eshagh hashemi

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth caused by certain microorganisms and can lead to progressive erosion of the Periodontal Ligament and alveolar bone followed by pocket formation and/or gingival recession. Nowadays, saliva is utilized as a diagnostic fluid in medicine and dentistry. The enzymes, immunoglobulin, hormones, and bacterial products of the saliva can be indicators of a periodontal disease. The present study aimed to measure and compare the Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme in the saliva of the patients with chronic periodontitis who referred to the Periodontal Department, School of Dentistry, Mashhad, Iran, before and after the treatment.

The population of this interventional study included the patients who referred to the Periodontal Department, School of Dentistry, Mashhad, Iran. This study was conducted on 30 patients, and the inclusion criterion was pocket attachment loss with a depth of 3-5 mm. The patients were matched regarding the plaque selection. The saliva samples of the patients with moderate periodontitis were collected before phase-1 treatment (i.e., scaling, root planning, and health education) and 4 weeks after treatment. Approximately, 3mL unstimulated whole saliva was collected from each participant using the Spitting method, placed immediately in micro tubes, stored at -20ºC, and transferred to a laboratory to be kept at -80ºC. Once the sample temperature reached room temperature, they were centrifuged at 3000g for 5min. The supernatant clear liquid was used for LDH analysis. The data were analyzed in SPSS software through t-test.

The results showed that the mean values of LDH level were 8.57±1484 and 4.25±1112 mg/l before and after the treatment, respectively. Moreover, there was a significant difference before and after the treatment regarding the LDH level of saliva (P=0.01).

The results of this study showed that LDH enzyme levels were higher considerably in the saliva of patients with a periodontal disease before treatment, compared to post-treatment. This is due to the pathological processes that occur in periodontal tissues leading to the release of intracellular enzymes.

In the study, the mercury concentrations in water, sediment and plankton in Khor Musa was investigated. The 9 samples of water and sediment were collected from each estuary and a total of 45 samples were taken. Sampling of phytoplankton and zooplankton was collected by net of 20 and 300 µm, respectively. After the concentrations of mercury by cold vapour method was measured using atomic absorption. The results showed that mercury concentrations range from 4.39±0.82 (mean±SE) to 11.66±2.14 µg/L in water and 0.26±0.03 to 0.76±0.04 µg/g of dry weight in sediments. The mercury concentrations 0.02±0.01 To 0.17±0.01 on phytoplankton and 0.10±0.01 to 0.47±0.07 µg/g for zooplankton were measured. The correlation factors showed that mercury concentrations in phytoplankton and zooplankton had significant positive correlation (P <0.05). With the mercury rising mercury concentrations in zooplankton increases in phytoplankton due to the high toxicity of mercury, the possibility of bioaccumulation and bio-magnification in the aquatic organisms and contamination of the waters in the estuary Moses regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health of ecosystems. Therefore, in this study to determine the amount of mercury in low levels of the food, chemical concentrations in water, sediments and plankton were measured in the estuary area of Khor Musa.

In this study, the levels of heavy metals concentration (mercury, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead) were measured in the feathers, egg contents and eggshells of Larus genei from Musa Estuary. For this purpose, twenty eggs and fifteen Larus genei were collected at the locations during 2013. To do the process, after drying and digestion of samples, the concentration of mercury in samples was measured by cold vapor. In general, except for Pb, the level of whole metals in feathers was higher than egg contents and eggshells. The metal concentrations in feathers were according to the following order Zn> Hg > Cu > Pb> Cd, in egg contents were Zn> Cu > Hg > Pb> Cd and in eggshells were Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd > Hg. Also, comparing our results with the standard of World Health Organization, we found that mercury levels in in feathers and eggs of Larus genei were flying above mentioned standards. High accumulation of mercury in the feathers and eggs has likely originated from mercury sources such as petrochemical plants.

In this study, the levels of heavy metals (mercury, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead) were measured in the liver and muscle tissues of Bamboo Shark in Khor Musa.
To do the process, after drying and digestion of samples, the concentration of mercury samples was measured and it was found that the level of whole metals in liver was higher than in muscle. The metal concentrations in liver and muscle tissue were obtained according to the following order Zn> Cu> Hg> Pb> Cd and Zn> Hg> Cu, respectively. The concentration of two nonessential metals, cadmium and lead, was not detected in muscle. There was a significant difference between the level of metals in liver and muscle. Also, level of mercury in liver and muscle showed a direct correlation with shark’s weight and length.
Comparison of metal concentrations in liver and muscle with various world standards indicated that only the level of mercury is higher than standard limits. High accumulation of mercury in the animal’s body is likely originated from mercury sources such as petrochemical plants. Hence, considering all the obtained data, it is highly advised to have a constant monitoring over the aquatic animals, certainly edible ones, existing in the area.

Despite the limited anthropogenic activity in Arctic regions, the levels of heavy metals are of concern and the Arctic is considered as an important global sink for mercury depletion. Mercury is not readily available to the food Web in its natural form. However, inorganic mercury are converted to organic mercury compounds by microbial processes of anaerobic organisms. MeHg is more lipophilic, highly bioaccumulative and the most toxic form of mercury. The Stablishment of industrial in the coastal zone resulted in producing and realsiay of various types of contanius in to the marine Enviromental the neighbor hoad of khormusa to Bandar Mahshar petrochemical complex could be poteutialy harm ful for marine ecosystem interms of Hg pollution.Birds are often the most numerous representatives of vertebrates in polar and subpolar regions making them ideal bioindicators of pollution. Marine birds are exposed to a wide range of trophic levels, and those at the top of the food chain are susceptible to bioaccumulation of pollutants. Mercury in the marine environment in order to understand the extant of Hg contamination in the marine environment and its health. Seabirds are useful as bioindicators of coastal and marine pollution. Marine birds, defined as birds that spend a significant proportion of their life in coastal or marine environments, are exposed to a wide range of chemicals because most occupy higher trophic levels making them susceptible to bioaccumulation of pollutants. Since different families, have different life history strategies and cycles, behavior and physiology, diet, and habitat uses, their vulnerability varies. Further, the relative proportion of time marine birds spend near shore, compared to pelagic environments, influences their exposure. Biomonitoring studies are necessary. due to long living, staying at the top of food chain, availability and large number of yellow-legged (larus cachinnans) in Mahshahr area. Gull yellow leg of seabirds around the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific are found. Methyl mercury due to its great affinity to high affinity for fat and protein Rail sulfide groups in the food chain is transmitted rapidly and accumulate in organisms. In areas where fish and other marine products food group constitutes a major source of organic mercury bioaccumulation of mercury in human tissues. This study was carried out to study the level of mercury accumulation in yellow gull and the amount of mercury witch is transter to the apper trophic level in mahshar area. Since birds are fed high levels of the food chain, they are often known ecology, Gull yellow (larus cachinnans) were collected from the khormusa and Bandar mahshar.The collection gull yellow (n=18). Samples were brought to the laboratory right away, birds were dissected immediately. Liver, Breast feather, kiendy, musel, heart, bone and skin were removed the bodies of the speciments. Feather were washed in deionized water alternated to removed loosely adherent external contamination. All sample were wrapped in aluminium foil and stored at minimum -20ºC.The seabirds were weighed and size measured.All sample were dried in a 50 ºC oven.The biological sample were digested by a mixture of nitric acid and patacium permangenat in a closed aqueous system in a hot plate.After pressure digestion, the biological sample waz supplied with stannous chloride and hydrochloric acid to reduce the Hg in a sample to atomic Hg.Mercury was measured by Atomic Absorption cold vapour (AAS). The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS soft ware version 16. The data were normality using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mercury concentration in samples were test for mean differences among species using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When significant differences were observed among the species and tissus, Tuky-Kramer test was applied to determine which means were significantly different. Values are given as mean± standard errors and we considered a p value ˂0.05 to be statistically significant. Discussion of Results & In both sexes the maximum Hg concentration were measured in feather(9.70±1.16 µ/g in female and 8.27±.32 µ/g in male). The minimum Hg concentration were observed heart muscle(.42±.03 in female and. 43±.01 µ/g in male).. A significant and positive correlation found between Hg concentration in feather or liver and total weight of the birds (p˂0.05). The maximum hg concentration was found in the feathers either in male and females. While the minimum hg concentration was found in heart muscle. A significant difference was found between male and females in terms of hg concentration in feather and liver(fig 1). many studies have pointed out that hg have to accumulate in birds feathers.it is suggested that feather and liver could serves as suitable bimonitor agent for hg a yellow leg gull. There waz no significant difference between hg concentration in the birds belonging to different stations. This was true for both male and female birds (fig 2).Althogh the studies stations are far from each other it is suggested that birds from both stations have a same feeding ground. Figure 1- concentration hg in yellow gulls(male and female) in mahsahr Figure 2- concentration hg in yellow gulls(male and female) in aboukhozayer Many seabirds can fly in long distance. Therefore it is possible that mahshar and shadegan gulls gather in the same feeding ground to feed. Comparision between hg concentration in different tissues of yello legged gull in this study (Tabel1) with some other birds from other parts of the world deuonstrated that yellow legged in this study accumulated. Highe concentration of hg in it tissue. This finding alarms that controlling and managing action are require to pollution in the mahshar area. Significant correlation was observed between hg concentration in different tissues and total body weight of the birds.The correlation coefficient was higher in the case of feather(Fig 3). Fig 3-corralation between feathers and weight yellow gulls Genrally most of the hg body burdent accumulation in feathers and the contain proteins rich of sulfur amino acid. it is suggested yellow-legged is appropriate agent for Hg biomonitoring in bandar Mahshahr and it is feather is the most suitable tissue for Hg monitoring. Also compare our results with standard World Health Organization, found that mercury levels in Yellow-legged above mentioned standards.

Hypomagnesemia is observed in 15-10% of patients admitted to the hospital and in 40-60% of intensive care units patients. This study was done to investigate the prevalence of hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing elective surgery in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. In this interventional cross-sectional study، 60 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with general anesthesia and were admitted to the ICU were selected using simple sampling method. Age، gender، height، weight، body mass index (BMI)، SAPS number، the probability of mortality based on SAPS، sodium، total magnesium، calcium، potassium and plasma phosphorus levels within 24 hours of hospitalization and the total urinary excretion of magnesium in the first 24-hour of hospitalization at ICU was measured and recorded. Independent T and Chi square tests were used for statistical analysis. Serum magnesium، sodium، potassium، calcium and phosphorus and demographic characteristics (age، gender، weight، height and BMI)، did not show any significant correlations with total magnesium deficiency of body after loading of magnesium dosage. Also there was no significant correlation between total magnesium deficiency of body after magnesium dosage loading and the duration of being at ICU. But there was a significant difference in total magnesium deficiency of body after dosage loading of magnesium with expected mortality rate of patients using SAPS parameter (p=0. 013). Magnesium Serum level is an unreliable indicator of hypomagnesemia. The greater the total magnesium deficiency of the body، the worse the prognosis is.