فهرست مطالب fahimeh mohebbinia

The declining trend of non-renewable resources and the damage caused to the climate in this century has caused many concerns in terms of economic growth and progress. Strengthening economic growth is achieved in parallel with the increasing consumption of energy, and high energy consumption causes the release and increase in the concentration of all kinds of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, for this reason, the topics of economic growth and how to create a balance between growth and environmental quality are very important. One of the important tools to investigate this question is to pay attention to the environmental curve of Kuznets. This review is also important in the micro sector and the same macroeconomic results cannot be used for other sub-sectors. For this reason, in this study, this curve has been investigated and extracted for each of the economic sub-sectors.

The present study aims to measure the effects of economic growth on the environment. The research variables include the country's GDP per capita as an indicator of economic growth and CO2 emission per capita as an indicator to show the level of environmental degradation. The data of the study has been collected at the level of three main sectors for the economy of Iran in the period of 2010-2016. This research will first create an econometric relationship (Co-Integration) between the mentioned variables in each of the three sections and then present the applied form of EKC.

The results of the study confirm the long-run Co-integration relationship between the research variables in the agricultural and industrial sectors, but the dependent form of the Kuznets curve is not confirmed in these sectors. The results show that there is no long-run Co-integration association in the service sector. Also, the error correction coefficients in each of the agricultural and industrial sectors state that 6 and 1 percent of each period's error is corrected in moving to the long-run Steady equilibrium, respectively.

Based on the findings of the research and relying on the logic of the Kuznets curve based on the positive correlation between economic growth variables (income) and pollutant emissions (energy consumption) at low income levels and negative correlation at high income levels, in each of the agricultural and industrial sectors, Economic growth is accompanied by the production of more pollutants and more destruction of the environment, and according to the results of the estimated elasticity’s, this trend in the agricultural sector has more acceleration than in the industrial sector. Therefore, surely, the plan of the Iranian governments should be in line with moving in the direction of development by observing the indicators of sustainable development and compatible with nature. In this regard, the results of the present study on the use and exploitation of clean technologies and new production technologies. It emphasizes recycling, renewable energy consumption, green transportation, green chemistry, gray water, etc.

In 1979, Tirlwall introduced a model called the Balance of Payments Equilibrium (BOPE) model, stating that demand growth could be curbed by the balance of payments deficit, thus limiting further economic growth. The important point in examining the Tirlwall law is the important role of oil exports in providing foreign exchange resources and the important role of these resources in the balance of payments in oil-rich countries such as Iran. The aim of the present study, in the first step, is to validate the Tirlwall model by estimating the balance of payments equilibrium growth in the Iranian economy during the period (1982-2018) by using the Kalman Filter approach in the form of a Time-Varying Process (TVP). This method is able to consider the structural changes of the economy that affect trade elasticities and include them in the model. Then, the factors affecting the growth rate of BOPE in the Iranian economy have been studied by examining 10 related explanatory variables. For this purpose, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) technique has been used. The advantage of this method is in increasing the quality of average estimation and solving the problem of uncertainty due to model specification and instability of coefficients. The results of the study show that in general in the Iranian economy, the Tirlwall law is not valid and therefore the balance of payments does not limit effect on economic growth in Iran. Also, in examining the factors affecting the growth rate of BOPE, this study emphasizes the importance of the direct and indirect effect of aggregate demand on the income elasticity of imports and export growth through capital accumulation (especially fixed asset investment).

Over the past decade, Iranchr('39')s economy has undergone a major and rapid experience of currency changes. One of the most important questions during the currency changes of the last decade is to answer the important question of how much the devaluation of the Rial has led to an increase in domestic prices and the extent to which these effects affect various dimensions of the domestic economy. Measuring the range of price changes in response to currency changes can be found in the phenomenon of currency transitions. The aim of this study is to analyze the inflationary effects of foreign exchange passage on the levels of imported and producer prices at different stages of production and separately in the productive sectors of the economy and also to determine the effective factors in foreign exchange passage by resorting to supply side variables in Iranchr('39')s economy. The present study presents a new approach for measuring exchange rate crossings on production chains by combining econometric tools and Input-Output table in embedding and separating the estimation of exchange rate pass coefficients in two stages on import and producer prices. Industry by using the tools of Input-Output table segmentation and considering variables based on information specific to each economic sector, such as; The import sector, the export sector, the production of each sector, provide sector linkages in estimating the exchange rate passage in the Iranian economy. These measures are based on three types of time series analysis, Input-Output analysis and Panel data analysis from 1986 to 2017. Findings of the research in stage 1 indicate the high dependence of many industrial and economic sectors of Iran on imports and low elasticity of imports to the exchange rate and no substitution by domestic products. In the second stage, the coefficients of exchange rate passage on the producer are positive and significant in almost all economic sectors, and this fact confirms the effectiveness of the producer price index in the Iranian economy from changes in the exchange rate (through imports). also; The passage of the exchange rate on producer prices varies between different years in different sectors, and in some economic sectors these changes have increased over time, which indicates the increasing dependence and increasing impact of import prices on producer prices over time. It is in the policies adopted. Also, the results in stage 3 indicate a negative and significant effect of export share coefficients and the natural logarithm of domestic production and have a positive and significant effect of share coefficients of intermediate import inputs and inter-sectoral linkages, but the share of intermediate imports among other variables. It has the highest impact on the exchange rate of economic sectors