farshad nadri

There are considerable opium addicts, particularly among workers in Iran's industrial sectors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of simultaneous exposure to excessive noise and opium addiction on adult rat sperm parameters.

In this experimental study 42 adult Wistar male rats in 6 groups were studied as follows: group 1 control, group 2 exposed to noise (100 dB) 8 h/day, group 3 received daily 50 mg/case opium solution, group 4 received daily 100 mg/case opium solution, group 5 received daily 50 mg/case opium solution and exposed to noise 8h/day, and group 6 received daily 100 mg/case opium solution and exposed to noise 8h/day. After 50 days, cauda epididymis was removed for sperm parameters examination (WHO guidelines).

In the groups receiving opium (50 and 100 mg/case), sperm count, sperm viability, and normal sperm morphology (%) significantly decreased compared to the control group. Exposure to noise and consumption of opium solution simultaneously significantly reduced the count, viability, and percentage of sperm with normal morphology in both selected doses, as well as a significant difference between groups 5 and 6 in count, viability, and normal sperm morphology(%) parameters(P<0.05).

According to the results, noise exposure and taking opium would actively reduce the count, viability, and normal sperm morphology. It is therefore suggested that the mechanism of such effects should be investigated in animal and human studies.

One of the most important sources of pollution is the noise generated by traffic and transportation, especially the urban railway system (metro), thus this study aimed to assess the noise exposure of Tehran Metro employees and its relation with noise annoyance and audiometric results of employees.

Measurement was done by using a TES-1351B sound level meter recommendations for all employees which consists of the staff of the station affairs and the staff of the administrative department. A self-reporting questionnaire on workplace noise annoyance were distributed to the employees and then audiometric were used to measure the employees' hearing level.

The average noise exposure in platform workers was 79.3±10 dB and in control room workers was 56.5±6.9 dB. A significant difference was found between the average noise exposure in the employees of the two groups (control room-platform) (p-value=0.001). Based on the results, noise in the work environment was significantly more annoying for people working in metro line 1 than in line 6 (p-value=0.025).

These results show that in general, due to the sound pressure level of 10% of the platform employees being higher than the permissible limit and the increase in the level of noise annoyance of the employees at the frequency of 8 kHz, it is necessary to plan and adopt administrative and technical-engineering measures to reduce the level of noise pollution to about it seems necessary to allow the standard.

Because of functional and structural similarities between the cochlea and vestibular sensory receptors, vestibular dysfunction could be accompanied by noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) due to occupational noise exposure. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of vestibular dysfunction (VD) in individuals with NIHL and occupational noise exposure.

 A systematic literature research was carried out within the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science for published articles between 1980 and Jan 5, 2023 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The methodological quality of the included systematic reviews was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Vestibular system dysfunction parameters were considered as primary outcomes in subjects with NIHL.

 We reviewed the evidence (from 19 eligible articles) for VD from noise-induced damage to peripheral vestibular structures. VD can occur after occupational noise exposure or concomitantly with NIHL. Furthermore, this study showed that the saccular organ has a higher susceptibility to noise damage than the vestibular organs of the utricle and semicircular canals (SCCs).

 Our results support the role of occupational noise exposure and NIHL as risk factors for developing VD. Further research is needed to investigate the association between the occurrence of VD due to occupational noise exposure or concomitantly with NIHL.

University professors largely influence achieving established educational goals. Effective teaching plays a pivotal role in enhancing learning and motivation.

The present study aimed to evaluate the systematic correlations between the influential factors in effective teaching from the perspective of faculty members based on the graph theory.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 65 faculty members who were employed in the health and nutrition schools of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The participants were selected via convenience sampling, and data were collected using a questionnaire (demographic and effectiveness teaching). Data analysis was performed based on the graph theory in MATLAB software.

Mastery of the subject, providing new and updated content, simplicity and fluency, and the clear transfer of contents were the main influential factors in effective teaching. In addition, mastery of the subject and student evaluation in each session (midterm and end-of-term evaluation) with coordinates of “2.1 and 2.1” and “0.14 and -0.14” were identified as first and last priorities, respectively.

According to the results, the most significant influential factor in effective learning was the mastery of the curriculum by the teacher. Therefore, it is recommended that workshops be conducted on effective teaching in universities.

Noise pollution caused by vehicles is one of the major environmental problems in cities and has harmful effects on residents. The aim of the study was to examine the noise pollution in high traffic areas of the city of Ilam and finally to propose solutions.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed in the spring of 2020 in three shifts in the morning, noon, and evening at the beginning and end of the week in Ilam city. According to the Iranian standard by Department of Environment in residential and commercial-administrative areas, noise measurement was performed with CEL-440 sound level meter in seven high-traffic points. In this study, the factors affecting noise pollution caused by traffic were recorded in the form of a checklist.

In morning shift at the beginning of the week with the noise level of 70.59 dB, in the noon shift at the beginning of the week with 71.74 dB, and in the evening shift at the beginning of the week with 68.37 dB has a higher noise level. A comparison of sound pressure levels in the morning, noon, and evening shifts at the beginning and end of the week showed no significant difference (P=0.26).

Ilam city has high noise pollution in commercial-residential and commercial-office areas, which was evaluated beyond the standards of noise limits in the open air of Iran. Solutions have been proposed to reduce noise pollution from residents at the measurement points.

The global outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-COV2) threatens human health around the world. The presence of the SARSCOV2 virus on surrounding surfaces and protective equipment such as respirators increases the transmission of the virus. One way to reduce the spread of the virus is through disinfection techniques. The aim of this study is to review the investigations carried out in the area of the ultraviolet (UV) effect on the SARS-CoV2 virus, the UV disinfection spectra, the effect of this radiation on surface disinfection and the N95 respirator.

The search was carried out from December 2019 to August 2020 in the databases including Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Pubmed with the keywords UV and Covid19, UV and Sars-Cov2, UV and Covid19 as well as UV and sars-Cov2. By checking the titles and abstracts of the articles, based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, related articles were separated from the irrelevant ones and also duplicate articles were eliminated.

This study showed that UV light generally has antiseptic properties and were effective against SARS-Cov2 virus, so it could eliminate Covid-19 virus and similar types of viruses on the surfaces and respiratory masks. The typical wavelength used in the studies was 254 nm.

The results of this study revealed that UV can be used to disinfect surfaces, respiratory masks and it helps us choose appropriate spectra of this radiation, especially during Covid-19 pandemic, however, the current studies in this field are insufficient and further studies are needed.

Burnout plays a key role in the life and physical and mental health of individuals and may reduce the efficiency and motivation of healthcare staff.

The present study aimed to evaluate the influential factors in burnout in the healthcare staff of Kermanshah, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on the healthcare staff in Kermanshah in 2019. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Maslach burnout inventory (Cronbach's alpha: 0.78). The participants were selected via census sampling (n = 282). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman’s correlation-coefficient.

Significant correlations were observed between emotional fatigue, disease history (P = 0.006), and financial problems (P = 0.05), as well as between depersonalization and financial difficulties (P = 0.024) and between personal adequacy and family disease history (P = 0.015). However, no significant associations between burnout and gender, educational level, professional status, marital status and living situation were shown.

Considering the high prevalence of burnout in the healthcare staff with a disease history in themselves and their families and the association between burnout and financial problems, special attention should be paid to the health status of healthcare status through measures such as stress management and counseling to diminish occupational stress and the impact of burnout on these employees. In addition, measures such as the implementation of leisure and educational programs and stress management workshops are recommended.

Noise pollution was the most common environmental factor and widespread physical harmful agent in the workplaces which large numbers of workers were exposed in various sectors of industry, agriculture, mineral and so on. In the 21st century, exposure to noise is recognized as one of the threats to the health of the community. Hearing loss (temporary or permanent), increased blood pressure, sleep disturbances, lack of concentration, and increased human error can be attributed to exposure to noise.World Health Organization has identified noise as the second environmental stressor in the world. In Iran (As a developing country in the Middle East), more than 2 million workers are exposed to a noise level higher than 85 dB. Stress caused by noise can affect the level of sex hormones. A study by Nadri et al., It was found that exposure to 100 dBA continuous noise significantly reduced the level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones). Addiction is one of the greatest problems of human societies which not only causes social and behavioral disorders, but also affects various aspects of physical health, imposes huge financial losses on individuals, families and society. Opium comes from opium poppy and consists of more than twenty alkaloids (combination of seventy compounds). Among the diverse varieties of narcotics, opium and heroin, they have the highest global consumption. The most commonly used drug opium is oral (swallowing) (49.5%) and inhalation (drainage) ((59%). For various reasons, such as having a common border with Afghanistan (as a producer of 90 percent of the worldchr('39')s opium), opium drug abuse among Iranian industrial workers has a relatively high prevalence. Some people believe that long-term use of low-dose opioids may prevent chronic illness (Such as cardiovascular disease) and prolong life. Addiction is a problem that has spread increasingly amongst different populations around the world, and the labor community is no exception to this rule. A study in the Asalouyeh industrial region (Located in the southwest of Iran) showed that drug use among camp workers is between 15% and 25%, and the most commonly used opium. Reports indicate that opioids reduce the secretion of LH and FSH gonadotropins by inhibiting the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted from the hypothalamus, while gonadotropins are crucial for the survival of testicular cells, and their reduction to planned cell death. The results of previous studies confirmed that exposure to noise and opium consumption alone had a downward effect on the level of sex hormones on human and animal samples. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to noise and opium consumption on sex hormones in male animal models (rat).

In this Experimental and cross-sectional study which was completed in 2018, 36 healthy adult male Wistar rats (purchased from the Tehran Pasteur Institute) were randomly divided into six groups (after initial screening from the point of view weight, age, etc.); control, exposure to noise (100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day), consumption of opium solution(50 mg per case), consumption of opium solution(100 mg per case), exposure to noise (100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day), consumption of opium solution(50 mg per case) and exposure to noise(100 dB and 700-5700 Hz frequency range for 8h/day) and consumption of opium solution(100 mg per case). The frequency range of 700 to 5700 Hz was chosen from a combination of 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz central frequencies in octave band spectrum (based on rat and human hearing sensivity in this range). Noise level (100 dB) was produced by signal software and implemented by Cool -Edit software. After boosting with an amplifier, with installation of four speakers on top of the chamber, the noise was broadcast in the reverberant chamber. The dimensions of the reverberant chamber (Plexiglas) were selected based on the Bolts chart, the required space per rat and the animal welfare (49×59×30 cm with 5 mm thickness). The noise level was monitored during exposure by calibrated sound level meter (model cel-450) hourly. The air inside the chamber was changed 12 times every hour. Opium was prepared by getting the necessary Legal licenses from the police and the Food and Drug Administration and then opium solution (dissolved in hot distilled water) was fed to animals at different doses (50 and 100 mg per case) through gavage tube between 6:30 to 7:00. In order to ensure that the rats were addicted (groups 3, 4, 5, and 6), at the end of the first week, with naloxone injection (2 mg per kg), the hangover symptoms of the animal were evaluated and the addiction was confirmed. The ambient temperature of the animal house was adjusted throughout the test period in the range of 20-24 ċ. After 50 days (cycle of spermatogenesis in rats), following anesthesia (Xylazine - ketamine), blood samples were collected (5 ml of the left ventricle). Using centrifuge, the serum should be discarded at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. Level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones) was determined by specific rat kits (producted by Zelbio Company) and ELISA technique. The ethics of working with animals, according to the Helsinki Statement and the Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University, were observed at all stages of the study. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software (version 22 by using ANOVA test (Tukey Post hoc test).

This study is a first study in the world that examine the effect of exposure to noise and opium consumption on sex hormone levels in an animal model. In this study, noise could significantly suppress the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones, but did not affect the level of follicular stimulatory hormones. The results of this study (about the noise agent) are consistent with studies by Swami et al., Paramanik et al. And Rafuli et al. Both doses of opium solution (50 and 100 mg per case) can significantly reduce the level of sex hormones (testosterone, follicular stimulatory and luteinizing hormones) However, no significant difference was found in the two doses in any of the examined hormones. In 2012, the study of Yasin Kahimin showed that levels of testosterone decreased significantly in opioid recipient groups, which were consistent with the results of the present study in relation to lowering the secretion of testosterone and LH. A study by Salman et al in 2010 showed that levels of testosterone, LH and FSH in opiate addicted men decreased significantly compared to control group. Sepehri et al. Study showed that levels of LH, FSH and testosterone levels in addicted people were significantly lower than those in the control group. Combining the two factors of noise and opium (with opium solution doses of 50 and 100 mg per rat) could have significant boosting effects in suppressing levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones while this enhancing effect was assessed for an increase in follicular stimulatory hormones(Comparison of groups 5 and 6 compared to control group). Increasing the opium solution dose from 50 to 100 mg per rat did not make a significant difference in the level of sex hormones (comparison of groups 3 and 4 as well as groups 5 and 6). In this study, the noise and opium solution did not significantly change the rat weight in variouse groups compared to control group. In the first week of the study, gastrointestinal disorders (such as diarrhea) were observed in the exposed group, but over time, this disorder was eliminated.

The use of opium for medicinal or recreational purposes has a high historical background in many parts of the world. Due to the effect of reducing the effect of two factors of noise and opium addiction on the level of testosterone and luteinizing hormones, It is suggested that the reduction of the hormones mentioned in the periodic examinations of workers should be considered and emphasized by professional and medical professionals and considered as a prognosis for infertility. More studies are needed to determine the effect mechanism of noise and opium consumption on pituitary-gonad axis. In this study, only opium was used as one of the most commonly used drugs in the community Therefore, it is suggested that future studies on narcotics such as heroin, cannabis, etc. should be put on the agenda of researchers. In order to cope with the destructive effects of exposure to noise and other harmful physical hazards in the working environments, various methods of engineering, management, or use of inexpensive and available antioxidants, such as cinnamon, can be used. Based on the results, it can be concluded that chronic consumption of opium can significantly decrease the function of gonad-pituitary secretion, and this can lead to suppression of libido and infertility. It is suggested that the effects of opium in different doses should be considered in future generations.

Due to the high prevalence of noise and vibration in workplaces and focused of Previous studies on the auditory and musculoskeletal effects of these two harmful factors, The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of cinnamon extract on sex hormones levels, body weight and testis weight of adult rats exposed to noise and vibration.   64 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight groups of 8 each. Group 1; treated with distilled water (Control), group 2; treated with 75 mg kg-1 cinnamon extract, group 3; exposed to noise(100 dB), 8 h/day(23:00-7:00) and group 4; exposed to noise and treated with 75 mg kg-1 cinnamon extract, group 5; exposed to vibration(1 m/s2), 8 h/day (23:00-7:00), group 6; exposed to vibration and treated with 75 mg kg-1  cinnamon extract, group 7; exposed to noise and vibration, 8 h/day (23:00-7:00) and group 8; exposed to noised and vibration and treated with 75 mg kg-1  cinnamon extarct by gavage. Fifty days later, the rats were anesthetized, blood samples to determine the amount of sex hormones were collected, and the testis was removed for weight determination. Data was analyesd by SPSS. Noise stress decreased the level of three hormones (LH, FSH and Testosterone) while vibration decreased testosterone levels merely (P<0.05).Combined exposure to noise and vibration was able to create a significant difference with control group in testosterone and LH hormone levels (P<0.05). The three factors of noise, vibration and combine of them were able to create a significant difference with control group in final body weight (P<0.05). Cinnamon extract increased the level of sex hormones compared to control group (P<0.05). Cinnamon extract (due to antioxidant properties) has a protective effect on sex hormone levels in rats exposed to noise and vibration. It’s suggested further studies to determine the mechanism of cinnamon extract (in different doses) in human and animal samples.

Noise is one of the harmful environmental factors and an inevitable phenomenon in workplaces. Noise stress can lead to endocrine and reproductive system disorders. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of noise stress on sperm parameters and the protective effect of hydroalcoholic Cinnamomum verum extract in adult rats. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8). Group 1 was treated with distilled water (control), Group 2 was treated with 75 mg kg-1 hydroalcoholic C. verum extract, Group 3 was exposed to noise (100 dB) for the eighth/day, and Group 4 was exposed to noise and treated with 75 mg kg-1 hydroalcoholic C. verum extract by gavage. After 50 days, the rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected, and the cauda epididymis was removed to examine sperm parameters. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. In Group 3, noise stress significantly decreased the levels of sex hormones (LH, FSH, and testosterone), sperm viability, and the percentage of morphologically normal sperm compared to the control group. In Group 2, the levels of sex hormones and sperm parameters increased significantly compared to the control group. Comparison of the results of Groups 3 and 4 showed the protective effect of C. verum extract on the levels of sex hormones and sperm viability. It is recommended to investigate the action mechanism of C. verum effect on the male reproductive system of animal models and humans who work in noisy environments.

So far, few studies have assessed the effect of noise on fertility capacity thus this study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of cinnamon extract on testicular tissue changes and fertility capacity in male rats exposed to noise stress.
In this experimental study, 40 male rats were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups. Group1 (control), group2 (sham), group3 (Cinnamon), group4 (Noise), group5 (Cinnamon Noise). Rats from group 3 and 5 received cinnamon extract (75 mg/kg) through gavage.The rats in groups 4 and 5 exposed to 100 dB noise between 23:00-7:00. After 50 nights, each male rat copulated with 3 female rats and after the end of gestation period, variables such as fertility capacity, total birth, live birth, gender and birth weight of the newborns were examined. Also testis of male rats was removed for histopathological assessment. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21.
The number of live newborns in group 4 compared with control group significantly reduced (P The results showed that a dose of 75 mg/kg of cinnamon extract can improve some destructive effects of noise on testicular tissue at selected frequencies, thus, it is suggested that more studies be done on the effect of cinnamon on fertility capacity in a human and animal model that exposed with noise.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common problems in workplaces. The present study assessed the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the level of risk for these disorders among workers of an aluminum industry in Tehran.
In this cross-sectional study, Nordic questionnaire was used in order to assess musculoskeletal disorders among all workers in production line of the mentioned industry (82 workers) and to determine musculoskeletal disorders risk levels, workers’ body posture was assessed by REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and QEC (Quick Exposure Check) techniques. Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square test and through SPSS16 software.
According to the results, 83.9 percent of the subjects have complained from pain in at least one of ​​their body areas during the past year. The highest prevalence of disorders was respectively allocated to the low back (48.2%), knee (35.7%) and wrist/hand (33.9%). The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders showed significant correlation with age, job experience and BMI. But, REBA and QEC final scores had no significant correlations with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. According to REBA and QEC, respectively 43.6 and 67.2 percent of postures were categorized in high and very high risk levels.
High prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and levels of risk, prioritize the necessity of corrective actions. Higher percent of high risk level in QEC than REBA can be attributed to the capability of this tool in combined investigation of work posture, work related risk factors and mental disorders affecting the incidence of these disorders.

Stress in the modern world is an epidemic problem. It affects all age groups and has negative impacts on the perfor-mance of the workers. The aim of this study was evaluation of the occupational stress and influential factors in the Bank tellers of one of the Iranian Southwest cities. This descriptive- analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 81 bank employees in one of the Iranian Southwest cities. Stress levels of Bank employees were assessed using the Osipow occupational stress standard questionnaire. The Osipow job stress questionnaire has 60 questions in a 5-item Likert scale (never=1, sometimes=2, usually=3, often=4, most of the time=5). This questionnaire used the 6 dimensions of role workload, role insufficiency, role ambiguity, role boundary, responsibility, and physical environment to evaluate stress. SPSS.16 software was used for data analysis. The mean age and work experience of the employees was 35.37± 7.65, 11.21± 7.76 years, respectively. Also, the average working hours of the employees were 8.84 ± 1.81 h per day. According to overall stress scores, 16.7% of the employees were stress free, 81.8% had moderate stress and 1.5% had normal stress. Significant relationships were observed between daily working hours and workload and the physical environment of bank, between the type of employment and workload role, between the number of children and role limits, between the overall stress and age groups, and between the overall stress and education. Discussion and Based on our findings, the current stress status of the employees was acceptable but considering the studied dimensions (especially the physical environment), it will not remain desirable in the future. Physical factors in the workplace, such as light, noise, ventilation and chemical agents must be assessed and should be improved in accordance with a regular program.

Introduction and The workers of mosaic art are susceptible to musculoskelet al disorders due to various risk factors including body posture during work, repetition of movement, old and sometimes non-ergonomic tools. The aims of this study were estimating the prevalence of musculoskelet al disorder and assessment of body posture of workers in the mosaic workers in Kerman. In this study, calling out Kerman Office of Cultural Heritage, 16 mosaic workshops and 32 mosaic workers were selected. Standardized Nordic questionnaire were completed for 26 mosaic worker. Using hierarchical task analysis, task of the mosaic profession were analyzed. After using ART posture analysis method for assessment of repetitive task, body posture of worker were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18. In this study, 18 (69.2%) males and 8 (30.8%) female were selected The mean of age (year), work experience (year) and working hours per day (hours) were subsequently 6.6, 32.9 and 11.9, respectively The highest prevalence of musculoskelet al disorders during the past 12 months was in neck with a prevalence of (66.7%), upper back with prevalence of (63.2%). The results of the ART assessment method showed that, calculated risk scores for right and left hands in the mosaic career were not equal. And risk scores in all right hand's functions was higher than left hand's ones, that these results are consistent with the results of the Nordic questionnaire. The results of posture assessment indicated that body condition of right hand were more critical than left ones, and results of ART method confirm the Nordic questionnaire results.

Noise is one of the major hazardous occupational exposures and one of the occupations at risk is the transportation industry. However, few studies have measured and reported the amount of noise exposure in drivers. In this study, we evaluated noise exposure among the public transportation bus drivers of one major Iranian city, Kerman, southeast Iran. Eighty public transportation buses in the streets of Kerman, Iran in 2010 were randomly sampled during week day business hours and in each driver noise exposure was measured for 10 minutes according to the standard methods. The noise exposure was measured in 4 different models of buses. All of the buses were 7 or fewer years old. There was no significant difference in the noise produced by the 4 models. The measurements were similar ranging from 65.9 dBA to 79 dBA. The noise pressure, measured in a range from 31.5 Hz to 8000 Hz, decreased from about 90 dBA to 50 dBA as frequency increased but was below 85 dBA in the speech frequencies. The noise levels measured in these buses for the drivers were under the 85 dBA threshold for speech frequencies, and by sure less than 85 dBA for the passengers; it will probably not cause hearing or other health related problems. However, more studies in this field are suggested.