eslam majidi heravan

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cut irrigation on yield and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivars wheat in the crop year 2017-18 in Shahriar region. This research was carried out as split plots design a randomized complete block with two cut irrigation and cultivars factors in 63 treatments and three replications. The main factor of irrigation treatment in three levels including: normal irrigation I0, cut irrigation in flowering stage I1 and cut irrigation in grain filling stage I2 and cultivars in 21 levels as a sub-factor including; Chamran, star, Sirvan, Sivand ,Arg, Parsi, Barat, Narin, Heidary, Ofogh, Rakhshan, Baharan, Sepahan, Aflak, Mihan, Zare, Gonhad, Orum, Saison, Gascogen and Mehregan. The results of analysis of variance showed that 1000-seed weight, grain yield, total yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature, leaf proline, cell membrane stability, grain gluten, SOD antioxidant enzyme and MDA degradation biomarker were affected by the main effects of irrigation levels and cultivarsand interactions were significant at the level of 5% and 1%. The highest grain yield (10857.2 kg.ha-1), total yield (44092.8 kg.ha-1) and stomatal conductance (236.08 molH2o. m2.s-1) were allocated to Normal irrigation and Rakhshan cultivar treatment. The lowest grain yield (1467.9 kg.ha-1), total yield (11496.7 kg.ha-1) and stomatal conductance (44.81 mmolH2o.m2.s) were obtained from cut irrigation at flowering stage and Ofogh cultivar treatment. However cut irrigation treatment at flowering stage and Ofogh cultivar obtained the highest canopy temperature (19.827 C), proline leaf (0.994 µg.gFw-1) and the lowest canopy temperature (13.126 C), leaf proline (0.416 µg.gFw-1) and cell membrane stability (171.14 µmos.cm) was observed from normal irrigation and Rakhshan cultivar treatment. The highest antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase SOD (19.06 U.mgprotein) and MDA (40.68 Ƞmol. gFw-1) were achieved from cut irrigation at flowering stage and Gasgogen cultivar treatment. The results showed that the tolerant cultivars were less affected by drought stress. And by less producing organic matter such as proline and degrading enzymes and biomarkers, they maintained their yield at an acceptable level.

For many years, different species of the genus Hypericum spp. used to treat neurological disorders and depression. The high susceptibility and fluctuation of the production of secondary metabolites caused by climate changes in this plant can be controlled by in vitro culture systems. Hairy roots (transgenic) has been used as an alternative for production of medicinal plants to produce secondary plant metabolites in many species, but the production of these roots have always faced challenges, one of them is the difficulty of induction. Therefore, the present study aimed to introduce practical guidelines for induction of adventitious roots from Hypericum perforatum leaf explants treated with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and different light sources including red, far red, full light, blue and flourcent , as well as absolute darkness as control treatment. The results of this study showed that the concentration of 2 mg/l IBA under dark treatment had the best inductive effect on adventitious root production from leaf explants. Higher concentrations of IBA caused callus formation in both light and dark conditions. In investigating the effect of light source on the frequency of adventitious root induction, the highest number of roots was recorded in far red and red, while the lowest number of adventitious roots was recorded under full light treatment. The highest level of hypercin was in the dark followed by fluorescent light and the lowest in blue light, but different light sources did not show a significant effect on hyperforin content.

In Iran, wheat is the most important agricultural product in terms of production and cultivated area, and the increase in its production has been receiving more attention day by day, and it is very important in terms of economy and food security of the people. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the relationships between different traits and to determine the most important traits affecting grain yield in bread wheat cultivars introduced in the northern climate of the country and to group them based on some morphological traits.

In this research, 20 varieties of wheat improved in the hot and humid climate of the north of the country were studied in the majority of randomized complete blocks design with three replications during three crop years of 2015-2016 at Gorgan Agricultural Research Station.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference among the studied cultivars in terms of the investigated traits. The effect of year was also significant for all traits except the number of days to anthesis, and the interaction effect of cultivar was significant for all traits except the number of tiller/m2, peduncle length and spike length, seed yield and biological yield. The highest seed yield (5.59 t ha-1) was related to Ehsan variety. Group comparison between new and old cultivars showed significant difference between the two groups in grain yield and biological yield, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, length of grain filling period and grain filling speed, number of seeds per spike, height, days to spiking and days to anthesis traits. Grain yield had the highest correlation with harvest index (r = 0.92**), seed filling speed (r=0.632**) and thousand kernel weight (r=0.595**). Three variables, length of grain filling period, number of days to maturity and spike length were entered into the regression model as the most important traits affecting grain yield, which had negative direct effects on grain yield, and the most direct effect was related to the number of days to maturity. Factor analysis identified 5 factors that explained 89.052% of the changes. Cluster analysis based on Ward method for the studied traits grouped the cultivars into four clusters. The cultivars that were in the first and second groups had higher yields, 1000 kernel weight, and seed filling speed.

According to the obtained results, among the examined traits, the harvest index had the highest correlation coefficient with grain yield, and the three traits of grain filling period, number of days to maturity, and spike length were determined as the most important traits affecting grain yield. So that the cultivars that had a shorter maturity period and the grain filling period did not interact with the stress at the end of the season, had higher grain yield. The new cultivar Ehsan, with its higher performance in three years of testing and its placement in cluster two, which had high performance, seems to be the superior variety in the climatic conditions of Gorgan.

To identify the most effective characteristics on grain yield, 24 super-sweet maize inbred lines were investigated under two moisture conditions (normal and drought stress) during the 2017 growing season. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Analysis of variance for grain yield and eight agronomic characteristics showed significant differences among investigated inbred lines. Phenotypic correlations indicated that grain yield had a significant relationship with kernel number per row, ear diameter, row number per ear, and stem diameter under normal conditions, and with kernel number per row and plant height under drought-stress conditions. Stepwise multiple linear regression showed that kernel number per row, ear diameter, and stem diameter explained 72% of the variation for grain yield at normal conditions. On the other hand, cob present, plant height, ear diameter, and ear length governed 60% of the grain yield variation under drought-stress conditions. Path analysis under normal conditions revealed that kernel number per row had the highest positive direct effect (0.717) on the grain yield followed by the stem diameter (0.292) and ear diameter (0.273). In the drought stress conditions, ear diameter (0.455) and plant height (0.436) showed the highest positive direct effects on grain yield.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that have limited the production of wheat, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. To recognize drought tolerant rain-fed wheat genotypes and to determine the best tolerance/susceptibility indices, a study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab for two cropping years (2013-15). The experimental materials included 12 rain-fed wheat genotypes investigated in two separate field experiments based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications under both rain-fed and supplemental irrigation conditions. The combined ANOVA for grain yield and agro-physiological traits showed that there was a large genetic difference between wheat genotypes for grain yield and studied traits in response to drought stress among years and moisture regimes. The different drought tolerance/susceptibility indices were used to characterize drought tolerance of genotypes. Generally, a reduction of RWC in drought tolerant genotypes (genotypes 6, 2, 11, and 10) was lower compared to the sensitive genotypes (genotypes 4 and 8). Cluster analysis based on drought tolerance indices categorized genotypes into two main groups. The genotypes belonging to the cluster 1 could be introduced as tolerant to the drought conditions. According to MSI (Multiple scoring index), genotypes 10 (Seafallah/3/Sbn//Trm/K253) and Saein had the best combination of productivity and resistance to drought stress. The significant correlation between MSI with grain yield under drought conditions indicated the superiority of MSI as a useful tool for efficient selection of drought-tolerant genotypes. In the present study there was no significant correlation between RWC and RWL with MP, GMP, STI and MSI indices under both conditions.

In order to investigation of different levels of salinity stress effects on germination, vegetative and some germination indices an experiment was performed in factorial form using a completely randomized design with 3 replications at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute Karaj. First factor encompass 20 genotypes (including narin, Ofough and Arg varieties as checks) and second factor four levels of salinity treatment (0 ,8, 12 and 16 ds/m), were used. Traits germination percent, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length, plumule /radicle length ratio,dry weight of radicle , dry weight of seedling, plumule /radicle dry weight ratio, germination uniformity ,seed vigor index and salinity tolerance index (TI) were studied. Results analysis of variance showed that between genotypes, salinity stress and their interaction for all traits had significant difference. The most and the least of TI was belonged to genotype no.10 (Ti=83.13%) and genotype no 8 (Ti=54.82%) respectively. Salinity tolerance index (TI) had positive and significant correlation with germination percent, germination rate, plumule length, dry weight of seedling, plumule /radicle dry weight ratio and seed vigor index. Based on cluster analysis genotypes were divided into 3 different groups. Finally based on salinity tolerance index and all of germination traits, and results of cluster analysis, genotypes no 5,20, 10 and 14 were determined as the most tolerant genotypes and better than checks cultivars, that can be recommended to using of this genotypes for future breeding programs tolerance to salinity stress, and genotypes No. 8, 11 and 17 as the most susceptible genotypes.

Salinity is one of a major abiotic stress, specifically on arid and semi-arid areas that has influenced on crop growth and reduced grain yield. The purpose of present study was identification of agronomic traits related to wheat grain yield variation under control and salinity conditions. In order to produce a population of 272 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), a cross between two bread wheat cultivars, namely Roshan and Sabalan, was made and the resulted seeds were cultivated under control and saline conditions at a research field of Yazd during 2011-2012 cropping season. The trial was arranged in an alpha-lattice design with two replications. Grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, 1000-kernel weight, grain weight per spike, number of grain per spike, height plant was evaluated on harvest time. In order to study relationship between wheat grain yield and some agronomic traits in both control and stress conditions was used five statistical methods including simple correlation, multiple linear regression, stepwise regression, principle component analysis and factor analysis. The results were indicated that biological yield and harvest index were the most important variable explained grain yield under both sets of conditions. Therefore, grain yield can be increased with biological yield and harvest index enhancement under control and stress conditions.

To study breeding resource of Kabuli chickpea lines of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran، two separate experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011. In this study، 57 lines of Kabuli type chickpeas- selected from primary evaluation experiments، out of 1500 accessions were planted at farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute in Karaj، Iran، according a randomized complete block design with three replications. All 57 lines were evaluated for different morphological and agronomical traits. Results showed high diversity for most of traits among accessions. Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences for years، genotypes and year × genotype interaction. Principal Coordinte Analysis resulted to four premier factors contributed around 85% of variations. Growth habit، number of flower and pod in plant، seed color، seed black dots and testa texture had higher coefficients in the first factor which contributed 59% of total variation. The yield components such as flowering duration، number of flower and pod in plant، number of pod per plant and number of seeds per pod showed high genetic diversity (21. 58، 24. 88، 52. 51، and 27. 01 respectively)، and high heritabilities (93. 49، 66. 67، 94. 72، and 82. 86 respectively). So، these traits are suggested as most important indices for selection of superior chickpea line in breeding programs.

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate accelerated agingtimeeffect and various size and shapes of hybrid corn, cv. single cross 704 seeds on some germination and seedling vigor traits in 2014 in Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute(SPCRI) at Karaj. Experiment was done as a factorial experiment based on  completely randomized design by four replications. In order to seeds size and shape grading, three round sieves by 5.5, 6.25 and7 mm holes diameter size were used for round and flat shapes and medium size separation respectively. Seeds under taken accelerated ageing conditions at 41 centigrade degree temperature and 100 relative humidity at 4 ageing times, 72, 96,120 and 144 hours. Then standard germination test was conducted and normal seedlings percent and mean germination time and seedling weight and length vigor indices were measured. Results indicated that aging time and seed size and shapes effects on determined germination and vigor indices were significant. Aging time for 144 hours caused significant decrease in normal seedlings percent compared to other ageing times and 120 and 144 hours aged seeds had highest mean germination time and then 96 and 72 hours aged seeds arranged respectively. Only 144 hours aging time caused significant seedling length vigor index decrease in comparison to other aging and highest and lowest seedling weight vigor index investigated at 72 and 144 hours aging times respectively. Also, highest normal seedlings percent and mean germination time related to flat shape and medium size seeds and highest and lowest seedling length and weight vigor indices amounts belonged to flat and round shape seeds respectively comparison indicated that normal seedling percentage, seedling length and weight vigor indices in three seed sizes had significant different and the highest and lowest rates were in flat and round respectively.

This research was aimed to classify Iranian maize inbred lines in heterotic groups and to identify their heterotic patterns. Fourteen maize inbred lines were crossed in a diallel scheme without reciprocals. Parents and their 91 F1 hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2007, 2008) in Karaj, Iran. Analysis of variance was performed following method 2 of Griffing’s model 1. GGE biplot model was employed to extract the interaction among lines and testers. The estimates of specific combining ability (SCA) were bigger than the analogous estimates for the general combining ability (GCA), indicating the major influence of dominant genes on the expression of grain yield. Hybrids with higher grain yield represented successful combination of parental lines for the expression of heterosis. The best heterotic patterns were "Lancaster Sure Crop (LSC) × Lines", and "Reid Yellow Dent (RYD) × Lines, both extracted from CIMMYT originated materials" and "LSC × Lines extracted from Late Synthetic". The results in heterotic patterns obtained by biplot mostly are in accordance with those of using Grifing’s method.

Seven maize inbred lines were crossed in a complete diallel cross design at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, during the 2006 growing season. The parents and 42 F1 hybrids were grown in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Firoozabad, Firoozabad, Iran, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, during the 2007 growing season. The Hayman method was used for data analysis. Results indicated over-dominance gene effects for days from silking to physiological maturity, days from anthesis to physiological maturity, plant height, kernel depth, number of rows per ear and grain yield. The most appropriate strategy for the exploitation of these effects is to obtain hybrid cultivars and evaluate these characteristics in hybrid combinations. The gene effect for days from emergence to physiological maturity and number of kernels per row was complete dominance, suggesting that reciprocal recurrent selection would be effective. Ear leaf area and ear length were controlled by partial dominance, indicating that additive gene effects were more important than non-additive gene effects for controlling the inheritance of these traits. Therefore, improvement of these traits through selection of breeding materials is highly feasible. Broad-sense heritability ranged between 47.4% and 89.4% for days to physiological maturity and number of rows per ear; however, narrow-sense heritability varied between 7.3% and 50.6% for days from anthesis to physiological maturity and ear leaf area, respectively. Non-additive gene effects were predominant for controlling the majority of traits.

In order to study the genetic control of yield and related traits in corn, a diallel mating with 14 inbreed lines were used. Parents and their F1 generations were evaluated, using RCB design with 3 replications (2007) in Karaj seed and plant improvement institute. Hayman & Jinks method were used to data analysis. Variance analysis indicated that additive and non-additive gene effects were important in traits control. According to average degree of dominance over-dominance gene effect observed for yield, ear length and kernel weight per ear and for one hundred kernel weight and ear diameter were partial dominance. Also the increaser alleles for traits were dominant. Broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability for yield was 0.67 and 0.25 respectively. For other traits broad sense heritability estimated between 0.65 and 0.85, and narrow sense heritability estimated between 0.29 and 0.55.

With respect to water shortage in arid and semi- arid regions, the study about drought stress effects on crop plants and selection of resistance cultivars, are among the most important goals in the agricultural researches. In order to examine drought stress effects on millet, an experiment was conducted in Birjand and Sarbisheh, simultaneously. In this experiment, five irrigation treatments (well-watered, drought stress in vegetative stage, in ear emergence stage, in seed filling stage and in vegetative and seed filling stage) and five proso millet genotypes (Native, K-C-M.2, K-C-M.4, K-C-M.6 and K-C-M.9) were compared in a split plot design along with three replications. Drought stress increased grain protein content, leaf rolling index and soluble sugars concentration and decreased seed germination and leaf RWC. Although seed protein content and germination percentage of genotypes were not significantly different, there were some differences among leaf rolling index, RWC and soluble sugar content of these genotypes. The results of this study indicated that leaf sugar content, RWC and leaf rolling index can not be considered as the only parameters for selection of high yield genotypes. Therefore, it is recommended that some other factors should also be used apart from the above mentioned ones.