فهرست مطالب elhami

Glass as a non-conductive material has special properties such as transparency, chemical resistance, and hardness. Traditional machining methods have noticeable limitations in their capability for shaping the glass parts. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM), as an advanced machining method, gives a chance to implement special processes on the glass. There are many effective parameters in the ECDM process and each of them has its special effect, but the influence of electrolyte type has been rarely evaluated in the literature. In this research, the effects of two types of NaOH and H2SO4 electrolytes on the glass have been studied. Electrolyte temperature, as another effective parameter on the chemical reactions, is also considered in these experiments. Surface quality, machining depth and overcut are considered as the machining outputs. The experimental results obtained in this research indicated that the application of H2SO4 acidic electrolyte after machining in NaOH electrolyte rather than machining solely in NaOH electrolyte has a significant effect on the walls of the holes. It is also observed that with a higher electrolyte temperature, the walls of the holes become smoother. It is also shown that, by applying two steps implementation of drilling and application of acidic electrolyte (NaOH/H2SO4), holes have a lower overcut, and the machining depth is improved up to 20.5% in the hydrodynamic regime.

This research aims at reflecting on political positions of Imam Sadiq (AS) against the Bani Umayyah so as to keep and safeguard the Shiite culture. This study is a historical research which has been done both descriptively and analytically. The topics have been taken from the Imam Sadeq’s (AS) sound sources in a library manner. The results show that a free political atmosphere was opened when the Bani Umayyah was on the verge of overthrow. Thus, at this stage, the pressure on the oppositions, especially on Imam Sadiq (AS) was reduced, and for this reason, Imam Sadeq(AS) got the maximum advantages of this opportunity for his own religious purposes a. This study reveals that Imam Sadiq (AS), as one of the pioneers of Islamic movement and the leader of genuine religious culture, did a series of political actions such as strengthening the status of Imamate and accepting religious leadership, creating political realism, rebelling against the oppressors, perpetuating the memory of Ashura and Taqiyah among the Shiites, which have been dealt with in this study.

Domestic violence is the most common type of violence against women which leaves negative effects on the mental health of the mother, children, family, community, and the next generation directly and indirectly. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the arte of domestic violence and some related factors in married women.
This cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out with participation of 623 married women attending health care centers of Abadan, Iran who were selected through random cluster sampling from in 2015. The data were collected by a demographic questionnaire and a women abuse scale checklist. Moreover, descriptive and analytical statistics (including T-Student Test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, One-Way Variance Analysis, Chi-Square Test, and Fisher) were used for data analysis.
The total prevalence of violence was 72.3%, and the porevalence of psychological, physical, life threatening, and sexual violence was 71.7%, 17.8%, 8.3%, and 7.1%, respectively. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between violence and age, marital satisfaction, family behavior, financial situation, cigarette, alcohol, disease, domicile, occupation, place of birth, and criminal records.
Violence in the city of Abadan, eespecially psychological violence, is highly prevalent. Therefore, it is suggested that domestic violence against women be prevented using approaches such as life skills training starting before marriage such as anger management, proper communication, and problem solving.

Education of professional ethics is an important part of medical students program and professionalism is considered as one of the core competencies in medicine. Identifying the factors affecting learning professionalism in the obstetrics and gynecology ward with its own ethical challenges can help to the efficacy of training programs. This study was performed with aim to determine the views and experiences of clinical faculty members and medical learners of obstetrics and gynecology ward about the factors affecting the professional ethics development in practice.
In this qualitative study in 2013, 10 faculty members and 30 residents and medical interns of obstetrics and gynecology wards in Shahid Sayyad Shirazi educational center were participated. To collect data, semi-structured individual interviews were used and stopped when theoretical saturation occurred. The interviews were transcribed line by line in accordance with a "conventional content analysis" and were coded and categorized.
The data analysis revealed four main themes including "humanistic profession, personality and character, role model, and educational and social factors" that explained the factors affecting the professional ethics development in the obstetrics and gynecology ward from the perspective of the faculty members, medical students and residents.
The professor's role model and clinical training programs in the obstetrics and gynecology ward were the most important factors affecting the professional ethics development. Therefore, it seems that with appropriate educational interventions on these two important components, we could promote professional ethics education in clinical practice.

Given that an important part of the resource, its human resources are more prominent role of staff in supporting organizational change from the past. As an essential part of the staff that will be most concerned with change, the different behavior patterns of their show in front of these changes. Organizations achieve a successful shift to employee behaviors and attention and provide an effective response against it done. The staff cynicism about the changes in the organization is new concepts in the field of organizational behavior. The staff cynicism is a form of resistance to changes in internal reforms. To change could be devastating for the organization. Understanding behavioral components and drive organizational cynicism and organizational implications of the relationship between them and other organizations helps reduce cynicism. In this study, we studied the history of public and organizational cynicism and after the introduction of organizational cynicism and approaches to study, change, and employee resistance to organizational change and its relationship with organizational cynicism is examined.

This paper presents the investigation are the static and dynamic longitudinal stability of a small flying boat in cruise flight for different cruise heights and speeds. After that, we use two methods to control the height of a flying boat: fuzzy logic controller and its compound with Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID). The main advantage of using fuzzy controlling methods is that the control system has more flexibility compared with conventional model based controllers. For accomplish designing of height hold control system of a flying boat, we use a precise model of wing-in-groundeffect vehicles in state-space form and aerodynamics derivatives of a flying boat. The controller is tested on a simulation level in Matlab. Simulation results were promising and showed improvement in performance and accuracy in comparison to conventional methods.

Modal analysis is done periodically to ensure blades performance for non-occurrence of resonance obtained under various operating conditions. Since metal or composite helicopter blades have a certain flexibility at different speeds in different planes can lead to deformation of the structure that can have a great effect on the aerodynamic performance of the helicopter. In this paper, modal analysis of helicopter blade has been carried out by the lumped mass methods (myklestad and finite element method) and modal test on the rotor structure. The finite element analysis has been developed by two approach of analytical and software method. Modal testing was also performed in both static and dynamic states, with constant speed, to validate the lumped mass methods. Finally, the results of both methods are compared with each other. After ensuring there correspondence between lumped mass methods and experimental results, an analysis was done according to the operating conditions of the rotor and finally Campbell diagram has been generated. According to this diagram became clear there was not any problem with the resonance of the rotor blades, while the numerical result of case has an acceptable match with the experimental results.

In this paper, the fluid-structure interaction phenomenon and the research history are described. Then due to the complex and specific working conditions of a turbine blade, we have investigated the phenomenon on this subject. The fluid-structure interaction on a turbine blade model has been simulated by using structural and fluid flow section of ANSYS software. A model of turbine blade with airfoil cross section made of aluminum has been analyzed in three different inlet speed of the fluid. For analysis results the amount of turbine blade tip deviation and its impact on the fluid flow pressure exerted on the turbine blade has been considered. The results show that by increasing the speed of inlet flow, the amount of blade tip deviation increases and also its impact increases on fluid pressure exerted on the rotor. The results also show that the transverse displacement of the blade is linear across of its axis.

The main function of transmission system is to convert output rotary force of main engine into trust required for moving the vessel. Shaft is one of the elements of main transmission system which is composed of several sections. Shaft is influenced by pressure, bending and spiral loads. Therefore, the position of bearings and shaft designing are the major factors which reduce vibration and prevent resonance. In this paper, with various tests on two samples having the same diameter and different length, the position of bearings were studied. In accordance with the modes generated, we specified the position of bearings, so as the shaft receives less vibration. In this regard, early and precocious failure against transmission system will be removed. At the end, frequency analysis, using Abaqus software the test was done on the shaft and the results obtained, compared with the actual test.

Hakim Abul-Majd Majdūd ibn Ādam Sanā''ī Ghaznavi، is often characterized as the «ingenious poet». Using satire in mystical texts is the technique can be considered as one of his inventions، what had already been used in socio-critical texts. Theosophists، after Sanā''ī Ghaznavi، have frequently utilized this approach to teach moral aspects. To find satirical techniques applied by Sanā''ī Ghaznavi (467-529 or 545A. H.)، in this paper، as well as expressing his purpose to teach ethical، moral and spiritual lessons in his masnavi، «Hadiqat Al-Haqiqa»; we initially introduce a general definition of irony and satire and their conventional techniques، and then، we will review and classify the features of Sufi language. At the end، the Hadiqa stories، their humors، messages of mystical techniques، and their moral and philosophical analyses will be expressed، if available. Summarizing and understanding the mystical، wise، moral and satirical messages of Hadiqa as well as the special language for which Sanā''ī Ghaznavi attempted to reach are all the results would be obtained out of present study.

The aim of this study is friction modeling and optimization of a “vibration modal analysis simulator”. This device has been used for observation and measurement of natural frequencies and mode shapes ofvibrating components and parts under the free or forced vibration conditions. In this paper to obtain linear vibrating motion with less measurement errors and optimum friction factor، the new prototype has been designed using the genetic algorithm. Mass linear motion is modeled by viscous friction agent so that optimized friction factor C with six sub-designation factors is calculated. Obtained results with respect to precursor’s availability، fabrication ability and from the economical point of view are more amenable and applicable than the preliminary devices and show a 70% reduction in friction factor.

"Qaboos Nameh" or "Nasihat Nameh", written by "Onsorolmali key Kavous" in the fifth century A.H. has a special didactic and education position in the field of Ethics and Guidance. The aim and motivation of the author for writing this book was mainly guiding and advising his own son "Gilan Shah," and in the second place benefiting other interested seekers. Qaboos Nameh’s advantages and characteristics are not just due to its educational and advisory content but several different factors have gathered together to aid and deepen the influence of these educational lessons on the addressees. Special characteristics of the author such as intimacy, honesty, purity of speech, humility and liberal mindedness; on the one hand, and his discourse devices such as using common proverbs in Persian and Arabic, interesting parables and stories suitable to text topics, taking advantage of the verses and tradition, including quotations of great people and Persian poetry on the other hand, are among the important factors that strengthen the educational enrichment of this work and consequently make it be eternal and everlasting. In this paper, we will first enumerate the special characteristics of the author which indirectly depicts a model and pattern of moral values, and then we will classify the content subjects of this work and finally the impact of discourse devices employed by the author will be examined.

The current paper investigates the closed solution of direct kinematics of a 3-DOF translational parallel manipulator with fixed actuators called a 3-PRC TPM. This solution approach is a combination of Secant theory and Bootstrap method called Secant-Bootstrap method. This method is used for solution of nonlinear kinematics of serial robots.The advantages of this method with respect to the conventional numerical methods such as Newton-Raphson are higher accuracy, better convergence and finding of all possible solutions simultaneously. In this study, for the first time, the Secant-Bootstrap method has been used for the solution of nonlinear kinematics of translational parallel manipulator. The results of current approach show an excellent correspondence with of those traditional numerical methods such as Newton-Raphson with better convergence and higher precision of all solutions.

Radiographic evaluation of the third molar tooth to determine its position and degree of development is an important part in diagnosis and treatment planning, as well as in forensic dentistry procedures. The objective was to investigate the developmental stages of third molars in relation to chronologic age, gender and location (maxillary/mandibular) in an Iranian population. The data were collected in departments of pediatric dentistry and orthodontics, Tehran Faculty of Dentistry and four private offices. Three calibrated observers visited the centers to examine panoramic radiographs and corresponded patients documents in each age cohort in the range of 5- to-25-years old. Data were analyzed by Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) in the linear mode and exchangeable correlation structure. The significance level was defined as 0.05. The mean age of emerging third molars’ follicle was 9.29±1.65 years. Early calcification was seen at the mean age of 10.28±1.66 years. The GEE model controlling for age, gender and tooth location (maxillary/mandibular) revealed that besides age (β=0.43, p<0.001), the tooth location had association with the developmental stage (β=0.11, p<0.001) so that maxillary teeth were prior in calcification stages, but no relationship between gender and developmental stages was seen (β=0.03, p=0.69). Maxillary teeth were ahead of mandibular teeth in calcification stages with no gender difference. The present study may provide a reference for oral surgeons, pediatric dentists and orthodontists practicing in Iran and may have implications for the neighboring countries especially those with Caucasian populations.

In this paper, dynamic stability of two free-end beam subject to a non-conservative following force has been investigated. In the first step, transverse vibration of beam structure in free-free mode with/without end force by modal analysis and FEM was analyzed and mode shapes and natural frequencies were obtained. Then, dynamic equations of the vibration with using the Galerkin method were solved. It can be seen that with increasing the axial force frequency of transverse the vibration of the beam decreased. Also, flutter phenomenon in the states of axial force much higher than buckling force is observed. Furthermore, in case of non-uniform beam, in free-free mode both flutter and divergence are occurred. It can be concluded that, due to low thrust weight ratio in nowadays flying objects, the effect of flutter on dynamic stability of structure itself is not significant. However, the effect of joint in beam significantly reduces the critical force of flutter.

Mn doped ZnO nanocomposite thin film coated on glass by a simple spin-coating method was used to degrade an azo textile dye from aqueous environment. Mn doped ZnO nanocomposite thin film was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photo- reduction activity of photocatalyst was evaluated using an azo textile dye as organic contaminant irradiated only with UV light from mercury bulb. The processing parameter such as the pH value also played an important role in tuning the photocatalytic activity. The maximum photodecomposition rate was achieved at pH=6, and a novel model about the absorption of azo dye on the surface of the catalysts was proposed.

The present paper is a study of the long multiple poem by Toqra Mashadi, a prominent poet in the 11th century Hijra. This 134-line poem which is in the form of ‘pentameter Mosammat’ is included in one of his works called “Eteqadieh”, an unobtainable work not found in any of his works collection –not even in Iranian literature history. The whole poem is recorded in the manuscript of Alavi Manaqeb by Mir Hossein Ali Khan Talpour from the manuscript treasure and museum owned by Talpour governors in Heidarabad, Sindh. No study has so far been carried out on this work; the present research is the first, introducing and analyzing its lyric emotions. This Mosammat is in the honor of Imam Ali (PBUH) and enjoys deep and pleasant individual and collective emotions. In this research, we are attempting to investigate the poet’s emotions applying a content analysis approach.

Cloud point extraction methodology was successfully employed for preconcentration of trace amounts of amaranth prior to its determination by spectrophotometry. The method was based on the extraction of amaranth as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium ion from aqueous solution using Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant. The extracted surfactant rich phase was diluted with ethanol and its absorbance was measured at 518 nm by a spectophotometer. An optimum set of surfactant concentration, pH, equilibration temperature and time, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate and salt concentration were obtained. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 20-1600 ng ml-1 of amaranth in the initial solution with r = 0.9993 (n = 12). Detection limit based on three times the standard deviation of the blank (3Sb) was 13.0 ng ml-1 (n = 10), and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D) for 100 and 1000 ng ml-1 of amaranth was 4.2 and 1.4% (n = 10), respectively. The proposed procedure was applied to the determination of amaranth in different food samples.

Determining and studying collected lithic assemblages، biota remains and deposited beds (regarding to sedimentology) of two rock shelters in the age of Late Pleistocene to recent interval in central Iran were the aims of this research. Mobarekeh (Qaleh Bozi) and Yekeh Chah (near Golpayegan) are two sites in which remains of consumed and hunted biota by human were checked by this research. Lithic assemblages are studied considering their sources. Mousterian lithic assemblages from Qaleh Bozi caves and rock shelters (Hassan Abad Caves) are made of silica pebbles (limestone with Nummulite or cherty beds in the age of Paleocene to Eocene time interval) that hominids had collected from the Zayandeh Rud River in the Middle Paleolithic Period. Finally it should be stated that lithic artifacts in Yekeh Chah are mostly Quartzite sandy shale (probably belong to Jurassic). Black beds (charcoal lenses) in Qaleh Bozi and Yekeh Chah caves were sampled and washed for Determining biota remains and sedimentary components. All washed samples from two localities had remains of: burned wood (charcoal)، large vertebrate mammals (mostly horse)، vertebrate and micro vertebrates (fish، rodent، reptile and amphibian)، egg of birds، seeds and grass. SEM photos related to hunted and consumed birds’ beak and nails from Mobarekeh and Yekeh Chah confirmed that the food of man in those localities could be similar. This research is first report the presence of hunter-gatherer hominids in Central Iran (Mousterian). Lithic assemblages are collected from Separab Naein in the age of Mesolithic and from Tapeh Ashena (Chadegan) in the age of Neolithic as well.

Manufacturing substandard and low quality pharmaceutical products will lead to waste of resources with added health risks to public health. The research was a descriptive and comparative study. USA, EU, Australia and Iran, and WHO, ICH and PIC/S were selected for the comparative study. Internet sites and scientific journals were used for data collection. The comparative study determined the primary proposed model. Then, based on Delphi technique, the primary model was evaluated by experts and eventually the final model was designed. Pharmaceutical quality assurance model of USA had two parts without annexes. The first part described the general concepts. The second part was much larger and had eleven subparts. Each subpart included some GMP requirements. The model of EU was based on two parts. The first part, with nine chapters, presented the basic GMP requirements, and the second part, consisted of nineteen annexes, and illustrated the method of GMP implementation on specific areas of production. The model of Australia was very similar to EU model, structurally and contextually. The model of WHO had written the GMP principles in seventeen chapters without annexes. The model of ICH consisted of nineteen chapters and had no annexes. The model of PIC/S was designed as EU model completely. Iran had no pharmaceutical quality assurance model. The comparative study and feedbacks of experts determined the final proposed model for pharmaceutical quality assurance (GMP) of Iran, which consisted of two parts. The first part, chapters, included thirteen chapters and each chapter described isolated parts of GMP principles. Each chapter was divided to some major titles. Overall, the first part (chapters) consisted of sixty-two major titles. The second part of model consisted of sixteen annexes, which illustrated the method of GMP implementation on specific areas of production. Establishment of standards of the final model of GMP in the drug industry could lead to the improvement of quality of national manufactured drugs, hence, promoting the population health levels.

The suspension system of tracked vehicles, in comparison with riding vehicles, has special specifications (i.e. continuity of suspension system). In this paper, at first, a planar mathematical model (1/ model) of a tracked vehicle was introduced along with the dynamical equations and state-space representation. The parameters of spring and damper coefficients are then optimized and the vehicle performance against standard inputs was studied. For preliminary analysis, only standard inputs and impulse of projectile has been discussed. The results showed the stability of the system with satisfactory margins.