, and purpose of the narrator. The revelation of the Qur'an somewhat reduced the negative burden of this tradition and forbade reprehensible pride. Although this ancient custom faded after Islam, it can still be seen in the poems and sayings. One of the prose writings in which the proud expressions are seen is Nahj al-Balaghah, perhaps because of the rhetorical sayings. The main purpose of this research is to explain why these phrases exist in Nahj al-Balaghah. This article extracted the boastings from the words of the Amir al-Momineen (PBUH) and examined them. Then determined and explained their temporal and spatial conditions, the reason for the Imam's boasting in all of them. The first reason is to present the correct criterion for the boasting that the Imam used during his speech. In the same cultural context of the age of revelation, Amir al-Momineen (PBUH) was able to change the criteria of boasting in terms of meaning to change its cultural concept, besides expand and present criteria that were not common before. On the other hand, Amir al-Momineen (PBUH), under certain circumstances, considered the inclusion of his virtues and boasting about them to motivate people towards his goals (previously, he used to incite people to jihad and influence them by sermon).

Words always combine in their own applications and make different phrases; this combination and association is not in any language, random or Irregular, and there are meaningful relationships between the units of language. In addition, the use of each word in the verses is wise and purposeful, and by examining the relationship between the Quranic words, one can determine the meaning of each word in relation to other words and in a semantic system. The present study intends to use the semantic theory in Qur'anic studies to look at the semantic domain of divine laws in the Quran - an important step in understanding the Qur'anic concepts and understanding the semantic relations between the words of this holy book. For this purpose, there is a structuralist approach to the text of the Qur'an and has used the combination of the Bonn semantic school and intertextual relations. In this regard, after selecting the subject and its key words, first all the verses associated with each of the key words are collected. Subsequently, the "semantic components" of the key words are evaluated. In the next step, the "semantic field" of each word is defined and the words associated with the concept of the focal area of the field are analyzed through the diagrams and tables in which the opposition and the relationship between words are shown. Finally, by comparing the connections of semantic fields, the semantic network is mapped. By doing this, each word appears with all its semantic dimensions, and the various terms of the vocabulary are examined in a set of terms, thus defining the meaning of each word in its applied context.