farzad afshari

Medical education has special features compared to other educations due to its relationship with public health, and one of the main solutions to improve the quality of education in medical groups is educational accreditation. Therefore the purpose of this study is to identify and rank the effective factors for proper accreditation in the University of Medical Sciences in order to improve the quality of medical education.

The research method was qualitative and data collection was library-field. The statistical sample consisted of 25 experts in related fields who were selected by purposive sampling. Then the dimensions and components extracted from the sources were finalized using the Delphi method and the panel of experts.

After performing three Delphi rounds, the results showed that the dimensions and components affecting accreditation include: University goals (4 components), management (4 components), educating staff (4 components), learners (5 components), organizational structure (5 components), organizational citizenship (3 components), human resources (4 components), financial management (6 components), compulsory educational space (4 components), information technology (3 components), services and facilities (3 components), learning resources (4 components), teaching-learning process (3 components), clinical and clinic education (12 components), research services (4 components), cultural programs (3 components), innovation and entrepreneurship (3 components), international cooperation (3 components), Evaluation and quality assurance (6 components) and validation (10 components).

Considering the joint presentation of medical education with the medical services system and not paying attention to the components of clinical and hospital education, Review of standards and indicators is necessary in order to establish an accreditation system in medical universities

Yellow rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important wheat diseases that threaten its production. Host resistance is the most economical and healthiest method of yellow rust management. In this study, slow rusting resistance parameters including infection coefficient, disease severity as well as reaction type were recorded for 48 rain-fed wheat genotypes along with sensitive control in 6 rain-fed environments. The field experiment was done for two consecutive years in three distinct geographical regions including Ardebil, Zarghan, and Mashhad. The additional screening test was established in greenhouse conditions. Results showed genetic variability among studied germplasms in resistance against yellow rust. In this research, G1, G04, G05, G06, G20, G21, G32, G33, G39, and G45 out of the studied genotypes had resistant and stable reactions across years and locations. Ward clustering algorithm produced three heterotic groups which can be utilized in yellow rust breeding programs through parental selection for the construction of a yellow rust mapping population. Differential genotypes testing resulted in “6E142A +, Yr27”, “38E158A +, YR27” and “134E150A +, YR27” isolates which belonged to Ardebil, Mashhad as well as Zarghan regions respectively. The resistance reaction in the seedling stage varied from that found in the field state which indicated the existence of adult plant resistance genes in their genome.

Yellow rust is one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide. This disease can cause high damage to the plant by affecting the yield and yield components. Also, due to the high recombination of the causative agent of this disease, new breeds appear in it every year, which has forced breeders to constantly study this disease and find resistant genotypes.

In order to evaluate the effect of yellow rust disease on some agronomic characteristics of bread wheat genotypes Includes 297 commercial cultivars and landraces of Iran, a field experiment was conducted in alpha-lattice layout with two replications in the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) farm, in 1398-1399 crop season. After sowing the seeds and artificially infecting the plants with the disease, some important agronomic traits including yield and related traits as well as infection type and infection percentage were examined.

The results of analysis of variance showed that wheat genotypes have significant differences in terms of all studied traits. An effective correlation coefficient was observed between single plant yield with all traits. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of grains per spike, 100-kernel weight, grain width, grain length, spike length, grain thickness and spike width have the highest coefficients of determination, respectively. Based on the results of path analysis, the highest direct effect was observed between the number of grains per spike, 100-kernel weight and grain width with grain yield, respectively. The results of factor analysis showed that there were five factors with a justification of about 70% of the total variance, among which the traits had the highest coefficient of explanation in the first three factors. The first factor was called the yield component factor, the second factor was called the spike features factor, and the third factor was called the grain features factor. Based on the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into three groups. In the first group, 53 genotypes with the highest average of single plant yield, number of single plant seeds and spike length; In the second group there were 110 genotypes with the highest mean of plant height, spike density and 100-kernel weight and in the third group there were 129 genotypes with the highest mean values for other traits. A total of 52 wheat genotypes had resistance reaction to pathotype studied in this study.

The study of wheat genotypes under stress conditions of wheat yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) based on statistical analysis and multivariate analysis showed a significant difference in yield and yield components. Therefore, as in previous studies, the disease studied on wheat was recognized as one of the most important diseases affecting wheat yield. To evaluate and select cultivars and genotypes with higher grain yield, selection should be done using yield-related traits such as number of seeds per spike and number of single plant seeds. Also, based on infection type and percentage, resistance genes can be identified intermediate resistance to the studied pathotype in this study and used in future breeding programs for resistance to wheat yellow rust.

This study was performed to investigate and determine the virulence /avirulence spectra of five genes of wheat yellow rust disease collected from Karaj (174E158A +), Zarghan (103E16A +, Yr27), Sari (6E150A +), Sarakhs (Y72727 + A, Moghan (247E235A +). International standard and differential genotypes were used to determine the races of wheat yellow rust disease. Then, the response of 297 different bread wheat genotypes to these races was evaluated in a completely randomized design with two replications under greenhouse conditions and at a temperature of 15 ° C. In the study of correlation between different breeds, it was found that Sari (6E150A +) and Karaj (174E158A +) have the highest correlation. Also, simple analysis of variance for three traits of infection type, pustule size and pustule density showed high genetic diversity between the studied genotypes. Combined analysis of variance showed a significant effect of genotype, race and genotype-race interaction for infection type trait. The effect of genotype and race were also significant for pustule size and pustule density. The results of correlation analysis of traits in different races showed a significant and positive correlation between them. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into three groups: resistant, semi-resistant (semi-susceptible) and susceptible, which confirmed the results of resistance reactions of wheat genotypes to different varieties of yellow rust. Based on cluster analysis, genotypes 6, 36, 39 and 44 had the lowest infection type (higher resistance) than all five races of yellow rust. The results of cluster analysis also showed the presence of commercial cultivars PARSI, KARAJ2, CHAMRAN2, PANJAMO62, MAHDAVI, PISHGAM, INIA66 and RIJAW in the group of resistant wheat, which can be obtained by using tree analysis to give the parent resistance to this disease.

The emergence and rapid spread of virulent races of wheat rusts has driven a search for sources of resistance for durable resistance. Slow rusting resistance, a kind of race-nonspecific resistance, has been reported to be more durable. In this study in order to identify possible sources of durable stem rust resistance between elite wheat lines, slow rusting parameters including coefficient of infection (CI), final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r) and relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC) were evaluated in a set of forty six wheat lines along with susceptible control (mixture of McNair and the line CD-90-12) in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping seasons. This study was conducted in field plots at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station (Iran). All lines were evaluated under natural infection conditions against race population having virulence to resistance genes including Sr25, Sr5, Sr6, Sr7a, Sr23, Sr28, Sr29, Sr30, Sr33, Sr34, Sr37, SrDP2, SrGT, SrPL, SrWLD, SrH and SrTmp < /em>. Results of evaluations for resistance parameters showed that the lines M-93-13, M-93-14, M-93-16 and M-93-20 had low level of CI, FRS, r and rAUDPC so were considered as lines having high levels of slow rusting resistance. The lines C-93-10, C-94-6, C-94-8, CD-94-6, M-93-3, M-93-12 and M-93-18 had moderate level of slow rusting and 25 lines with high values of CI, FRS, r and rAUDPC were grouped as lines having low level of slow rusting resistance. The remaining lines without slow rusting resistance were considered as susceptible group. The lines with high and moderate levels of slow rusting resistance can be used in breeding programs or releasing new resistant cultivars.

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is one of the most devastating wheat diseases worldwide. Identification of virulence factors of the pathogenas well as using resistant cultivars are effective approaches in controlling wheat strip rust. Knowledge of genetic basis of resistance to stripe rust in commercial wheat cultivars is an important objective to ensure that diverse resistance genes are deployed in breeding programs.Five bread wheat commercial cultivars were evaluated for stripe rust using 40 Pst races that were collected from different locations in Iran. Among them cultivar Aflak showed seedling resistance to all races and the other cultivars displayed field resistance at the adult plant stage. To study the heritability and genetic basis of resistance to stripe rust inbread wheat cv. Aflak, it was crossed with susceptible cultivar Avocet‘s’ and F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations were developed. The generations along with their parents were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications under greenhouse conditions. The seedlings were inoculated using the race 230E158A+, Yr27+ urediniospores. The resistance components including infection type, latent period, pustule size and pustule density were recordedon single plants of each generation. The results ofthe weighted analysis of variance showed that there were significant (p ≤ 0.01) differencesamong generations for each of the four traits. Generations mean analysis showed that in addition to additive and dominance effects, epistasis, particularly the additive × dominance epistasis also played a significant role in controlling resistance to stripe rust.For all traits, high broad-sense heritability was observed. Moderate to high narrow-sense heritability wasestimated for resistance components

This research was performed with the purpose of screening of wheat genotypes and identification of resistance sources to yellow (stripe) rust disease. A total of 284 accessions from bread wheat collection of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, which were previously received from 19 countries, were evaluated at adult plat stage under natural incidence of the disease in field condition of Sari, Iran. Based on components of resistance, 116 genotypes were selected for study in the second year at the same condition, among them 52 accessions were then chosen for evaluation at seedling stage in greenhouse. This evaluation was performed by four races 38E158A+, Yr27, 174E10A+, Yr27, 6E2A+, Yr27 and 238E190A+, Yr27. The results showed that 9 genotypes including 8252 and 8320 (Iran), 8395 and 8396 (Korea), 8103 (Afghanistan), 8150 (Portugal), 8348 (Algeria), 8426 (India) and 8472 (Turkey) were resistant to all the studied pathotypes. The presence of Yr1, Yr4, Yr10, and YrSP genes were postulated for these genotypes. One genotype from each country of Portugal, Iran, Japan, Korea, Italy and five genotype with unknown origin were resistant only against pathotype 6E2A+, Yr27, which are likely to carry YrSD or YrND. The comparison of resistance reactions in genotypes 8257, 8237, 8259 and 8332 (Iran), 8105 and 8108 (Afghanistan), 8169 (Portugal), 8458 (India), 8152 (Portugal) and 8362 (Australia) and virulence factors in the studied pathotypes suggested the presence of some unknown resistance genes in regarding genotypes. In the present study some genotypes with adult plant resistance were also identified. The total results of this research indicated the potential of bread wheat collection of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran to identify new sources and genes for resistance to yellow rust.

Hana (DM-90-14) was selected from international durum wheat nurseries with grain yield of 7547 kgha-1in cropping season 2009-10. This line was assessed in the regional yield trials in four cropping seasons,from 2009 to 2013, in four locations of temperate agro-climate zone of Iran. Hana had a grain yield of 9666 and 6768 kgha-1 in preliminary and advanced yield trials, respectively. In elite regional yield trial in 2011-12 and 2012-13 this line with 7938 kg ha-1 was selected as a superior line based on its grain yield and yield stability. Hana also has a high quality for semolina as well as high protein content (12.1%). The results of on farm trials in Kermanshah showed that this cultivar with grain yield of 8934 kg ha-1was superior than check cultivar, Dena, with grain yield of 6440kg ha-1. Based on its high grain yield, yield stability, quality of semolina and resistance to yellow and leaf rusts, line DM-90-14 released as a new durum wheat cultivar with name “Hana” for temperate agro-climate zone of Iran including Tehran, Alborz, Isfahan, Khorasane Razavi and the north of Kerman, Lorestan, Kerrmanshah and Fars provinces.

Evaluation is one of the most important parts of the process of improving and improving the quality of education in educational units. The aim of this study was to compare and review the main approaches to assessing the quality of higher education from the perspective of experts in Zabol University of Medical Sciences. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the experts and authorities responsible for assessing the quality of education in Zabol University of Medical Sciences. A total of 10 people were selected by census method as a statistical sample. In this research, AHP hierarchical analysis questionnaire was used for data collection. In order to increase the accuracy and speed of calculations, expert selection software was used for weighting and ranking of factors. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the qualitative method, ie, the viewpoints of the experts and professors have been used and the amendments and their changes have been applied to the questionnaires after the discussion. Cronbach's alpha formula was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 10 items of the questionnaire (0.85) was obtained which shows a high reliability. The highest weight is the internal evaluation with the final weight (0.263). Therefore, according to the criterion of compliance with the goals, the first rank has internal evaluation. After that, the final weighting (0.249) is ranked second. The statistical analysis with the final weight (0.162) and the practical test with the final weight (0.127) are in the third and fourth rank. The external evaluation with the final weight (0.087) was ranked last. The results of the prioritization of the evaluation methods showed that internal evaluation is the most important method for evaluating educational quality in Zabol University of Medical Sciences.

Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) are known as the most important and prevalent diseases of wheat worldwide, causing significant losses in the world’s wheat production. Transfer of leaf and yellow rusts resistance genes to wheat cultivars is one of the most economical and effective methods to control of diseaseses. Lr34/Yr18 is a resistance gene which confers a durable resistance to wheat leaf and yellow rusts. In the recent years, several molecular markers linked to Lr34/Yr18 have been identified. In this experiment, presence of Lr34/Yr18 in some Iranian wheat cultivars and promising lines was evaluated under field condition along with some recently developed molecular markers. Evaluation of plant resistance of wheat genotypes to yellow rust and leaf rust was conducted under artificial inoculation in disease nurseries of Cereal Research Department, SPII, Karaj and Golestan station in Ahvaz, Iran respectively, in 2014. Results of molecular assays indicated that three markers caSNP4, caSNP12 and Cssfr1 predicted presence of Lr34/Yr18 with more confidence compared to csLV34. These markers may be easily used in the genetic laboratories with limited equipments. Based on the results of caSNP4 and caSNP12 markers, from 85 wheat genotypes, 18 genotypes had linked alleles to Lr34/Yr18 gene. Comparison of the field evaluation with results of molecular assay indicated that most of the wheat genotypes with Lr34 gene had resistance and moderately resistant to moderately susceptible infection responses to leaf rust and yellow rust.

A breeding hexaploid wheat line named later Rakhshan was introduced to Iran through the CIMMYT 41th-IBWSN international nursery with pedigree of " SHARP/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/5/VEE/LIRA//BOW/3/BCN/4/KAUZ " in 2008. This line showed average grain yield of 9019 kg/ha compared to check cultivars Pishtaz, Shiraz, Marvdasht and Bahar average with 9060 kg/ha in Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan during 2008-09 crop season. This genotype showed grain yield of 8710 kg/ha compared to 7910 kg/ha of four check cultivars: Parsi, Sivand, Bahar and Pishtaz in Karaj, Zarghan, Neishabour, Isfahan and Islam Abad-Gharb during 2009-10. This line was tested in advanced and replicated trials over same 5 locations at 2010-2011 with recorded grain yield of more than 7 t/ha and measured good bread making quality. The adaptation and stability of this line was evaluated in a 2 years' experiment tested over 8 stations during 2011-13 period which recorded grain yield of 7.695 t/ha against 7.582 of Parsi and 7.547 t/ha of Sivand. During testing of this variety under on-farm and demonstrational trials in farmer fields during 2013-15 over several locations of temperate zone under normal irrigation conditions, average grain yield of 8.233 t/ha against 7.734 t/ha of Parsi cultivar was recorded. It showed also potential of 10.116 and 11.290 t/ha grain yields in Kermanshah and Alborz provinces respectively. According to the final investigations, reaction of Rakhshan to yellow rust and leaf rust was recorded as 0 to 30MS in the inoculated nurseries. In case of stem rust race Ug99 reaction was 40MR in Kenya. Bread making quality of this variety is good and it is relatively an early maturity variety.

Identifying the virulence factors of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) disease, awareness of numbers and identification of resistance genes in wheat breeding materials, accelerate the process of producing the resistance cultivars which are sustained against different races. To study the genetic and pathogenic and non-pathogenic spectrum of genes, five hot races of stripe rust which were collected from Mashhad, Sari, Ardabil, Moghan and Zarghan were determined using the international standard and differential genotypes and isogenic or near isogenic lines with separate race identification experiments. According to reactions, the races were­ called­ 6E158A, ­230E158A, ­6E142A, 166E150A, and 198E130A. Based on the results for the plants carrying the genes Yr2, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr7, Yr9, Yr11, Yr17, Yr18,Yr22, Yr23, Yr25 and YrA, virulence was observed in all studied races and in plants carrying genes Yr1, Yr3, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, YrSP and YrCV, however, no virulence was observed against none of races. Then resistance reaction of 45 wheat genotype was separately evaluated against 5 studied races, based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates in the seedling stage. In study of the components resistance to stripe rust, latent period and infection type traits were recorded in greenhouse studies. Analysis of variance showed that there were significantly different in genotypes against pathotypes, but genotypes did not show similar reactions to different pathotypes. Probably, the YrND, YrSD, YrSU, Yr32 and Yr27 genes alone or in combination with each other, or with other unknown genes are either cause strength in genotypes with race-specific resistance caused resistance to races that were not pathogenic to these genes. The use of resistance genes in genotypes with seedling resistance is likely to be widespread in areas where similar races are common. While, the possibility of observing resistant adult plants in field conditions despite showing susceptibility under greenhouse conditions is not ruled out.

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating wheat disease, which can cause serious grain yield reduction. Doubled haploid (DH) technique reduces the time required for the development of new varieties by up to almost five years. In this study, three F1 wheat hybrids including W1: Ghods*3/MV17, W2: Flanders/3*Ghods and W3: Hybrid de Bersee/3*Ghods along with three maize genotypes, H1: KSC 108, H2: SC 301 and H3: SC 704, along with a mixture of pollen grains of these three genotypes (H4) were used to generate DH lines. During DH lines production some characteristics, such as percentage of seed set, haploid embryo and haploid plantlets, were studied. In total, 150 DH lines resulting from all crosses, along with their parents and three check cultivars, Parsi, Mihan and Bolani, were evaluated for their infection type to Pgt races PTMNC, TTSTK and TTKSK. Results indicated that differences between check cultivars for coefficient of infection induced with race PTMNC at the adult plant stage was significant. Also, for infection type at the seedling stage, differences between check cultivars inoculated with race TTSTK were significant (P

Cereal rusts are the most important wheat diseases in Iran and worldwide. One of the most effective control measures of these diseases is deployment of resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was identification of stem rust resistance genes and pyramiding these genes in wheat cultivars Bahar and Pishtaz. For this purpose, initially the virulence of eighteen isolates of stem rust that had been collected from several parts of Iran was studied in cultivars/lines Bahar, Pishtaz, Eagle, AC Cadillac and Tr129. Results showed that cultivars AC Cadillac, Eagle, and Tr129 with Sr42, Sr26 and SrTr6A genes had good levels of resistance to all evaluated isolates. In order to transfer resistance genes to Bahar and Pishtaz cultivars, after initial and complementary crosses the F1 seedling resulted were evaluated for their resistance to stem rust and consequently the progeny of complementary crosses were screened for presence or absence of resistance genes using molecular markers. For Sr26 gene, primers Sr26#43 and BE518379; for Sr42 gene, primer STS (FSD-RSA); and for SrTr6A gene, primers GPW2295 and GPW4032 that showed polymorphism between parents were used to detect presence or absence of resistance genes. Using the seedling test in green house and also detection of molecular markers, it was found that for progeny of complementary crosses in cultivar Bahar transfer of resistance genes Sr26, Sr42 and SrTr6A have been successfully completed, and in Pishtaz based on distinctive ability of markers used, at least transfer of two genes of three genes in progenies was proved.

In this research, the interaction between two biocontrol strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF153mcherry andCHA0gfp2)and three wheat cultivars (Boulani, Roushan, Forno) were studied to control wheat leaf rust disease (Puccinia triticina) under greenhouse conditions. Bacteria were appliedusing the seed treatment method. Results showed a reduction in disease severity on the leaves in certain combinations of bacterial strains and wheat cultivars. This was particularly evident for the interaction between CHA0gfp2 and Forno with 69.74% decrease in the number of pustules on leaves. The Bolani and Forno cultivars that were not treated by bacteria exhibited the highest infection of leaf rust. Study of bacteria–wheat-pathogen interactions showed that the interaction between PF153mcherry with infected and non-infected Forno showed the highest bacterial colonization (7801.1 and 8154.4 cfu per mg dry root, respectively). Interaction between CHA0gfp2 with infected and non-infected Roushan cultivar induced the lowest colonization on the rhizosphere by 938.2 and 887.3 cfu per mg dry root, respectively. However, interaction between pathogen and cultivars resulted in the increase of peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity in the leaves. In summary, we observed negative correlations between the bacterial colonization (cfu per mg dry root) and the number of rust pustules on the leaves. There was significant correlation between PAL activity and disease severity. Overall results of this study indicate that there is a promising beneficial interaction between the bacterial isolates and wheat cultivars which induce systemic resistance and suppress the leaf diseases in the sustainable agricultural system.

In this research, 150 wheat doubled haploid lines were produced using chromosome elimination method by crossing between wheat and maize. Resistance of doubled haploid lines, their parents and check cultivars against strip and stem rust was evaluated at seedling and adult plant stages. Accordingly, eight known molecular markers which are tightly linked to resistance genes including Yr5, Sr31/Yr9/Lr26, Yr15, Sr38/Yr17/Lr37, Lr34/Yr18/Pm38, Yr27, Yr36 and Yr48 were screened in parents. Results showed that molecular markers for Yr5, Yr15, Yr27 and Yr36 couldnt detect polymorphism between parents as well as positive and negative controls. For gene block Sr38/Yr17/Lr37 and locus Yr48 allele sizes were not similar to those which were expected for these genes. Results also showed that MV17 and Flanders have gene block of Sr31/Yr9/Lr26, and only 3 lines of population DH-26: Ghods*3/MV17 had this gene block from which two doubled haploid lines showed resistance reaction to TTSTK and TTKSK of Puccinia graminis pers. f.sp tritici races. Genetic test for the presence or absence of gene block Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 on parents of doubled haploid lines showed that MV17 comprises this gene block. Evaluation of doubled haploid lines for this gene block showed that 6 doubled haploid lines of population DH-26:Ghods*3/MV17 have gene block Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 for which only one doubled haploid line showed resistance reaction to Puccinia striiformis Westend f.sp. tritici race of 7E158A+, Yr27 at both seedling and adult plant stages.

Yellow (stripe) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important disease that threatens wheat production worldwide. Host resistance is the most economical strategy to manage wheat stripe rust. For this purpose، 18 promising wheat lines of moderate zone were evaluated against yellow rust in Ardabil in order to determine their resistance level. The seedling reaction was evaluated in greenhouse by using race 6E150A+، Yr27. Adult plant resistance was also evaluated by measuring of final rust severity (FRS) and coefficient of infection (CI) under field infection conditions with two times artificial inoculations. Artificial inoculation was carried out using yellow rust race population virulent resistance genes including Yr2، Yr6، Yr7، Yr9، Yr22، Yr23، Yr24، Yr25، Yr26، Yr27، YrA، and YrSU. Field evaluation was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2011-2012 cropping season at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station (Iran). Results showed that lines M-90-13، M-90-15، M-90-18 along with susceptible check (Bolani) had the highest values of FRS and CI. The lines M-90-2، M-90-4، M-90-5، M-90-7، M-90-8، M-90-13 and M-90-17 were susceptible at the seedling stage and had low level infection at the adult plant stage. Consequently، these lines had different levels of durable resistance based on the results of this investigation and their pedigree information. The remaining lines that had low level of infection at the seedling and adult plant stages were selected as moderately resistant or resistant lines.

Yellow، leaf and stem rusts are among the most devastating diseases of wheat in Iran and worldwide. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective and economic approach to control these diseases. To date، a significant number of molecular markers linked to the resistance loci to these diseases have been identified. In this study، pre-released wheat lines of four major wheat climate zones of Iran were evaluated for the presence or absence of molecular markers linked to 11 resistance loci including Lr46/Yr29/Pm39، Lr34/Yr18/Pm38، Lr67/Yr46، Sr2/PBC، Sr24/Lr24، Sr26، Sr31/Yr9/Lr26، L21، Sr38/Yr17/Lr37، SrCad and Lr29. The results showed that Lr46/Yr29/Pm39، Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 and Lr67/Yr46 loci existed in four and five genotypes، respectively، while Sr31/Yr9/Lr26 and Sr38/Yr17/Lr37 loci existed only in one genotype. The remaining genotypes did not possess markers linked to resistance loci tested in this study. The results showed that the frequency of presence of these loci in pre-released lines is low and، thus، lines possessing the resistance loci should be incorporated in wheat breeding programs in order to increase the frequency of the resistance genes in new cultivars.

The new line (KAUZ/PASTOR//BAV92/RAYON CMSS00M02400S-030M-030WGY-030M-9M-0Y) (Gaboos cultivar) was evaluated at Gachsaran and Gonbad Agricultural Research Stations in the first time in 2006-2007. Due to optimum earliness, plant height, kernel weight and successful performance of grain yield in observation nursery, preliminary and advanced yield trials (2007-2009), this genotype along to 16 promised lines and check (Koohdasht cv.) studied during three years (2009-2012) in uniform regional wheat yield trials in Gachsaran, Khoram Abad, Gonbad and Ilam stations. Three years average of grain yield across all stations for new cultivar was 3514 kg/ha which showed significant difference at 5% probability level in compare to check (3333 kg/ha), and also, considered line had 17 and 11 percent grain yield increasing with significant preference at 5% and 1% probability level in Gachsaran and Gonbad stations respectively. In view of stability parameters, Gaboos cultivar had the best rank with low standard deviation and small within location coefficient of variation among all advanced lines. Koohdasht cultivar (check) had seventh rank with partially high standard deviation of rank, but, the least within location coefficient of variation. Mean while, it has good preference for qualitative characteristics particularly: protein percent, wet gluten, gluten index, water absorption, seed hardiness, zeleny number, sodium dodecyl solphat and bread volume in compare to check. New cultivar has not showed remarkable susceptibility to important current diseases such as yellow rust, brown rust, common bunt and Fusarim head blight in warm dry land stations under natural infection and artificial inoculation conditions.

Wheat Stem (Black) rust، caused by the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici، is an important disease in the world. Crop losses due to stem rust reported between 70-100 percent. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective، economic and environmentally safe method to control the disease. Extensive research on stem rust resistance in wheat has been carried out over many years and has been successful in providing farmers with rust resistant cultivars. The main objective of this study was to gain a better genetic understanding of resistance to stem rust (Ug99) in two Iranian wheat cultivars included: Parsi and Sivand، which were crossed with the susceptible parent Morocco. Race TTKST (Ug99) used for this study، which especially has virulence on Sr31 and Sr24 genes. F3 families were studied in field (adult plant) in Najoro- Kenta in 2011، where they were exposed to artificial inoculation of stem rust. F3 families were classified into three classes: homozygous resistant، segregating and homozygous susceptible. The number of genes involved was then estimated from the frequencies of families classified in each class. The results of F3 from the cross Sivand/Morocco and Parsi/Morocco segregated for 2 dominant genes for each Cv. On the base of present of Pseudo-Black Chaff (PBC) on Parent of Parsi Cv. and segregating F3 family، one of resistance gene in Parsi expected to be Sr2 gene and second unknown gene. The ultimate objective of the work reported in this study would be to catalogue the different unknown genes for APR by locating them on chromosomes using aneuploid analysis or suitable molecular marker systems.

Pathogenicity of wheat stem rust was investigated during two cropping seasons of the years 2010 and 2011. towards this end, 47 isogenic lines of wheat stem rust along with 43 cultivars/lines of the crop were tested in field conditions (natural infection) and also in the greenhouse conditions. The results showed, similarity of pathogenicity for plants carring gene/s Sr7B, Sr8A, Sr8B, Sr9B, Sr9D, S9G, Sr11, Sr13, Sr16, Sr17, Sr25, Sr34 and SrDP2 as for two isolates. As for the in genetic variation of two wheat stem rust isolates (in greenhouse conditions), Kelardasht isolate did not show virulence for 15 isogenic lines carrying gene/s Sr5, Sr8A, Sr22, Sr24, Sr26+Sr9G, Sr27, Sr28, Sr29, Sr31, Sr32, Sr33, Sr35, Sr36, SrGT and SrWLD. From Dashte-Azadegan isolate of Khuzestan, virulence for gene Sr31 as a variant of Ug99 race was detected, while this isolate being avirulent on plants carrying gene/s Sr5, Sr22, Sr24, Sr26+Sr9G, Sr27 and SrGT. The results of evaluation of resistance for commercial wheat cultivars and elite lines indicated that, such new released cultivars as Morvareid, Sivand and Parsi were resistant with a range of reaction of 5R-50M to stem rust diseases as observed during the two years of the study.

Race-specific resistance of wheat to yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici has been reported as short-lived. Partial resistance, a kind of quantitative resistance, has been reported to be more stable. Partial resistance in terms of slow rusting parameters including final rust severity (FRS), apparent infection rate (r), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and coefficient of infection (CI) was evaluated in a set of twenty six wheat genotypes along with susceptible control during 2010-2011 cropping year. This study was conducted in field plots at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station (Iran) under natural infection conditions with twice artificial inoculation. Artificial inoculation was carried out by yellow rust inoculum having virulence against Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr22, Yr23, Yr24, Yr25, Yr26, Yr27, YrA, and YrSU. Seedling reaction was also evaluated in greenhouse by using race 66E0A+, Yr27+. Results of mean comparison for resistance parameters showed that, lines C-89-4, C-89-17 and C-89-16 along with susceptible had the highest values of FRS, CI, and rAUDPC, therefore were selected as moderately susceptible or susceptible lines. The lines C-89-7, C-89-8, C-89-9, C-89-10, C-89-13, C-89-14 and C-89-20 had susceptible reactions at seedling stage and low level infection at adult plant stage. Accordingly these lines with low level of different parameters are supposed to have gene/s for varying degrees of partial resistance or high temperature adult plant resistance (HTAP) that can be used for future manipulation in wheat improvement programs after confirmatory studies. The remaining lines were immune or had low level of infection. Thus, these were selected as resistant lines. In this study correlation coefficient between different parameters of slow rusting was highly significant. Based on the results, FRS, CI and rAUDPC are suitable parameters for selection under field conditions.

A breeding hexaploid wheat line named later WS-85-10 was introduced to Iran within the CIMMYT 24th-ESWYT international nursery with "PRL/2*Pastor" pedigree in 2003. This line showed grain yield of 8.116 t/ha compared to check cultivar Pishtaz with 7.671 t/ha in Karaj during 2003-2004 crop season. It also showed grain yields of 7.083 and 8.066 t/ha in Zarghan and Islam Abad Gharb research stations compared to 6.833 and 9.098 t/ha of Marvdasht check cultivar respectively in the same crop season. Due to good grain yield of 8.868 t/ha in normal irrigation treatment and 6.435 t/ha under terminal water, this genotype stressed treatment of preliminary regional wheat yield trial (WS-PRWYT) selected in Islam Abad Gharb during 2004-2005. This line was tested in water emphasized advanced and replicated trials over five stations (Karaj, Kermanshah, Neishabour, Isfahan and Varamin) at 2005-2006 and with recorded grain yield of 6.368 t/ha compared to 6.543 t/ha of WS-82-9 as check, forwarded to water stressed adaptation trials. The adaptation and stability of this line was evaluated in two years. The researcher tested experiment over the same five stations along with grain yield of 5.970 t/ha against 6.024 of WS-82-9 and 4.870 t/ha of Pishtaz check varieties during 2006-2008 and then due to its good resistance to stripe rust and stem rust (Ug99 race), it considered for on-farm trials which was followed in 2008-2009 over three locations of temperate zone showing grain yields of 4.165, 4.883 and 5.337 t/ha against 4.194, 3.950 and 4.930 t/ha of Pishtaz, WS-82-9 and WS-829 cultivars as checks respectively in Karaj, Neishabour and Kermanshah. This variety showed grain yield of 6.212 t/ha against 5.787 t/ha of Pishtaz check cultivar in demonstration trial in Semnan province. Finally, With respect to good grain yield potential, resistance to stripe and stem (Ug99 race) rusts, good grain quality and good agronomic performance, this line was proposed to be officially released which approved under the name of "Sirvan" and it is recommended to be planted in water stressed farms of temperate zone.

Wheat leaf rust (Brown rust) caused by (Puccinia triticina) is a, worldwide major disease of wheat. In this study, three leaf rust isolate from Gorgan, were collected and determined their Avirulence and virulence formula with 39 near-isogenic lines. The results showed that these isolate were avirulence on plants with Lr1, Lr14a, Lr19, Lr25,, Lr23+ Lr28,Lr10+ genes while these isolate had virulence on plant with (Lr 22b, Lr 2a, Lr 2b, Lr 2b, Lr 2c, Lr 3, Lr 3ka, Lr 3bg Lr 9, Lr 10, Lr 11, Lr 12, Lr 13, Lr 14b, Lr 15, Lr 16, Lr 17, Lr 18, Lr 20,Lr 21, Lr 22a*, Lr 23, Lr 24, Lr 26, Lr29, Lr 30, Lr 32, Lr 33, Lr 34*, Lr 35*, Lr 36, Lr 37*, Lrb) genes. In order to evaluate of resistance to leaf rust, 122 advanced lines from Iranian regional program were tested at seedling stage with Gorgan pathotype in greenhouse condition. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The latent period (number of days from inoculation to appearance of the first uredia) and infection type were recorded by McIntosh et al; 1995 method. Analysis of variance showed significant difference between 122 genotypes for infection type and latent period in Gorgan, indicates that there are more diversity between genotypes with pathotupe Gorgan.. The results of analysis cluster lines showed division to thrre groups resistance and mid resistance and susceptible. Lines No. 23 and 78 were the more resistant and susceptible, respectively.

Yellow rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat that the pathogen populations have many pathotypies in different environmental conditions and during different years. This study was conducted to identify the pathotypes of wheat yellow rust in different environmental conditions and during two successive years. In spring of 2008 and 2009, 29 isolates of wheat yellow rust leaves were collected from different parts of Iran base on the dispersion and the different environmental conditions. Urediniospores of collected leaves were multiplied on Bolani under greenhouse conditions and then pathotypes, virulence factors and frequency were detected base on inoculated differential sets responses to each isolates. Among 29 collected isolates, 19 pathotypes were identified. In some regions similar pathotypes observed including 6E2A+, 6E6A+, 6E130A+ and 6E150A+. In 2008, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates Ahvaz2 and Gharakhil that could overcome 12 and 5 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In 2009, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates from BayekolaII, ToroghII, Borojerd and ZarghanII that could overcome 10 and 4 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In two years, the majority of isolates with a high frequency percent showed virulence on plant/s with Yr2, Yr2+, Yr7, Yr7+ and YrA genes. No virulence was detected on plant/s with Yr 1, 3, 4, 5, 9+, 10, 15, CV, SP, SU and ND genes. Considering the fact that no virulence was detected for plant/s with Yr1, Yr3, Yr4 and Yr10 genes, these genes can be used in wheat breeding programs in all regions of Iran to control wheat yellow rust.