farah farokhi

 

The simvastatin (Sim) is a lipophilic statin and can cross the blood-brain barrier. The role of vitamin D (Vit D) in brain development and function has been supported over the past decade. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on memory and anxiety levels in healthy male rats.

In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into six groups (n=6) including control, Vit D (5 µg/kg/day; IP), Simvastatin (1 mg/kg/day; orally) (SimL), Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day; orally) (SimH), SimL + Vit D and SimH + Vit D. After 28 days, at the end of the treatment, the behavioral anxiety test and memory behavioral test were performed. Then, the rats were euthanized, and oxidative stress markers of the brain, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and cholesterol levels were investigated. Data were analyzed by SPSS 24 software and Tukey’s test.

 Co-administration of simvastatin and vitamin D significantly increased working memory, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity, HDL-C, and decreased anxiety levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, cholesterol, and LDL-C compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, the administration of simvastatin and vitamin D alone did not significantly change the mentioned parameters compared to the control group (p>0.05).

Co-administration of simvastatin and vitamin D can improve brain function by reducing oxidative stress and cholesterol levels.

The glyphosate-based herbicide has a prominent role in the toxic mechanism in living systems. Previous studies have shown that vitamin E can have a protective effect on cells against oxidative damage. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin E against the toxic potential of glyphosate (Gly) in the reproductive system of female rats.

 In this experimental study, 30 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=6), including control, glyphosate (50 mg/kg per day), glyphosate (500 mg/kg per day), glyphosate (50 mg/kg per day) + vitamin E (50 mg/kg per day), and glyphosate (500 mg/kg per day) + vitamin E (50 mg/kg per day). Glyphosate was administered orally, and vitamin E was administered by intraperitoneal injection. After 35 days, rats were euthanized, and embryo development, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and catalase (CAT) activity were examined. Moreover, the levels of estrogen and progesterone were measured in the serum. Results were analyzed by SPSS software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.

 The glyphosate significantly decreased the percentages of fertilization, two-cell embryos, blastocysts, estrogen, and progesterone level as well as catalase activity and significantly increased MDA level in glyphosate-treated rats in comparison with controls (p<0.05). However, the results showed that vitamin E can reduce the toxicity of glyphosate administration in the mentioned parameters (p> 0.05).

 These results have shown that vitamin E can provide the antioxidant defense with potent preventive activity against glyphosate-induced reproductive toxicities.

The abnormal increase in blood cholesterol can cause many problems. Statins have a cholesterol-lowering effect, but they also have adverse effects. Garlic prevents the formation of cholesterol due to its antibiotic properties. This study aimed to investigate the comparative effect of garlic powder and atorvastatin on hypercholesterolemia-induced reproductive failure in female rats.

In the present experimental study, 48 adult female Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n=6), including control, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/d; orally), atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/d; orally), garlic powder (100 mg/kg/d; orally), hypercholesterolemia (1.5 mg/kg/d of cholesterol; orally), hypercholesterolemia + atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/d), hypercholesterolemia + atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/d), and hypercholesterolemia + garlic powder. After 30 days, rats were euthanized and blood samples were obtained from their heart for serological assessments. The right ovary was transferred to 10% formalin for histological analyses, and the left ovary was transferred to a −80°C freezer for evaluation of oxidative stress markers. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test using SPSS version 24.0 (P < 0.05).

The number of healthy primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) as well as estrogen and progesterone levels were lower in hypercholesterolemic rats compared to controls (P < 0.001). Additionally, the number of the atretic primary, secondary, and antral follicles and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher in hypercholesterolemic rats (P < 0.001). However, garlic powder and atorvastatin 10 improved alterations in the mentioned parameters (P = 0.99).

The results showed that hypercholesterolemia could have adverse effects on rat ovaries. However, the garlic powder improves ovarian toxicity in hypercholesterolemia rats better than atorvastatin.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has toxic effects through the induction of oxidative stress in the body and testicles. Vitamin E (Vit E) is a dietary compound that functions as an antioxidant scavenging toxic free radicals. The present study aimed to probe the protective effect of Vit E against PVC-induced reprotoxicity in male rats. In this experimental study, 24 male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6) including control, Vit E (150 mg kg-1 per day; orally), PVC (1000 mg kg-1 per day; orally) and PVC + Vit E. After 40 days, rats were euthanized and epididymal sperms characteristics, embryo development and malondialdehyde (MDA) and testosterone levels were examined. The PVC decreased sperm count, motility and viability as well as testosterone level and increased sperms with damaged chromatin in comparison with controls. Also, the percentages of fertilization, two-cell embryos and blastocysts as well as MDA levels were decreased in PVC-treated rats. However, Vit E improved PVC-induced alterations in aforesaid parameters. The results indicated that PVC can reduce fertility potential in male rats probably through androgen and sperm quality and quantity reductions, while Vit E can exert protective effects in PVC-related reproductive toxicities.

Hyperlipidemia and high level of serum total cholesterol are risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of cardiovascular complications like coronary heart diseases. Lamiaceae plants have terpenoids and flavonoids can reduce triglyceride and cholesterol, therefore. This study was done to evaluate the effect of feeding with essential oil of Thymus deanensis Celak. on lipid profile, blood urea and liver enzymes in hyperchlostrolemic male Wistar rats. This experimental study was performed on 36 male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups (there were 6 rats in each groups). The groups including control, sham, two groups receiving 200 and 500 ppm Thymus deanensis essential oil and hyperchlostrolemia groups treated with doses of 200 and 500 ppm of Thymus deanensis essential oil. Hyperchlostrolemia was induced by giving high cholesterol (2%) and sweet almond oil (97.5%) diet. The animals were treated for 32 days with essential oil of the thyme. At the end of the 32-day trial, blood sampling was performed. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) liver enzymes were measured. The level of ALT and AST in hypercholesterolemia rats were significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P˂0.05). Thymus daenensis essential oil significantly reduced level of triglycerides and cholesterol (P˂0.05). The high dose of Thymus daenensis (500 ppm) essential oil more than a low dose (200 ppm) significantly reduced the level of cholesterol and triglyceride (P˂0.05). Blood urea nitrogen significantly increased in hypercholesterolemia group in compare to control group (P˂0.05). After the administration of essential oil with a minimum and maximum dose in hypercholesterolemia rats, the level of urea in the blood significantly decreased (P˂0.05). The level of ALT and AST in hypercholesterolemia rats significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P˂0.05). AST level significantly reduced in the groups of rats which received minimal and maximal doses compared to the group hypercholesterolemia (P˂0.05). By lowering blood lipids, urea and liver enzymes after the use of essential oils, it seems that the Thymus daenensis dose-dependent is effective in improving liver function, kidney and high level of  lipid.

Diabetic mellitus nephropathy is one of the most important implication factors in kidney´s physiological function in diabetes mellitus. Having major role in filtration, in hyperglycemic condition kidney has shown more damages in comparison with other tissues. This study was done to determine the effect of combined Atorvastatin and Zinc oxide on the biochemical and histopathological alterations in kidney of diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 40 female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic rats treated with atorvastatin (20mg/kg/bw daily, orally) (D+A), Zinc oxide (30mg/kg/bw daily, orally) (D+Z) and combination of each drug in half dose (daily, orally) (D+A+Z). Diabetes induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60mg/kg/bw streptozotocin-diabetic.Animals treated for one month. At the end of the study, kidney weight and body weight and biochemical factors including creatinine and urea were measured to assess renal function. For determing the histopathology of kidney tissue, sections with 4-5 micrometer were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The level of serum creatinine and urea was significantly increased in diabetic rats in compare to controls (P<0.05). Treatment of diabetic rats with half doses of combination of atorvastatin and Zinc oxide reduced the level of creatinine, urea and renal tissue damage in comparision with diabetic rats without treatment (P<0.05). This study showed that the combination of atorvastatin and Zinc oxide has effect on controlling diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with enhanced oxidative stress and reduced activity of the antioxidant defense system. Due to the significant role of enhanced oxidative stress in the development of ovarian damage in diabetics, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of zinc sulfate on oxidative stress markers in ovarian tissue of diabetic rats.   This experimental study was performed on 24 female Wistar rats weighing 120 -150 gr. The rats were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), and two diabetic groups treated with zinc sulfate (15 and 30 mg/kg). Zinc sulfate was administered one week after streptozotocin injection for 28 days (via gavage daily). At the end of the experiment, the body weight and blood sugar of the animals were measured and compared with the weight and blood glucose measured in the week before the study. Also malondialdehyde levels (MDA), catalase activity (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as oxidative stress indices in ovarian tissue were measured. In the end, the data were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software, and ANOVA and Tukey’s tests were analyzed.   Chronic uncontrolled Hyperglycemia (blood glucose greater than 300 mg/dl) significantly increased the levels of MDA in diabetic animals compared to normal animals (p<0.05). Also, hyperglycemia caused a decrease in the activity of the catalase enzyme and the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in diabetic animals (p<0/05). and Hyperglycemia reduced the activity of the catalase enzyme and ultimately the capacity The total antioxidant of the total antioxidant (TAC) of diabetic animals (p<0/05). Administration of zinc sulfate by increasing the activity of the catalase enzyme reduced the levels of MDA in diabetic animal ovary tissue in comparison with the diabetic control group, but could not significantly affect TAC.   Administration of zinc sulfate for four weeks in a dose-dependent manner reduces oxidative stress indexes in ovarian tissue of diabetic rats.

Due to the progress of diabetes and the use of alternative herbal medicines, In this study, the effects of oral administration of the mucilage extracted from pods of Abelmoschus esculentus (Ae) fruits on serum levels of glucose, lipids and morphology of Langerhans islets in diabetic rats was investigated. In this experimental study, 24 female wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=6): normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC) and 2 diabetic groups that received (oral) 300 and 500 mg/kg/body weight of Abelmoschus esculentus. After preparing and confirming the type of, mucilage extraction from the fruit’s green okra was done by evaporation device in vacuum. Diabetes mellitus was induced by single dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60mg/kg/body weight in diabetic groups. After 4 weeks, the serum levels of glucose and lipid profile of all groups were analyzed. Also morphology of Langerhans islets in the 4 groups was evaluated using H&E staining method. The data analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and Tukey tests. The results indicate a significant increase (P<0/05) in glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and significant decrease (P<0.05) in HDL in diabetic rats compared to normal control. The use of the mucilage extracted from A. esculentus caused a significant decrease in serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and significant increase in serum level of HDL comparison with diabetic group. according to the results of this study, the mucilage extracted from A. esculentus could be effective on control hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia caused by diabetes mellitus.

Paraquat is a common agricultural herbicide that is a strong stimulus in superoxide anions foundation. Due to the adverse effects of the free radicals, the anti oxidant compounds such as Saffron seem necessary as antioxidants and removing the free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regeneration effect of Saffron on the liver damaged with paraquat in male mice.
In this experimental study, 36 male mice were randomly allocated into 6 groups. Animals in group one were received normal food, water and corn oil. Secound and third groups of mice were treated at a dose of 20, 40 mg/kg/bw paraquat, respectively. Animals in the fourth group were received Saffron at a dose of 80 mg/kg/bw. Animals in fifth and sixth two groups were treated with paraquat treated at a dose of 20, 40 mg/kg/bw and Saffron (80 mg/kg/bw), orally, per day. At the end of 30 days the mice were anesthesia and blood samples were prepared for measurement of AST and ALT in sera and livers were removed for measurment of MDA, FRAP, katalaze concentration and half of liver was transfer to formaline for histopathological study.
Cell necrosis and inflammation was found in the liver of mice treated with paraquat, also the level of AST, ALT and MDA was significantly increased in compared to controls (P Saffron (80 mg/kg/bw, orally) improves liver dysfunction in mice exposed with paraquat.

Introdution:. Increased plasma cholesterol causes hepatic damages through oxidative stress (OS) induction. There are many investigations about hawthorn effects on lipid reduction and atherosclerosis. The goal of current study was to determine the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Crataegus aronia fruit (HECA) and atorvastatin (AVS) on hypercholesterolemia-induced alterations in serum lipid profile and OS in hepatic tissue of female rats.
In this experimental study, 42 female rats were assigned into 7 groups including control, diet-induced hypercholesterolemia (DIH), DIH HECA (200 mg/kg/day; Per Oral (PO)), DIH HECA (400 mg/kg/day; PO), DIH AVS (10 mg/kg/day; PO), HECA (200 mg/kg/day; PO) and AVS (10 mg/kg/day; PO). After 30 days, blood and hepatic tissue samples were collected for biochemical and histological analyses. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's statistical tests using SPSS software.
Hypercholesterolemia resulted in significant increases in levels of serum lipids, hepatic enzymes and malondialdehyde in hepatic tissue as well as reductions in total antioxidant capacity and catalase level in liver compared to control group. Moreover, DIH led to significant increases in diameters of hepatocytes and their nuclei along with inflammation and cellular necrosis in hepatic tissue. Administration of HECA and AVS significantly restored above-mentioned parameters compared to DIH group.
These findings suggest that HECA can play a protective role against hepatic damages in hypercholesterolemic female rats According to the results of this study, the prevalence of obesity is not high in female students (3 %), but it is necessary to pay particular attention to information on obesity and girl's sports in universities, so that the prevalence of this disease is not increased

It has been shown that mobile radiations (MRs) have detrimental effects on brain histoarchitecture and vitamin E as a powerful antioxidant can exhibit neuroprotective effects. This study was carried out to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E against MRs-induced histological changes in rat brain.
Adult female Wistar rats were randomly categorized into 4 groups (n₌6), including untreated control, experimental group1 (14 days exposure to mobile calls, 12 times every day and each time for 10 minutes by Huawei H30–U10 cell phone and then, sampling on day 15), experimental group2 (14 days treatment and then, sampling after 40 days) and experimental group3 (radiation vitamin E 100 mg/kg intramuscularly before MRs exposure).
MRS-treatedrats showed significant reduction in body weight with an increase in brain relative weight. Moreover, MRS resulted in oxidative stress in brain tissue as well as increase in numbers of neurons with pyknotic nuclei in rats hippocampus. Interestingly, vitamin E co-administration led to oxidative stress suppression in brain tissue and nuclear pyknosis reduction in rats hippocampus.
Vitamin E can attenuate MRs- induced histological alterations and oxidative stress in rat hippocampus probably due to antioxidant activities.

For treating hypercholesterolemic in traditional medicine, Anethum graveolens seeds are used that reduce blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens seed on the changes of testis tissue, sperm parameters in hypercholesterolemic male rats.
In this study, 30 adult male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6: control, hypercholesterolemic, hypercholesterolemic 橗⢆襢 extract of Anethum graveolens seed 500 mg/kg/day, hypercholesterolemic 橗⢆襢 extract of Anethum graveolens seed 300 mg/kg/day, healthy橗⢆襢 extract of Anethum graveolens seed 500 mg/kg/day. After treatment for 45 days, rats were weighed and after the dissection, sperm samples were collected from the tail epididymal and sperm parameters were studied. The testicular specimens were transferred to formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Turkey's post- hoc tests and significant level (p In this research, in the hypercholesterolemic rats, the testicular weight was increased, but the diameter of the semnifer tubes, tubal differentiation and spermiogenese, and sperm viability were decreased compared to control (p According to the results of this study, Anethum graveolens seed has positive effects on testicular tissue and sperm parameters in hypercholesterolemic mice.

Numerous studies suggest that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has adverse effects on male sexual function and testicular tissue. Vitamin E (Vit E) is a dietary compound with antioxidant scavenging function for toxic free radicals.
In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6) including control, Vit E (150 mg/kg/bw/day), PVC (200 mg/kg/bw/day), PVC (1000 mg/kg/bw/day), PVC (200 mg/kg/bw/day) Vit E (150 mg/kg/bw/day), PVC (1000 mg/kg/bw/day) Vit E (150 mg/kg/bw/day). The administration route was oral and experiment lasted 40 days. Each rat was weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Left testis was transferred to 10% formalin. The right testis was transferred to -70 ◦C for determining oxidative stress markers. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using Tukey test.
Oral administration of PVC significantly decreased body and testes weights in the male rats. Furthermore, PVC significantly reduced height of germinal epithelium, diameter of seminiferous tubules, number of Leydig cells as well as catalase and total antioxidant capacity levels (p Exposure to PVC can cause testicular damage, while Vit E, as an antioxidant, may reduce destructive effects of PVC in rat testis.

Probiotics are defined as different microorganisms that may have positive effects on preventing or treatment of special pathologic conditions. Lactobacillus casei and L. paracasei as probiotics could induce the apoptosis in human cancer cells in vitro. Chronic myeloid leukemia is categorized as a blood cells cancer and the most common type of leukemia. The expression of mutant p53 protein increases resistance against apoptosis in cancer lines. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L. casei and L. paracasei cell wall and cytoplasmic fractions on the expression of mutant p53 protein in K562 cancer line by ELISA.
First, L. casei and L. paracasei was cultured and disrupted by sonication and finally cell wall separated from cytoplasmic extraction by centrifugation, then prepared different concentrations of cell wall and cytoplasmic fraction. Finally, p53 protein levels were measured by ELISA, in cells treated with the cell wall and cytoplasmic fraction.
ELISA result showed that cell wall and cytoplasmic fraction statistically (P˂0.05) reduced the levels of mutant p53 protein compared to the control.
It’s concluded that there is a relationship between reduced expression of p53 protein and induction of apoptosis in cells with mutant p53 gene. It could provide a way for cancer treatment in a smart manner.

Asthma is a kind of respiratory disease for which different chemical and herbal drugs are used. This study investigated the side effects of theophylline (TEO) and Aloe vera extract (AVE) on kidney tissue in rats with asthma.
Thirty six female rats were divided into six groups of six each. Asthma was induced in the rats using acetic acid spray for 12 weeks. At completion of this period, heart blood samples were collected to conduct biochemical tests. Kidney tissue was fixed in formalin 10% and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examinations. The data were analyzed by variance and Tukey's test.
Inflammatory cells were seen in connective tissue and around renal tubules. In TEO-treated group, mild change in density of mesenchymal stem cells, atrohpy of glumeral capillaries, and increase in Bowman space were seen, but in AVE (100mg/kg)-treated group, kidney improved. The mean creatinine and urea concentrations increased in rats with asthma and TEO and AVE (200mg/kg)-treated rats compared to the controls (p AVE (100mg/kg) is effective in reducing inflammation of the kidney and concentrations of urea and creatinine.

According to production of Zinc and Iron oxide nanoparticles and useful application of them in biological systems, less studies on side effects of these materials has been carried out in animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc and Iron oxide nanoparticles on the liver and muscles tissues in rainbow trout. For in purpose four hundred and twenty rainbow trout (with initial weight 45±4.7 g) were prepared from a local fish farm and immediately transferred to the laboratory. Immediately disinfect and acclimatized fish to the laboratory conditions for 10 days, then randomly distributed into seven groups. Group one selected as control group that received normal diet and other groups received different amount of 10, 50 and 100 µg/g of nanoparticles a commercial pellet diet for 60 days. To evaluate the tissue sampling was scheduled at the day of 0, 30, 60 and 75 (after 15 days cessation of feeding with nanoparticles). The results of the liver and muscle histological studies with Hematoxilen and Eosine staining showed that in groups which received Zinc and Iron oxide nanoparticles, serious damages in liver hepatocytes including: lipidose, inflammation and disruption of hepatic lobules. Thus it can be concluded that the application of Zinc and Iron oxide nanoparticles in conditions invivo, even in small amounts, had adverse effects on the liver tissue, however the growth parameters were improved in rainbow trout.

Methotrexate (MTX), as an anti-folate agent, is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic disorders and malignant tumors, however it damages reproductive system in mice. The aim of this research was to study the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on embryodevelopment and oxidative stress changes in the testis of mice treated with MTX.
In this experimental study, thirty-two adult male Naval Medical Research Institute mice, with average weight of 26 ± 2 g, were divided into four groups. The first group (control) received distilled water (0.1 ml/mice/day), while the second group was intraperitoneally (IP) treated with 20 mg/kg MTX once per week. The third group was IP treated with 40 mg/kg/day EP, and the fourth group was IP treated with both 20 mg/kg MTX and 40 mg/kg/day EP for 30 days. At the end of treatment fertilization rate and embryonic development were evaluated. Differences between these groups were assessed by ANOVA using the SPSS software package for Windows with a Tukey-Kramer multiple post-hoc comparison test.
MTX treatment caused significant (P It is suggested that EP can be useful in ameliorating testicular damages and embryotoxicity induced by MTX. These effects could be attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Epilepsy is one of the central nervous system disorders, which can increase reactive oxygen species and superoxide production. In this research, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger were evaluated on the reproductive system of epileptic female rats treated with lamotrigine.
In this research, 36 female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 mice each. The first control group was treated with normal saline and the second control group with lamotrigine (10mg/kg) for 4 consecutive weeks. The experiment was continued with epilepsy induction through intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (40mg/kg). The first epileptic group received normal saline. The other epileptic group was treated with lamotrigine (10mg/kg). The third epileptic group received ginger at a dose of. The fourth epileptic group simultaneously received ginger and lamotrigine at the same doze. At the end of 28 days, the rats were sacrificed and their blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and their reproductive organs were removed. Then, after H&E staining, the numbers of growing, atretic, and cystic follicles were counted by light microscopy.
In epileptic rats, the level of progestron hormone, number of growing follicles and endometrial thickness and glands significantly decreased. Furthermore, the level of estrogene hormone and the number of atretic and cystic follicles significantly increased (p According to the results of this research, hydroalcoholic extract of ginger can have positive effect on the reproductive system in epileptic female rats treated with lamotrigine.

Hippocampus is the most important part of learning and memory in the brain. Melissa officinalis naturally affects the nervous system and induces calmness. Lorazepam is also used in the treatment of insomnia and anxiety. In this study, the effect of Lorazepam and aqueous extract of Melissa officinalis (AEMO) was investigated on hippocampus tissue and spatial memory in male rats using radial maze method.
In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Control group received normal diet and water, the second group received lorazepam (dose. 10mg/kg), and two other groups received AEMO (at doses of 10 and 100mg/kg) by gavage for 18 days. Then, their spatial memory were tested in an 8 arm radial maze (RAM). The level of lipid peroxidation of homogenized brain tissue was assessed, and hippocampal tissue sections were prepared and after H&E staining, DG area was investigated under a microscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests. The level of significance was set at p There was no significant difference in learning level between animals received lorazepam and control group. The results of the experiments showed the positive effect of low dose of AEMO (10mg/kg) on spatial memory, while high dose of Melissa officinalis (100mg/kg) prevented memory formation.
The results of this research showed that AEMO can increase short-term memory at low dose (10mg/kg), but it may prevent spatial memory formation at high doses.

The possible risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields for human body are a growing concern for our society. In the modern world, the increase of using cell phones is remarkable in all generations especially young people. There is tremendous concern regarding the possible adverse effects of cell phone microwaves.In the present study, the effect of cell phone microwaves (950MHz and 915MHz) ) on Histology of Testis and Prostate in male Rat. This experimental study was performed on 21 adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g). The animals were randomly assigned to three groups (n=7): i. control; ii. two-week exposure to cell phone-950 MHz simulated waves; iii.two-week exposure to cell phone-915MHz simulated waves;the weight of the rats and testicular in all of the groups were investigated and diameter of seminiferous tubules (STD) and epithelium and tunica albuginea thickness were measured ,and evaluation of spermatogenesis in testicular tissue was investigated, and thickness of epithelial secretory ducts of prostate was investigated. The results indicated that ,there was not significant difference between the weight of rats and testicular in different groups, and seminiferus tubuls thickness and epithelium and tunica alboginea thickness in the experimental groups had significant decrease. More seminiferous tubules at 950 MHz compared to the control group showed no differentiation index. (p

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the chemical materials, which is used as monomer of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. The present study was performed with the purpose of determining the effect of A on liver enzymes level and liver tissue structure.
In this experimental study 40 male rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 each: The control group received olive oil at a dose of 1μg/kg bw; group II received BPA at 10μg/kg bw; group III received BPA at 50μg/kg bw; and group IV received BPA at 100μg/kg bw). The groups were administered BPA intraperitoneally for 15 days. At the end, the rats were anesthetized and after extraction of serum, their liver were removed for examination of liver enzymes and evaluated by light microscopy after H&E staining.
The doses of 10 and 50μg/kg bw of BPA had no significant effect on ALT enzyme and 10μg/kg bw had no significant effect on AST enzyme (p>0.05), while BPA at dose of 100 and doses 50 and 100μg/kg bw had significant effects on ALT and AST, respectively, and increased their serum concentration. BPA only at dose of 100μg/kg bw caused inflammation and vacuolization in liver tissue, and its low concentrations had no significant effect on the liver tissue.
The results indicated that low concentrations of BPA had no significant effect on liver tissue and enzymes, but its increased concentration can cause damage to liver tissue and increase the serum levels of liver enzymes.

The effects of cyclosporine (Cs), a fungal cyclic polypeptide with potent immunosuppressive activity, on fertility have assumed greater significance with the increasing numbers of transplantations being performed all over the world. Current study was undertaken to investigate the potential of Satureja khuzestanica Essential Oil (SEO) as an antioxidant to mitigate Cs-induced reprotoxicity. In this experimental study (April-July 2012), thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each. Two groups of rats were administered Cs [40 mg/kg/day, per oral (p.o.)] for 45 days. One of these groups received SEO (225 mg/kg/day, p.o.) four hours after Cs administration. A vehicle-treated control group and a SEO control group were also included. Epididymal sperm characteristics, in vitro fertilizing capacity as well as embryo development were evaluated. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test were used, and the value of P<0.05 was considered as the criterion for statistical significance. Sperm count and viability along with fertilization and blastocyst development rates were significantly decreased by Cs treatment. Moreover, Cs-treated group showed significant increases in DNA damage, protamine deficiency of the sperm cells and proportion of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplet. Notably, aforementioned parameters were improved to near normal level by SEO co-administration. These results suggest that SEO has a protective action against Cs-induced reprotoxicity in a rat model.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a nanoparticle, which is widely used in various fields as a healthcare composition to control microorganisms. The small size of this nanoparticle and its chemical composition and high reactivity, have potential risks for human health and the environment. Due to the abundant use of this nanoparticle over the recent centuries, the effect of the material on mouse intestine, was studied in this study. In this research, 12 male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups of 4 each. The first group as the control-sham, received HPMC at a dose of 1 mL; the second group received 1ml TiO2 and 10mg/kg HPMC; and the third group received 1ml TiO2 and 100ml/kg HPMC, intraperitoneally. After 35 days of treatment, the mice were weighed, and after anesthesia, their intestines were removed and studied by light microscopy after H&E staining. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at the probability of p<0.05. In this study, weight loss of mice, destruction of the epithelium of the duodenum, increased vacuolar cells, destruction of glycocalyx at the apical zone of the epithelium, and enlargement of ileum lymph nodes, were observed in mice treated with TiO2. According to the results of this study, TiO2 caused reduction in glycocalyx, increase in vacuolar cells, and destruction of intestinal villi.

Although studies have shown that viability rate of transferred blastocysts in comparison to embryos in previous stages is higher, the viability rate of warmed blastocysts was lower than embryos in other stages. This can be attributed to the present of fluid filled blastocoel cavity and potential risk of ice crystal formation. Moreover, the fluid can serve as an isolator against penetration of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) to the embryos. In the present study by applying artificial collapse (AC) on blastocysts, we aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced volume of blastocoele fluid prior to vitrification on the quality of warmed in vitro mice embryos. In this regards, quantity of Fgf4 gene expression, viability and hatching rates were considered. Mouse blastocysts divided into 3 groups including: A) Vitrified-thawed blastocysts after artificial collapse, B) Vitrified-thawed blastocysts, C) Fresh blastocysts as a control group. The survival and hatching rate of embryos were evaluated by SPSS and one way ANOVA with post hoc Duncan test and the expression of Fgf4 gene was assessed by Real Time PCR technique in comparison to control group. Artificial collapse improved the rate of zona pellucida hatching showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Moreover, the level of Fgf4 gene expression in the AC group increased significantly (p<0.05) in comparison to the control group. It can be concluded that artificial collapse of blastocyst could be effective way to improve the implantation rate.

Maturation of oocytes and fertilization in vitro can be considered as one of the most important steps to treat infertility. In this study maturation medium was enriched with Platelet extraction (PL) which has high concentration of growth factors. Meiosis resumption and maturation was monitored after 18 hours of maturation. In this experimental study، oocytes at germinal vesicle stage were obtained from mature NMRI female mice. Maturation medium was αMEM and the control groups had 5-10% FBS and the medium in the experimental groups was enriched by 5، 10% PL and the combination of 5% PL and 5% FBS. Meiosis resumption and maturation were observed after 18 hours. The rate of matured oocytes in the experimental group 5% PL for both COC and DO group was significantly higher than the control groups (P<0. 05). The maturation rate for 5% PL was 61% for the COC group and 72% for the DO group; while this rate for 5% FBS control group was 53% and 50% respectively. PL had a significant effect on meiosis resumption and maturation of oocyte at germinal vesicle stage. Based on these results، PL could be used as a maturation promoting factor.