esmaeil nasiri

Observational learning is a process in which individuals acquire the information needed to learn a skill through visual perception. Numerous studies in this regard have shown that the use of modeling methods is an effective way to convey important information to learners. Also, according to the theory of self-efficacy, high self-efficacy can be considered as one of the factors affecting people's performance. The aim of this applied research, which was conducted in a quasi-experimental manner, was to investigate the effect of observational patterning (self-tuning, skilled patterning) on self-efficacy beliefs and learning dart-throwing motor skills. Thirty participants were randomly divided into three groups: self-tuning, skilled model and control as a simple statistical sample. Self-efficacy scale and dart throw test were performed as pre-test and post-test of the subjects. Participants then practiced for six sessions based on the group they were in. In the last session of the exercise, ten darts attempts were taken from each subject and the self-efficacy scale was measured. In order to test the research hypotheses, analysis of covariance and paired t-test were used to determine the differences between groups and within groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed between self-modeling and skilled model groups in self-efficacy and dart throwing test (p<0.05).In general, observation is a powerful learning tool that can be easily accessed by a person and also requires the least possible equipment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training on hippocampal oxidative stress markers hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats. This is an experimental study in which 16 male Wistar rats were obtained, and after environmental adaptation and reaching target weight range randomly divided into two equal groups: control (CO) and sprint interval training (SIT). The SIT was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 4-9 repetitions of 10 seconds with 60 secs of active recovery between intervals. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session the rats were anesthetized and the hippocampus was dissected and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed in hippocampus homogenate. The independent samples T test was used for data analysis (P<0.05). There were no significant difference between the SIT and CO groups in the hippocampal GPx, TAC and MDA levels (p < 0.05). However, the activity level of SOD in the SIT group was significantly higher than the CO group (p<0.05). The present research revealed that despite its strenuous nature, SIT did not induce oxidative stress in the hippocampus and trend of changes in GPx and TAC, as well as observed significant increase in SOD activity levels suggests that it may have favorable effects on hippocampus oxidative- antioxidative status.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different nocturnal sleep patterns on shooting accuracy, reaction time, and cognitive function in military college students.

The study was conducted on 48 students of Air Defense Officer University in Tehran (age; 20.7±1.15). Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: guarding post 1 (6-8, 12-14, 18-20, and 24-2), guarding post 2 (8-10, 14-16, 20-24, 2-4), guarding post 3 (10-12, 16-18, 22-24, 4-6), and control (no guarding post). After the end of the last guarding post, cognitive function (Stroop test); accuracy of shooting (10-meter air pistol shooting); simple, and choice-reaction time (Deary-Liewald test) were assessed in all groups. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey or Dunnet-3 post hoc tests.

The results showed that compared to the control group, the shooting accuracy was significantly reduced in the subjects of the guarding post 1 (P=0.002) and guarding post 2 (P=0.001) groups. Moreover, compared to the control group, the guarding post 2 (P=0.001) and the guarding post 3 (P=0.001) groups, had poorer performance in the simple reaction test. Additionally, subjects in the guarding post 2 group had poorer performance in choice-reaction time and cognitive function compared to the control group (P=0.001).

The nocturnal sleep pattern has a significant effect on cognitive function, reaction time, and shooting accuracy of military forces, particularly sleep deprivation caused by guarding post 2 has the most deleterious effect on these variables. Hence, it seems that more attention should be given to the rest after guarding post 2 in the military forces to achieve optimal performance.

Learning is one of the important parts of life. There is not sufficient experimental evidence to support the effectiveness of different educational models. This study endeavored to compare the effect of traditional educational model and teaching games for understanding (TGFU) model on learning the long service skill in female adolescents.

For this quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study, 40 adolescent female students without experience of playing badminton were randomly divided into two groups of 20 as the traditional learning model group and TGFU model. Data were collected using the personal information questionnaire and Scott and Fox badminton long service test. The study consisted of pre-testing a set of attempts with 20 repetitions, acquisition stage (exercises in the style of traditional educational model and educational model of TGFU) for 12 sessions of 5 sets with 10 attempts according to the available manuals; the post-test (memorization) stage was one attempt with 20 repetitions. Data were analyzed by Friedman test for the intra-group comparisons and the Mann-Whitney test and the Wilcoxon test for intergroup comparisons at the significance level of 0.05.

The results showed no significant difference between various categories of acquisition efforts (P ≥ 0.05); however, the average rank of TGFU training model group was higher than that of the traditional training group. In the post-test comparison (0.75 to 1 point), the TGFU educational model group had a higher mean than the traditional educational model group (P ≤ 0.001).

Based on the results obtained, it seems that the TGFU educational model can be proposed as a better educational model to replace the traditional skill-based educational model for training and coaching.

Cooperative learning is a type of learning which is better than comparative and individual learning methods in acquiring skills and social and affective development. Dyad training method, some type of cooperative learning, is a suitable candidate to achieve an ideal condition for learning.  So the present study through a semi-experimental research aims to investigate effectiveness and efficiency of this method in learning roping motor skills with comparing it with individual training method in second and fourth grade of elementary school. 33 students in second and 40 students in fourth grade with age means of 8.60 and 10.89 years in each grade separately was divided to two groups of dyad and individual training. They practiced 8 sessions and one week after the last session participated in the test. Assessment was done according to scoring to program of roping which was practiced. Results showed that dyad training group was better than individual training group in retention test in second grade. However the groups were not significant different in fourth grade. In general with using dyad training, we can increase effectiveness and efficiency of training conditions and get closer to an optimal training environment.

Regarding the widespread use of effective and safe training methods to improve physical and mental fitness in the elderly, resistance training with Theraband may be a safe and effective method for aged people. In addition, exercise training can affect the quality of sleep and inflammatory factors such as interleukin1 (IL-1β) thereby improve the immune system and quality of sleep. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Theraband resistance training on IL-1β and sleep quality and the relationship between sleep quality and IL-1β in elderly women.

Nineteen healthy elderly women with average age of 77.78 ± 8.50 years were according study criteria selected and randomly assigned to either control ( n=9) and training ( n=10) groups. Training program consists of 8 weeks of resistance training with Theraband (for 45 minute whit 3 sessions per week). Blood samples were collected in fasting state from the venous vein. The level of IL-1β was measured by ELISA and sleep quality was measured by Pittsburgh questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test and Pearson correlation coefficient (P≤0.05).

The serum level of IL-1β significantly decreased after of 8 week of training (P =0.04) also, we observed the significant improvement in quality of sleep by Theraband (P = 0.001).

According to the results of this study, resistance training with Theraband seems to be effective in improving sleep quality and IL-1β, so can be used as an effective intervention method for improving sleep quality in elderly people.

Modeling is a process which the observer sees another person's behavior and adapts his/her behavior with that which is the result of interaction. The aim of present study was to investigate and compare effectiveness of bandwidth modeling and self-control modeling on performance and learning of a sequential timing task. So two groups of bandwidth and self-control were compared. The task was pressing the keys number 1, 4, 5 and 8 on a sequential timing apparatus while keeping certain absolute timing. Subjects in acquisition phase according to experimental group were modeled in different ways. Subjects in self-control group were modeled when they asked for it and for bandwidth group subjects it was a 10 percent bandwidth around the goal that when their performances were outside of this predetermined bandwidth, they were modeled. The subjects came back to the lab 24 hours after acquisition phase for completing retention and transfer tests. Results showed that if through in acquisition phase bandwidth group was significantly better than self-control group, but in retention and transfer tests two groups wasn't any significant difference and therefor could be concluded that both methods of self-control and bandwidth modeling leads to similar effects on learning sequential timing task. Generally results of present study are justifiable with challenge point framework. Techniques of bandwidth and self-control because of flexibility toward two factors of learner's skill level and task difficulty, leads to appropriating practice condition with informational needs of them and therefor have the capability of optimizing practice condition. Therefore, the two bandwidth and self-control modelings due to flexibility of both beginner skill levels and difficult assignment ratio, lead to fit practice condition with their information needs and thus seems to have the ability to optimize practice.

Migration is among important issues that less developed and developing countries have confirmed during the recent five decades. This issues in Iran has attraced a lot of researcher and planner views. Irregular and increasing migrations have created a lot of consequences for cities and the target settlements, social effects of migration on the cities is among such consequence these, in this project, ethnocentrism, linguistic diversity and conformance quality are considered among the city's residents. This issue has been studied in Takestan Qazvin. For illustrating the issue, theories of Michael Todaro, Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf and William Samner have been used. The research has been done according to library methods (documents) and field methods (special for questionnaires and measurement).In addition to confirming the questionnaire by the experienced faculties, its reliability has been obtained in accordance with Cornbrash’s Alpha coefficient by 82,2 percent and the SPSS software is used for analyzing and processing. The result obtained by analyzing questionnaire filled in by 400 people that the number has been chosen according to Morgan's Table, and the people have been chosen randomly, shows that there is a meaning full relation ship between ethnocentrism and linguistic diversity with development of the city.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of self – control modeling, that is presenting moded to learner whenever they asked for it, on learning a timing task.Twenty four right handed subjects (12 males, 12 females, aged 19-20) voluntarily participated in the study and were assigned randomly to two groups of self – control and yoked.The task was pressing the keys number 1, 4, 5 and 8 on a sequential timing apparatus while keeping certain absolute timig. People in the self – control group received the model whenever they requested it, while subjects in the other group were yoked with self – control group. The experiment consisted of acquistion, retention and transfer phases and absolute timing error was used as dependent variable. Results of factorial ANOVA in acqistion phase showed that even through there were a significant decrement in two groups on absolute timing error (P<0.05), but there were no significant decrement in two groups on absolute timing error (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference between two groups in this changes (P>0.05).Results of retention test failed to show any significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). but in transfer test self – control group showed significantly less error than yoked (P<0.05). the results showed that benefitcial effects of self – control technique anc well generalized to modeling domain and make practice conditions more accordant with informational needs of learners.

Today, Islamic council is considered as one of the most important parts of urban –management. This council has responsibilities in city, including electing mayor. Surely, high Logic activity in election of council, is high effective urban management. As, citizens have social scores, in electing their candidate, so this study analyze the election behavior of citizens in Songhor, on the basis of three common theories. (predominate ideology theory, rational election, party –criminal identity)

It is applicative and it's method is descriptive have used for collecting data. Also, sample volume has been measured by Kocran formula, on 388 people. Collected data and it's tests were analyzed by spss20 software, one –sample T test and chi-square test, respectively

Obtained results indicate election behavior of Songhor citizens (by considering mean=3 and average =3/71) close in to rational election theory. then predominate ideology theory (average =3/27) and criminal –party identity (average=2/22) are Located in next Levels. By comparing the sexuality of citizens and their behavior show women are affected by ideology and rational election theory, more than men. In case of criminal – party identity theory.

Thus it can be concluded that the electoral behavior of the Songhor citizens of the City Council election is closer to the theory of rational electoral behavior that it would be logical the citizens of in the process of deciding for elect the candidate of city council.

Urban tourism in recent decades has a significant impact on the spatial development or spatialchange of cities and urban. Baneh city is one of the areas in Kurdistan province has witnesseda significant change in tourism sector in recent years And impact in changes in economic,social, and physical in the city. The aim of this study was to determine the nature and impactof business tourism is the city's Baneh and has been determined indices to investigate thisrelationship. The application of network analysis to evaluate the variability of each of theparameters and prioritize them. It was found that the conversion of residential to commercialuse (normalized score of 0/546) in the site-specific clusters of urban land developmentbusiness tourism in Baneh, Option "build commercial complexes" (a normalized score of0/510) in cluster housing and commercial complexes, Under the "rise residential townsaround the city" (a normalized score of 0/473) in the cluster expansion of the city And nodes'park' (normalized score 0/473) in clusters of residential areas, catering and entertainment outmore points than the other nodes in the cluster.

Informal settlement is speacial and physical poverty mark in urban space. Urban poverty is collection translated poverty from rural society (by migration to city) and poverty produced in urban (by movement intercity).on of strategies for well-being is Attention to Approach community. Approach develop community in 1990 decide with world bank for Reduce of urban poverty. This approach important attention to function and people section and is a partnership, guidance development local in informal settlement. This article will attention with research of urban poverty challenges in informal settlement with necessity approach community.Data received from questioner and lab study and used to statistical test and person metod and spsssowthwar ,research indices on 380 person of guardian Asessmend. Result from statistical analysis show that: undesired position economic, social, physical, and Access to service urban person test pearson test between unpartenyship and urban poverty is 0/21 and statistical results show: attention to people approach with Beta=0/43 and partenship of people in make decision and carrying program (t=2/9) will be necessity of approach community in reduce of urban poverty.

Access to continuous development in regional space settlement system is one of the necessities that have attracted the attention of planners and policy makers to towns. In fact, supporting towns is one of the approaches to expand regional space. In the Tehran province and during the last two decades, and as a result of implementing the policy of converting rural areas to urban areas, most of the villages have turned into towns. The purpose of this paper is to study the process of conversion of the village to the town and its role in space organization. This research tries to find out if this policy of conversion can be viewed as a step forward for administration of space organization. Bumhen, one of the villages near Tehran, was turned into a town in 1996. This case is evaluated and analyzed, during the two periods before its becoming a town and afterwards with regard to population, occupation, service facilities and its effect on the space organization. This research has used statistical and documentary data. The method used is library, field and scientific work. The data on the effect of turning the village to town were obtained from residents of nearby villages. The data were then processed by using Spearman method in order to find the rate of tendency for staying in that area, creation of occupation and having the facilities. Results show that this town has been successful in retention and stabilization of population, positive space organization and expansion of functions.

The strategy of industry enhancement in rural regions is main goal of economic and social development in developing countries. The matter is evident in rural industry development that causes small industries to grow in rural areas and reinforce rural economy, through which product material price would increase, and it might cause employ ment and save in capital disposal. In this article for assessment of industry development in economic and social aspects of rural areas, ten regions (5 with industry and 5 without industry) in periphery of Boomehen city were selected. The study area has located 40 km far from Tehran. Results show that using statistical methods (parametric and non- parametric) with ten variables (food, clothing, quantity of settlement, employment satisfaction, live motives, etc.) various significance levels were specified.

Considering that the district 22 is located in the corridor of the air flow from west to east of Tehran, its pollutants are very little in comparison with other areas. Therefore, in order to measure the pollutant in air pollution studies, 9 stations were selected in different locations, each with special characteristics. Due to the diversity of neighborhoods in the district and the impact of various factors, these stations will indicate air pollutants in relevant locations.

Urbanization is the art of living together, hence the city is the place of clever and thoughtful crystallization of this art; in other words, city is a place in which a number of people with different thoughts, beliefs and ideas are gathered together, united by common dreams, desires and views. The healthy city is a topic that has been raised by many officials and experts in relevant fields including geography and urban planning over recent decades following the city's rapid growth and urbanization and lack of proper planning that would suit the needs of urban communities. Its facilities are supposed to be in line with the citizens' biological needs and based on mutual respect for citizenship rights and emphasis on sustainable urban development.