فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 66 (تابستان 1402)

To investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on the nutrient concentration of leaf and grain and biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates was done in 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels (stress at vegetative growth stage, after plant establishment to flowering; stress at reproductive growth stage, from flowering to flowering end; stress at grain filling stag, from the beginning of filling to maturity; no stress, control) and the second factor is foliar spraying at four levels (ascorbic acid, 2 mM; salicylic acid, 2 mM; nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, 2 liters/1000 L water; control, water spray). The results showed that dehydration stress had a significant effect on leaf and grain elements and biochemical traits. Dehydration at different stages of growth reduced chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and soluble sugars compared to the control but proline content increased. Mean comparison showed dehydration stress in vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth stage and dehydration stress in grain filling stage compared to control (without dehydration stress) increased proline content by 15%, 28% and 31%, respectively. However, dehydration stress at vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth and grain filling stage reduced grain weight by 4, 20 and 20%, respectively, compared to the control (without dehydration stress). Foliar application by increasing proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigment content, increased quinoa grain weight. Foliar application of ascorbic acid, complete micro-nanofertilizer and salicylic acid increased the chlorophyll a content by 2, 13 and 5%, respectively, compared to the control (spraying), respectively. It seems that foliar application of salicylic acid had a more positive effect than other modifiers at different stages of dehydration.

According to Iranian water resource limitations it is mandatory to find water efficient strategies for crop production in accordance with reduction of chemical inputs. A split-factorial experiment was conducted in 2018 based on randomize complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of biochar and nitroxin application on growth traits and yield of cowpea under different irrigation regimes. Experimental treatments were irrigation regimes (0, 90, 120 mm) evaporation from water pan class A which were considered as no stress, mild water stress and Sevier water stress, respectively. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plot and three levels of biochar (0,4, 8 t.ha-1) and nitroxin (inoculated and no inoculated) considered as factorial subplots. Results showed that dry matter accumulation and relative crop growth rate exhibited a sigmoid pattern while leaf area and growth rate followed gaussian pattern. Based on model output DMTmax was 467 g.m-2 and RGRmax was 0/100 g, LAImax 3.65 and CGRmax was 12.6 g.m-2 which reach to 50% of final value in 55/9, 65.9, 40.5 and 31.7, respectively. Application 8 ton/ha biochar with nitroxxin resulted in 12% RWC and 10%, 27% improved nitrogen and phosphor status under severe stress condition. Irrigation at 120 mm evaporation caused 33% reduction of grain yield and nitroxin application at normal condition caused 19% increase in grain yield but at 120 mm evaporation it did not exhibit significant effect. Application of biochar at no stress condition led to 37% increase in grain yield and such changes reach to 29% at 120 mm evaporation from water pan class A. The highest grain yield (266 g.m-2) obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar at no stress condition and the maximum biological yield was obtained from 8 t.ha-1 biochar with nitroxin (809 g.m-2). Application of 8 t.ha-1 biochar incorporated with nitroxin could provide satisfactory yield for cowpea crop under water limited condition.

The purpose of this field was to study the effect of biochar application and different planting patterns in different irrigation regimes on the growth and yield of thyme essential oil. The studied treatments include irrigation (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of furrows as one in constant and one in variable (biochar (non-application of biochar and application of biochar at 8 tons per hectare) and planting pattern (single row cultivation) Thyme and cultivation of two rows of thyme) on the growth and yield of the thyme plant. This experiment was carried out in two cropping years of 1397 and 1398 in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest yield of flowering branches was obtained in the treatment of irrigation of all furrows + application of biochar with mean of 1701 kg. ha-1. In this study, the highest yield of essential oil with 24.7 kg. ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of furrow irrigation as a constant interval + application of biochar + cultivation of two rows of thyme. Based on the results of this study, the application of biochar and two-row cultivation caused a significant increase in the yield of thyme essential oil. In general, despite the decrease in growth and yield of thyme dry matter, furrow irrigation treatments as one-to-one variables increased essential oil yield by significantly increasing the percentage of essential oil and reducing water consumption. Biochar treatment also had a positive effect on all vegetative and functional traits of thyme.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of cut irrigation on yield and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivars wheat in the crop year 2017-18 in Shahriar region. This research was carried out as split plots design a randomized complete block with two cut irrigation and cultivars factors in 63 treatments and three replications. The main factor of irrigation treatment in three levels including: normal irrigation I0, cut irrigation in flowering stage I1 and cut irrigation in grain filling stage I2 and cultivars in 21 levels as a sub-factor including; Chamran, star, Sirvan, Sivand ,Arg, Parsi, Barat, Narin, Heidary, Ofogh, Rakhshan, Baharan, Sepahan, Aflak, Mihan, Zare, Gonhad, Orum, Saison, Gascogen and Mehregan. The results of analysis of variance showed that 1000-seed weight, grain yield, total yield, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature, leaf proline, cell membrane stability, grain gluten, SOD antioxidant enzyme and MDA degradation biomarker were affected by the main effects of irrigation levels and cultivarsand interactions were significant at the level of 5% and 1%. The highest grain yield (10857.2 kg.ha-1), total yield (44092.8 kg.ha-1) and stomatal conductance (236.08 molH2o. m2.s-1) were allocated to Normal irrigation and Rakhshan cultivar treatment. The lowest grain yield (1467.9 kg.ha-1), total yield (11496.7 kg.ha-1) and stomatal conductance (44.81 mmolH2o.m2.s) were obtained from cut irrigation at flowering stage and Ofogh cultivar treatment. However cut irrigation treatment at flowering stage and Ofogh cultivar obtained the highest canopy temperature (19.827 C), proline leaf (0.994 µg.gFw-1) and the lowest canopy temperature (13.126 C), leaf proline (0.416 µg.gFw-1) and cell membrane stability (171.14 µmos.cm) was observed from normal irrigation and Rakhshan cultivar treatment. The highest antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase SOD (19.06 U.mgprotein) and MDA (40.68 Ƞmol. gFw-1) were achieved from cut irrigation at flowering stage and Gasgogen cultivar treatment. The results showed that the tolerant cultivars were less affected by drought stress. And by less producing organic matter such as proline and degrading enzymes and biomarkers, they maintained their yield at an acceptable level.

The aims of this study is evaluate AquaCrop in simulating rapeseed yield, biomass and water use efficiency under different irrigation amounts (E1, E2, E3 and E4, indicating water supply of 50, 75, 100 and 125 mm from the evaporation pan, respectivly) was performed in three cropping years (Y1, Y2 and Y3 representing the first, second and third years, respectively). In order to calibrate this model, the data collected from the first year used for calibration and data for the second and third year were used for validation. The results showed that AquaCrop had an overestimated error (MBE< 0) to simulate all three parameters studied. The accuracy of AquaCrop was excellent for simulating yield and biomass (NRMSE <0.1) and good for water use efficiency (NRMSE <0.2). The mean differences between simulated and observed yield, biomass and water use efficiency water were 0.19 t.ha-1, 0.78 t.ha-1 and 0.05 kg.m-3, respectively. Based on the results, use of AquaCrop to simulate rapeseed yield, biomass and water use efficiency is recommended.

Drought is one of the major factors limiting productivity in agriculture and nutrition management, including the use of potash fertilizers, plays an important role in plant resistance to drought. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage amaranth in comparison with forage millet, a split factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in Saadatshahr region of Fars province. In this experiment, three irrigation intervals (5, 10 and 15 days) were used as the main factor, potassium fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) and forage plants (amaranth and millet) as sub-plots. The results of mean comparison of two-year combined analysis showed that amaranth had significantly more height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein and carbohydrate content than millet. Increasing the irrigation interval reduced the height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, 1000-seed weight, percentage of crude fiber, dry matter yield, ash percentage, and soluble carbohydrates. By increasing potassium fertilizer level, plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, percentage of crude fiber, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein percentage, ADF percentage and NDF percentage in the plant decreased. In general, it can be concluded that amaranth plant has higher yield and drought tolerance than millet and the application of 150 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer can be recommended to achieve higher yield.

One of the important environmental factors for herbicides efficiency is carrier water temperature. To evaluation of Glyphosate (Roundup) with and without PC Gate surfactant on three weeds of Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Descurainia sophia L. control, three experiments carried out with six doses of applied herbicide active ingredients (a.i.) at the outdoor greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Lorestan University, Iran, during 2021. The experiment was in factorial based on completely randomized design with five temperature treatments included 5, 20, 30, 45 and 55 ºC (in dose-response arrangements). The results showed that the dry weight of all three weeds Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Descurainia sophia L. were significant by different temperature and doses application of Glyphosate herbicide (P<0.01). The results showed that the application of temperature treatment and different doses of glyphosate herbicide on the dry weight of all three weeds of sachet, wild mustard and common sorrel were significant (P <0.01). According to EC10 ، EC50 and EC90 values, the best spray temperature solution was the temperature 30 and 45 ºC with no significant differnt to each other for achieving optimum efficacy of Glyphosate. The whole applied doses (the lowest and the highest) efficiency of Glyphosate were reduced in 5 ºC temperature. The temperatures of 20 and 55 ºC had an average effect on Glyphosate doses efficiency. All the EDs of different temperatures have been reduced using by PC Gate surfactant. Therefore, optimum efficacy of Glyphosate could be ranged at spray solution temperature of ≥ 20 and ≤ 45 ºC. The applied dose of 2050 g a.i ha-1 with PC Gate is also recommended as the best herbicide treatment to control winter weeds.

Accurate study on the nature of genotype by environment interaction enables the identification of stable and adaptable genotypes for breeders and it has always been an important issue to address by breeders for the production and release of new sustainable and high-yielding varieties in breeding projects. To study the stability of yield and yield components of seven promising lines of mungbean as well as the check (Parto), three experiments were conducted in an RCBD with three replications in three regions of the country, i. e. Khuzestan (Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Safi Abad, Dezful), Golestan (Agricultural Experiment Station of Gonbad) and Fars (Agricultural Research Station of Zarghan) in 2014-2015 for two years. Each plot consisted of four four-meter-long rows. The traits studied were: the number of branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, plant length, and seed yield. A combined analysis of variance was performed. Because of the significant genotype by environment interaction and, as a result, the different responses of genotypes to various environments, stability indices were calculated to determine the stability of genotypes. To do this, Romer's environment variance, Francis and Kannenberg's environmental CV, and the regression coefficient of Finley and Wilkinson were determined. AMMI analysis was also performed. Based on Francis and Kannenberg's environmental CV and coefficient of Finley and Wilkinson genotypes VC6368 (46-40-4) and VC6371-94, and VC6469 and VC3960 were stable, respectively. Based on the CV of intra-location, VC3960-88 and VC6368 (46-40-4) were stable. According to stability analysis results and considering seed yield, seed weight and other suitable characters, genotypes VC6371, VC6368 (46-40-4) and VC3960-88 were selected for further studies.