fahimeh rezaei

Injured athletes are prone to quit sports due to several factors, including changes in motivational regulations, and their intention to continue in sport comes with special challenges.

Based on the self-determination theory (SDT), we investigated the relationship between motivational regulations and intention to continue sport in athletes with a history of injury.

One hundred twenty-one injured athletes (M age = 24.68, SD = 7.74) participated in this study and filled out a multi-section questionnaire.

Path analysis showed that injured athletes’ introjected regulation positively predicted their intention to continue in sport (path coefficient = 0.30).

Findings showed that introjected regulation would consider as impornat criteria in persitising sport in athletes after experiencing injury.

Religion and spiritual attitudes are among the important factors affecting psychological and social injuries because spirituality influences people's attitudes, cognition, and behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between anxious attachment and religious attitude with the tendency to addiction among university students.

This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population consisted of all students at the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, of whom 300 were selected as the sample using convenience sampling. All participants completed the Addiction Potential Scale (APS), Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) Scale, Religious Attitude Scale, and Dickman Impulsivity Inventory (DII). The data were statistically analyzed using SEM.

According to the results, there was a significant relationship between anxious attachment with impulsivity (P=0.012) and the tendency to addiction (P=0.001).  Moreover, there was a negative relationship between religious attitudes with impulsivity (P=0.001) and the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). There was a positive relationship between impulsivity and the tendency to addiction in the students (P=0.001). The results also showed that impulsivity mediates the relationships between anxious attachment and religious attitudes with the tendency to addiction (P=0.001).

The results showed that the proposed model fitted the data well. Accordingly, the tendency of young people to addiction can be reduced by training families and university students in safe attachment styles, spiritual teachings, self-restraint, and control of impulses.

Despite the growing body of research showing the effectiveness of motor interventions for children both physically and cognitively, there is still a lack of sufficient information regarding the effects of different motor programs and finding suitable interventions to improve motor and cognitive skills in early childhood. This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effects of cognitive and metacognitive factors in motor interventions on the motor and cognitive skills of preschool children.
Sixty-six 6-year-old children (32 girls, 34 boys) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (motor group (7 girls, 10 boys), motor-cognitive group (8 girls, 8 boys), and motor-metacognitive group (7 girls, 9 boys)) along with a control group (10 girls, 7 boys). The participants in all three experimental groups received a motor program specific to their group for 18 sessions. The Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), the Toulouse-Pieron cancellation test (TP), and the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task (HTKS) were used to collect data. Multivariate repeated measures and multivariate analysis of covariance were used for data analysis.
The findings showed that, compared to the control group, the improvement of cognitive skills in the motor-cognitive group was more than that in the motor and motor-metacognitive groups (p < 0.05). Also, the improvement of motor skills in the motor-metacognitive group was more than that in the motor and motor-cognitive groups (p < 0.05).
According to the results obtained, it seems that if motor interventions are combined with cognitive and metacognitive activities, they can have more cognitive and motor benefits for preschool children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on EEG and athletic performance of goalball players. In a semi-experimental design, 27 athletes were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for 8 sessions of 120 minutes per week, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the intervention, brain signals with closed eyes were recorded from Cz, O1, Fz, F3 and F4 regions. Also, two skills of throwing accuracy and orientation were used to measure athletic performance. The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that the experimental group had a significant and increasing change in theta, alpha, SMR and beta waves compared to the control group. The athletic performance of goalball players has also improved. Based on the findings of this study, it seems that MBSR training, in addition to improving athletic performance, it creates adaptations in the nervous system.

Mindfulness-based interventions are recognized as one of the third wave cognitive-behavioral therapies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on increase mindfulness skills and cognitive abilities of blind and visually impaired athletes. The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all goalball players in East Azerbaijan province in 2019, from which 27 players were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for 8 sessions of 120 minutes per week. Before and after the intervention, mindfulness inventory for sport and cognitive abilities questionnaires were completed. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. The results showed that the mean scores related to mindfulness skills and cognitive abilities in the participants of the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group in the post-test stage. According to the results, it seems that MBSR is effective in improving the mindfulness skills and cognitive abilities of blind and visually impaired athletes. Therefore, it is recommended as a behavioral-cognitive intervention to improve the cognition and mindfulness of these athletes.

Physical and cognitive activities have positive effects on cognitive functions, but have been rarely applied in combination. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of physical activity with different levels of cognitive load on executive control network of attention in youth.

30 sedentary female students with an average age 22.63 ± 1.92 years were selected by convenience sampling and divided into three groups (physical activity without cognitive load, physical activity with cognitive load and control). The experimental groups practiced training program specific to groups for 16 sessions, but the control group performed their daily activities. Participants performed Attention Networks Test before and after the training program. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA in the significant level of 0.05.

The results of statistical test showed no a significant difference between the scores of the three groups in executive control network of attention.

According to the results of this study, it seems that physical activity with and without cognitive load does not have a significant effect on the efficiency of the executive control network of attention in young people.

Exercise and physical activity is an important factor in the promotion of public health of people in the community, and address the issue relationship between exercise with quality of life it seems necessary. The aim of this study was to determination the quality of life in retired athletes.

In this descriptive correlational study, the statistical population was all sports pioneers in Tabriz city that 104 pioneers with a mean age of 51.68 ± 8.45 years were selected from 14 sports by snowball sampling and have completed World Health Organization Quality Of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and independent sample t-test.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of post-retirement sports activity with the psychological health subscale and the best championship title earned by these persons with the social relations subscale; but in the physical health and environment subscales and the total life quality score there was no significant relationship. The results also showed that there is no significant difference between team and individual pioneers in the level of satisfaction from quality of life.

According to the results of this study, it can be stated that active sports pioneers are in a better mental health condition than their inactive counterparts using the any type of physical activity.

The electoral slogans of the Iranian society have experienced a transformation during the first 40 years of the revolution. The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of the election slogans of post-revolutionary Iranian governments between 1979 and 2017 based on the theory of survival value and existence value of Ronald Inglehart (modernization and post-modernization expert). The research method is qualitative and data were collected from the post-revolutionary governments. The statistical population was all the slogans of the elected governments from which 12 posters were selected by porpusful sampling techniqe. The results showed that Slogans were materialistic-national values (poverty alleviation, the poor, employment, Economic justice, production boom) in the 1980s, national post-material values (Social tolerance, social justice, ethics, social norms, civic development) in the 1990s, A range of post-material, material-national and transnational values (Class equality, social development, resolving economic crises, global moral message, political culture, democratic value) in the 2000s. Their direction shifted from the lower to the middle class and finally, the composite classes (lower, middle, and high) and from the local-national level to the global-transnational level. Their common denominator was the class-economic issue (improving the socio-economic situation, eliminating poverty and unemployment, reducing the class distance of society). They experienced a kind of transition from a period of scarcity or survival values (food insecurity, economic instability and material, functional-objective needs) to assertive values or a period of developmental maturity (democratic, global, aesthetic and abstract values).

Physical and cognitive activities have positive effects on cognitive functions, but have been rarely applied in combination with each other. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of physical activity with different levels of cognitive load on the cingulate cortex's brain waves. The present study is semi-experimental. 30 sedentary female students with an average age 22.63 ± 1.92 years were selected by convenience sampling and equally divided into three groups (physical activity without cognitive load, physical activity with cognitive load and control). The experimental groups practiced specific training program for 16 sessions, but the control group performed their daily activities. Brain waves, before and after the training program, was recorded using EEG device in resting position and with open eyes. Fz, Cz and Pz data in the Delta, Theta, Alpha and Beta brain waves were analyzed using MANCOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test in the significant level of 0.05. The results showed a significant decrease for Delta brain wave in Fz and a significant increase for Alpha brain wave in Pz among participants into both experimental groups. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the effects of physical activity with and without cognitive load on the cingulate cortex's brain waves. According to the findings of the present study, physical activity with and without cognitive load could possibly provide the conditions for stimulation of neurons in the cingulate cortex, which may lead to adaptation in the nervous system.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hippotherapy on quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis.

This study is a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and a control group. Among patients with multiple sclerosis, 24 patients from a clinical center in Isfahan were recruited through convenient sampling and randomly and put in the experimental and control groups. In the pre-test step, participants filled out Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 Questionnaire. Then, the experimental group practiced hippotherapy training for 8 weeks (3 days in a week for 30 minutes). After completing the intervention, subjects in both groups participated in the post-test.

A significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in physical and mental health dimensions of quality of life was observed.

Our data indicate that hippotherapy training has a positive effect on the quality of life of women with multiple sclerosis.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder, resulting from exceeding fat cumulating in the liver .Adiponectin, a protein secreted from the adipose tissue, reduces liver inflammation. In this study, the relationship between adiponectin rs17300539 gene polymorphism and a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was investigated. This case-control study was conducted on 80 subjects with NAFLD and 80 healthy subjects. The determination of polymorphism rs17300539 of adiponectin gene was performed by the PCR-RFLP method and electrophoresis technique. The plasma levels of adiponectin and insulin hormones were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The results showed that there was no significant difference in allele frequencies between the two groups of the case and control (P>0.05). The body mass index (BMI) in genotype GA carriers was higher than that of genotype GG carriers (P<0.05). Moreover, the diastolic blood pressure in the male patients carrying the genotype GA was higher than that in the genotype GG carriers (P<0.05). In the female patients carrying the genotype GA, the AST and triglyceride levels were higher than the GG female carriers (P<0.05). It seems that the allele G can be beneficial in reducing the side-effects of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The aim of present study was to investigation relationship between refereeing level and type of sport field with sport referees’ amount of depth perception error in cold and warm colors. To do so, 30 referees including 15 referees of team fields and 15 referees of individual fields with different referee's degree (A, B, C, National degrees and International degrees) and 15 non-athlete individuals were selected using availability sampling method. Average age of statistical sample was 38.53(±11.93). Subject's depth perception in each color (blue, green, red & orange) have been evaluated in two continues tries by the depth, color and shape perception apparatus. The average of these eight tries was used as individual's depth perception score. The average of blue and green colors was used as cold colors and the average of red and orange colors was used as warm colors. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results of present study indicated that there was no significant correlation between refereeing level and error amount of depth perception. Also, there was no significant difference between referees of team and individual fields in error amount of depth perception. However, sport referees were significantly better than non-athlete individuals. Also, in comparison the depth perception error in cold and warm colors between three groups, referees of team and individual fields were significantly better than non-athlete individuals in cold colors. Generally, this study shows that visual skills may be different between sport referees and non-athlete individuals.

Exercise and physical activity have positive impacts on the physical and mental functions. However, their impact on cognitive functions needs to be elucidated in further details. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on neural network of attention and working memory.
In this semi- experimental study, 20 inactive women with mean age of 22.65±2.03 years were selected by available sampling and equally divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 16 sessions of aerobic exercise. Before and after the completion of training intervention, participant’s performance was assessed using attention network test and N-back task test. Data were analyzed by the multivariable analysis of covariance method.
Our results showed that working memory in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences in orienting network of attention.
Our data are in line with the use of aerobic exercise to reinforce working memory. In addition, it seems that the impact of aerobic exercise on cognition is selective and depends on the nature of the targeted cognitive function as well as their brain substrates.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic skill training on performance of orienting network of attention. Therefore, 20 sedentary students from University of Tabriz with an age range of 19 to 25 years old were selected using the convenience sampling and divided into two groups of the experimental and control. Training intervention for 16 sessions was performed on the experimental group, but the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Attention Network Test was used for data collection. For data analysis, the Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) method was used. The results showed no significant difference between two groups in orienting network of attention. Therefore, it can be concluded that effect of exercise on cognition has been selective and depends on the nature of cognitive functions and their related brain substrates.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic activity with and without cognitive load on alerting network of attention. The research method was semi-experimental, with two experimental groups and one control group. For this purpose, 30 sedentary students with an average age of 22.63±1.92 years were selected by purposive sampling and assigned to three groups of 10. The experimental groups practiced specific training program for 16 sessions, but the control group didn’t receive any intervention. The participants before and after the training program were assessment by Attention Networks Test (ANT). For data analysis, the Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) method was used. The results showed that there is no a significant difference between experimental groups and control group in alerting network. According to the results, it seems that effects of exercise on cognition depend on the nature of the cognitive functions and its brain substrates.

Aims and Based on existing scientific information, Thymus vulgaris and Matricaria chamomilla are two kinds of herbs with some anti-inflammatory effects. There are some serious side effects such as psychological dependence or blood dyscrasia subsequent to using synthetic drugs in order to treat unpleasant feeling due to Visceral pain. In order to lessen the side effects, administration of herbal medicines could be helpful. The purpose of this study is evaluating the palliative effects of hydroalcholic extracts of Thymus vulgarisand Matricaria chamomilla and their Synergistic effects on visceral pain.
This experimental study was performed on 40 N-MRI male mice (36±4g) who were randomly divided into five groups: the Negative Control group treated with normal saline, Positive Control group treated with Flunixin meglumine(2 mg/kg) and the groups of Thymus vulgaris therapy(300mg/kg), Matricaria chamomilla therapy (300mg/kg) and the last one that received both Thymus and Matricaria (total 300mg/kg).These groups received drugs and hydroalcholic extracts with intraperitonial injection. The Mice were injected with acetic acid 0.6% (10ml/kg) to make visceral pain; 15 minutes after each intraperitonial administration, the palliative effects were recorded by counting the number of writhing in 30 minutes. The data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software and One-Way ANOVA (Tukey) test. The significant value was shown with (p Findings: Co-administration of Thymus vulgaris (150 mg/kg) and Matricaria chamomilla (150 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction of pain compared to negative control group(p0.001).
Co-administration of Thymus vulgaris and Matricaria chamomilla can be more effective than their single administration; however further clinical studies are necessary to find a suitable place for them among other visceral analgesics.

Nowadays, coaches were concerned to the plyometric as an effective way to strengthen the functions in fast and explosive athletes The aim of the present study, compared the effects of six weeks of plyometric training on anaerobic power of the lower extremities is the taekwondo and fencing Players. The statistical population this quasi-experimental study are taekwondo and fencing girls in Tabriz in 2013 years, of which 7 taekwondo and 7 fencer were selected by available sampling and were divided into two experimental groups. Both group for six weeks (three days per week) did plyometric exercises. For the analyze data used from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality of data and the correlated two-way ANOVA test to examine the assumptions. The statistical results showed that plyometric training significantly increase the explosive power of lower extremity. There is no significant difference between taekwondo and fencing in effect of plyometric training on anaerobic power. It is concluded that plyometric exercises as a method of low-cost training, accomplished and fruitful along with other training methods can be used.