faride bahrami

Cognitive linguists do not negate the metaphorical creativity inherent in the works of poets and writers. According to the ‘Cognitive Poetics’ theory proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989), poets and writers frequently employ the same conventional conceptual metaphors in their compositions that are prevalent in everyday language. The creative aspect of poetry emerges from the adept manipulation and modification of these commonplace conceptual metaphors, achieved through the application of four conceptual tools: expansion, complication, questioning, and combination. The primary objective of this research is to introduce these strategies and assess their applicability in conducting a cognitive analysis of certain novel metaphors found in two collections of short stories authored by Zakaria Tamer (1931), a distinguished contemporary Syrian writer. The analysis of the data indicates that Tamer has utilized the same everyday conceptual metaphors in his narratives. Consequently, the creativity exhibited by this author could potentially be attributed to the proficient application of the aforementioned tools in the usage of ordinary metaphors. Based on the data analysis, it is observed that Tamer, in the creation of the metaphors examined, has predominantly employed the tool of combination, sparingly used the tool of questioning, and has made moderate use of the tools of expansion and complication. The findings also suggest that Tamer, through his judicious use of metaphor, not only imparts elegance and beauty to his prose but also effectively communicates the underlying concepts and messages of his stories to the reader.

The upward trend of data production and the available methods for analyzing big data provide different areas such as that of policymaking with modern tools. Yet, the understanding of the policymaking world -especially in developing countries- of this phenomenon is at a basic level, and the bulk of policy-making related research conducted in Iran is based on qualitative and expertise approaches. The present study aims at using an approach based on the big data of economic complexity in industrial policymaking domain and presenting its results. This article investigates policy-making in Iran’s parts and equipment manufacturing industry development by conducting a case study on the world trade data of exported goods related to the parts and equipment manufacturing industry in the world and analyzing this data using economic complexity approach. To this end, using data from the six-digit version of the Harmonized coding system, 669 commodity codes in the industry of parts and equipment manufacturing were examined. Following this, the viable production opportunities for parts and equipment manufacturing industry were identified. Therefore, the products which, if produced and exported, can make the parts and equipment manufacturing industry more sophisticated and can boost technological potentialities and increase export revenue were introduced. Accordingly, the production of some of the motors, Turbines Electromotors, Tube, pipe and rail equipment account for Iran’s production opportunities.