فهرست مطالب ezzat nourizadeh

Cancer is the second cause of death in the world. Worldwide, many cancers cause varying degrees of morbidity. Also, side effects of chemical drugs used to treat various cancers have been reported. Considering this importance, the purpose of this research is to investigate the anticancer effects of different Scutellaria species on different human cancer cells.
In this descriptive study, the method of data collection was computerized and from valid internet databases, and sources such as Google Scholar/Pubmed and other tools were used. Clinical data on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer by herbs. The mint family Scutellaria is summarized and data are extracted from various research reports and other authoritative sources.
 Among the active chemical compounds in the genus Scutellaria are flavonoids, which are considered the most important of these compounds.The flavonoids isolated from this plant prevent the development of cancer with their antioxidant, anti-mutagenic activities and by stopping the cell cycle.
 Although the anticancer properties of Scutellaria have been shown, deciding whether Scutellaria can be used as an anticancer agent in the clinic depends on many factors and needs to be investigated.

The role of the central nervous system in pain control is prominent via the regulation of neuropeptides. Plant derivatives such as trans-anethole could be effective due to analgesic properties. The present study investigated the analgesic effect of trans-anethole via modulation of hypothalamic orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) gene expression in rats.

Twenty male Wistar rats (180-200 g) grouped into four groups of five rats (n=5). To induce pain, 50 μl of formalin was injected into the hind paws of the animals. The intact and formalin control groups received saline. Formalin induced pain groups received 150 or 250 mg/kg of trans-anethole. Pain score was evaluated by performing the formalin test. The hypothalamic samples were removed to analyze the gene expression levels via real-time PCR technique.

The pain score decreased in rats receiving 150 or 250 mg/kg trans-anethole compared to formalin control group. The relative gene expression of Orexin and MCH significantly increased in the formalin group compared to the intact rats. Injection of 150 or 250 mg/kg trans-anethole significantly reduced the relative gene expression of orexin and MCH in formalin induced pain groups compared to the formalin control rats.

Trans anethole caused downregulation of hypothalamic orexin and MCH gene expression due to its pain relieving properties. So, analgesic effects of trans anethole may be mediated via central mechanism.

 Cancer has spread rapidly all over the world, and its spread has been considered a big health problem by international organizations. Today, patients prefer to use medicinal plants to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases.

 Considering that Scutellaria has therapeutic properties, this study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effects of biologically active compounds of Scutellaria species.

 In this research, data were extracted from various research reports and other reliable sources. In this systematic review, websites and databases of Magiran, SID, PubMed, Iranmed, Scopus, and Google scholar were searched for papers published in Persian and English using the keywords of anti-cancer compounds, anti-bacterial, Scutellaria species, and cancer cells. No time limitation was applied. Several interventional studies were identified. These studies were selected based on the purpose of the study.

 The research results showed that Scutellaria species contain bioactive compounds such as wogonin, wogonoside, baicalein, baicalin, squalane, apigenin, flavonoid, and neobaicalein, which have anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties.

 Despite the anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties of Scutellaria species, whether Scutellaria can be used as an anti-cancer and anti-bacterial agent in clinical settings depends on many factors, which need further studies.

Despite the recognition of the parasite responsible for leishmaniasis in the world, unfortunately this disease is still considered as an endemic disease in many countries of the world and is spreading even with the predictions made. This trend is also observed in Iran. Considering this importance, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of Kalaazar disease, which is the visceral type of leishmaniasis.

Leishmania infantum promastigote forms were prepared in a special culture medium and then BALB/c mice were immunized with these forms. The mouse with the best response was selected and its spleen cells were merged with myeloma SP2/o cells. After the formation of hybridoma cells, specific antibody-producing cells were prepared as single clones.

In this study, five clones 3E6 FIII3, 3E6 FIII4, 2C4 FII5, 2C4 FII3, and 2C4 FII2 were obtained. Among them, 3E6 FIII4, 2C4 FII5 and 2C4 FII2 monoclones which had the highest ODs were selected for investigation.

Although these antibodies are not able to distinguish between different species of Leishmania parasite, but it seems that they can be used to further investigate Leishmania parasite antigens and also to diagnose Leishmaniasis.

Hypoglycaemic effects of Galega officinalis and  silver nanoparticles are established. In the present study, the effects of silver nanoparticles synthetized by Galega officinalis extract were investigated on gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and serum levels of liver enzymes in diabetes type 2.

In the present study 20 male Wistar rats in 4 group(n= 5 in each group) weighing 180- 200 gr were used. Control or nikotinamid and stroptozotosin induced diabetic rats receieved intraperitoneal injection of saline or 2/5mg/Kg silver nanoparticles synthetized by Galega officinalis extract or chemichal method for 14 days respectively. One day after the last injections, serum samples and adipose tissue were collected. Mean serum concentration of glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine amino transferase(ALT), and aspartate amino transferase(AST) were determined by spectrophotometry. Mean relative gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined by method of real time PCR.

Mean serum levels of ALT and AST enzymes, glucose, urea significantly decreased in diabetic rats receiving chemichal or green silver naoparticles compared to diabetic group. Mean relative gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly decreased in diabetic rats receiving chemichal or green silver naoparticles compared to diabetic ones.

Both chemical and green synthetized silver nanoparticles may prevent hepatocyes damages and they may improve insulin resistance in diabetes type 2 partly via decresing pro- inflammatory factors.

Leishmania (L.) infantum is the etiologic cause of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Efficient vaccines and diagnosis methods are required to control leishmaniasis. The aim of this study is produce and optimize monoclonal antibodies against promastigotes forms of L. infantum antigen.

The mice were vaccinated with the L. infantum antigen and their antibody titers were determined by the ELISA method. Spleen cells of the most immune mouse were fused with SP2/0 in the presence of Poly Ethylene Glycol.The effect of supernatant of SP2/0 and mice peritoneum macrophage cells culture (SSMCC) on hybridoma cell proliferation was studied.

Among the 12 fusion, a total of 26 monoclonal were positive.12 of which had acceptable optical absorbance in OD 450 nm. Finally, 4 clones, designated as 8D2 FVI6, 8D2 FVI3, 6G2 FV4 and 6G2 FV3. From these hybrids, anti-promastigotes L. infantum monoclonal antibodies were obtained. SSMCC was shown to play a key role in hybridoma proliferation and of mAb production. It seemed that SSMCC is rich of growth factors.

It seems in the near future, this SCCSM can be used as a growth factor for cancerous and non-cancerous cells in research centers at a wider level.

Leishmaniasis is a disease in tropical regions, that includes a wide range of clinical protests, from skin lesions to fatal visceral infections. A2 gene is accounted as one of the most reliable genetic factors cause visceral form. This gene is a single copy without functional expression in the species causing skin form of the disease such as L. major and L. tropica. The aim of our study is to evaluate A2 gene sequence in the strains that cause skin form of disease and compare it with other   exception strains of the Leishmania tropica strains in Iran.

Leishmania species were detected using ITS1 and ITS2. The parasites were injected into BALB/c mice and monitored of footpad inflammation in BALB/c mice. after a certain period of time the mice were killed and their visceral organs were examined for the presence of parasites.  Finally, A2 gene sequence analyzed.

A2 gene in a strain causing visceral form was different to a gel electrophoresis pattern of skin form causing strains. Also, the gel electrophoresis pattern of A2 gene in strains causing skin form was different to previous reports of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The results of this recent experiment showed that the gel electrophoresis pattern of A2 gene in especial strains causing viseral form was similar to previous reports of visceral leishmaniasis. It seems that this gene may play an important role in the visceral ability of specific strains of Leishmania tropica.

Since the discovery of hybridoma cells, the uses of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are in vogue. Such antibodies with single isotype have high specificity. The developments in the field of cell culture and technology have led to the production of improved qualities of mAbs. In general, mAbs are important reagents used in biomedical research, as well as in targeted drug delivery systems. The aim of this study was to apply different strategies to produce mAbs against proamastigote Leishmania infantum strain in Iran. At first, standard strains were cultured and antigens of L. infantum were obtained. Afterward, BALB/c mice were immunized and antibody titers were determined. For hybridoma cell formation, isolated lymphocyte cells from spleen of immunized mice and myeloma cells were fused at the ratio of 10:1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol and followed by limiting dilution method for the isolation of monoclones. More than 20 positive monoclones were hybridoma, from which 3 clones had optical density over 1.5. We named these clones as 5D2 FVI6, 3G2 FV7, and 3G2 FV5 which were selected for limiting dilution. From these hybrids, anti-promastigotes L. infantum mAbs were obtained. The results of isotype determination showed IgG2b sub-class (and not IgG1, IgG2a and IgA) in 5D2 FV and 3G2 FVI monoclones. This study produced mAbs against promastigotes of Iranian strain of L. infantum for the first time. These antibodies have reactivity against Iranian strain of promastigotes L. infantum and can be used in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries. Amastigote forms of Leishmania are experts at exploiting host cell processes to establish infection. Monoclonal antibodies are key reagents used in the diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to produce monoclonal antibodies against axenic amastigotes of the Leishmania infantum strain in Iran.
First, standard strains were cultured and axenic amastigote antigens of L. infantum were obtained. Since then, BALB/c mice were immunized and antibody titers were determined. For hybridoma cell formation, lymphocytes isolated from spleen of immunized mice and myeloma cells were fused at a ratio of 10 to 1 in the presence of polyethylene glycol, followed by limiting dilution for the isolation of monoclones. Subsequently, antibody isotypes were determined by using the isotyping kit. The best clone was injected intraperitoneally to pristane-primed mice for large scale production of monoclonal antibodies. The specificity of antibody was determined with Western blotting.
Approximately 25 positive monoclones were obtained, of which four hybrids producing anti-amastigotes L. infantum monoclonal antibodies with high optical density (OD), selected and designated as 8D2 FVI6, 8D2 FVI3, 6G2 FV4 and 6G2 FV3. Results from isotype determination showed the IgG2b sub-class in 6G2FV2 and 8D2FVI6 monoclones.
This study produced monoclonal antibody against amastigotes of Iranian strain of L. infantum for the first time. These antibodies have reactivity against Iranian strain of L. infantum and can be used in the diagnosis of Kala-azar.