فهرست مطالب fatemeh keshvari

This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players.

The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± 1.34) and Novice (10 participants with a mean age of 22.55 ± 1.80) groups participated voluntarily. The data were measured using 28 electrodes from a 32-channel wireless device and were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test (p≥0.05).

The alpha power of the elite group was higher than the novice group (P=0.001). The successful throws showed lower alpha power than unsuccessful throws (P=0.006). In the comparison of the two groups, the alpha power in the unsuccessful throws of the elite group was higher than in their successful throws (p=0.001), but no difference was observed between the alpha power of the successful and unsuccessful throws of the novice group (p=0.584). The alpha power during the execution time of the free throw task was higher than the pre-execution time (p<0.005), but there was no difference between the first and second pre-execution times (p=1.000). The results of the present study showed that the elite group had higher cortical activity than the novice group in all electrodes (p<0.001).

The findings show that the elite group performed the task with less cortical complexity by inhibiting irrelevant information. In addition, the decrease in alpha power in successful throws indicates an increase in activation of cerebral cortex and an increase in concentration, so that the task can be performed with fewer neural resources.

 The physical and psychological changes occurring during puberty are regarded as fundamental developmental crises. Since adolescents experience various events while socializing with their peers, friends, school, and home, they may feel countless emotions, including anxiety. Fulfilling the emotional and physical needs of the children in the family and through sufficient manifestations of the children's attachment leads to the formation of adaptive schemas about themselves and others. The family environment nurtures the differentiation of individuals during this developmental period, later affecting all aspects of their lives. In this context, the schemas and lack of differentiation prevent the development of emotional regulation abilities. In this situation, a teenager may experience much anxiety. The current research aims to predict adolescent girls' anxiety studying at the first secondary level based on the primary maladaptive schemas and self–differentiation components.

 The cross–sectional research has a descriptive–analytical correlational type. The statistical population included all adolescent girls studying in the first level of secondary school in Fardis City, Alborz Province, Iran, in the first semester of the 2019–2020 academic year. A total of 300 students were selected by convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria were as follows: living with their mothers since childhood, staying in Fardis City, having a mother's education higher than a diploma, lacking physical disabilities or chronic diseases, not taking medicine due to one's physical and mental condition, not being hospitalized during the last year due to physical and mental illness, not receiving psychotherapy at the same time and during the previous year, and having GPA (Grade Point Average) greater than 16 in the academic record in the last two semesters. The exclusion criterion was incomplete answers to the questionnaires. The study tools included the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1988), Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Schmitt, 2003), and Young Schema Questionnaire (Young & Brown, 1994). The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression method were used for data analysis using SPSS version 24 at a significance level of 0.05.

 The results showed that the disconnection and rejection maladaptive schemas (p<0.001, β=0.225) and components of emotional reactivity (p<0.001, β=0.308), including I–position (p<0.001, β=0.144), and emotional cut–off (p=0.045, β=0.102) predicted anxiety in adolescent girls. Also, 88% of the variance of adolescent girls' anxiety was explained by initial maladaptive schemas and self–differentiation components.

 According to the findings, adolescent girls' anxiety is predicted by the disconnection and rejection of early maladaptive schemas and the components of self–differentiation: emotional reactivity, I–position, and emotional cut–off.

An adolescent’s level of motor competence is important to assess as can impact on a range of daily functions and participation in physical activities. Formal assessments of motor competence can be time consuming and costly. One alternative is to use self-report questionnaires to screen for level of motor competence.

This study examines the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Adolescent Motor Competence Questionnaire (AMCQ) and differences between adolescent boys and girls.

Three evaluative stages were completed to translate the items into Persian, which included back translations by 4 native English and Persian speakers and 10 expert reviews. A total of 470 adolescents aged 12-18 years old (mean age 14.22 ± 1.64) from the Ray schools district completed the 26-item AMCQ. A subsample of 30 adolescents completed the AMCQ after 1 week for retest.

The content validity index (CVI=0.98) was strong. The results of exploratory factor analysis identified 4 factors and the results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that items with a suitable factor load (0.95-0.65) on the four factors. The results revealed the AMCQ had high internal consistency (0.940), and acceptable test-retest reliability (r=0.885). When considering gender, boys had higher AMCQ scores compared to girls. The boy’s scores were related to the factors of ‘participating in physical activity and sport’ and ‘peer comparisons’.

The results of this study show that the Persian version of AMCQ can be used as a valid tool to assess Iranian adolescence motor competence.

The purpose of the study was to predict adolescent girls' anxiety based on early maladaptive schemas of their mothers with the mediation of their self-differentiation and early maladaptive schemas. The statistical population of this study included all adolescent girls in the 7th, 8th, and 9th grade in Fardis City (located in Alborz Province) during the first semester of 2019-2020. The sample was selected using the convenience sampling method, and included 300 participants. The measurement tools included Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)); Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI), and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ).  Structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that the direct coefficient path between maternal maladaptive schemas and anxiety was positive and significant. The indirect coefficient path between maternal maladaptive schemas and anxiety was positive and significant with the mediation role of self-differentiation and early maladaptive schemas. Educating parents, especially mothers, to reduce the manifestations of their maladaptive schemas in their relationships with their children, as well as focusing on personality preparations in treating anxiety is recommended to therapists and clinicians.

Knowledge of epidemiological aspects can be a useful guide in determining the resources for better prevention and management of injuries. There are some performed studies on this topic in Iran, based on the limited hospital database. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not any survey based on the pre-hospital database.

The purpose of this study was to assess baseline characteristics of the traumatic patients according to the records of Tehran Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Center to present descriptive statistics of their epidemiological features.

This cross-sectional study was conducted retrospectively, using Tehran EMS center data registry. All traumatic patients examined by EMS in Tehran, Iran following call to emergency medical dispatcher were included. By reviewing the EMS technicians’ mission forms, required data were extracted. The mission form contains information such as age, sex, injured location, damage mechanism, accident location (home, workplace, street), time of call, the outcome of the patient's ambulance mission and the results of the assessment of the technician, etc.

Totally, 56612 injured cases with the mean age of 33.1±15.6 years were examined by EMS during one-year study period of whom 80.4% were male. Crude Incidence Rate was 10.5 and 2.5 per 1000 in male and female, respectively. Traffic accident and then fall were the two most prevalent mechanism of injuries. All types of injuries were significantly more prevalent in males (P<0.001). Most injuries were in winter season with 15570 cases (27.5%). Car accident was prevalent in winter and other injuries were significantly prevalent in spring (P<0.001). The most frequent places of injuries occurred on main roads and streets (55.7%). All of the road-related injuries was prevalent in winter, whereas injuries in other places were prevalent in spring (P<0.001). Most of the cases (78.3%) were transferred to the health centers, but 20.7% did not consent to treatment and transmission. Only 222 cases (0.4%) died, that 95% was due to traffic accident. there was a significant relationship between the number of injured organs and the death; So that the highest death rate occurred for those with more than 5 injured organs (P <0.001).

Based on the findings, traffic accident was the most frequent cause of trauma that led to visiting a traumatic patient by an EMS technician in Tehran, Iran. Injuries in all age groups were more prevalent in males, and the involvement of 5 or more injured organ had a significant relationship with mortality.

The avoidance of inequality means that individuals like to ignore some of their capital not to receive less or more than their social partners. This variable is a key factor in establishing fairness. The present study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of inequality avoidance and the effect of group membership on this behavior among 6-year-old children

The population of this research included healthy 6-year-old children from Tehran in 2018-2019. Hence, 15 children (4 girls and 11 boys) residing in Tehran were selected. In the ultimatum game, the children were presented by (un)fair offers from either in-group or out-group members. Also, in order to record brain waves’ data 32-channel EEG8 device were used.

The results showed that the children accepted significantly equal offers than advantageous and disadvantageous inequal offers (P=0.001) and offers presented by their in-group members than out-group members (P=0.041). Besides, the FRN wavelength in response to unfair offers was more than fair offers; this effect was observed in connection with the offers presented by their in-group members. Morover, the P-300 amplitude in exposure to equal and advantagous inequal offers was more when they were opposed from their in-group members.

The results attained in this study are indicative of the fact that early emotional and cognitive late brain waves in response to perceived equality and inequality are identified by children.

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of the intellectual capital on the organizational innovation and organizational agility considering the mediating role of the professional ethics variable.

The statistical society was all the staff of the Youth and Sport offices in Isfahan. The sample was determined to be 260 and it was selected by the categorized random method. For data collection about the intellectual capital, organizational innovation, organizational agility, and professional ethics variables, the Bontis, Chua Chong, and Richardson (1998) standard questionnaire; the Choupani (2012) standard questionnaire; the Jafar Nejad and Shahaie (2007) standard questionnaire; and the Cardozier and Brown (2004) standard questionnaire were used, respectively. For data analysis, the structural equation modeling by the SMART PLS software was used.

The results obtained showed that the intellectual capital had a positive and significant effect on the organizational innovation by the coefficient of 0.24, on the organizational agility by the coefficient of 0.48, and on the professional ethics by the coefficient of 0.92. Also, the intellectual capital had a positive and significant effect on the organizational innovation and organizational agility by the coefficients of 0.69 and 0.52 indirectly according to the professional ethics mediator path.

Although the intellectual capital had positive effects on the organizational i

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of secondary task relevant and non-relevant to the free throw basketball skill on the free throw accuracy of basketball skilled players in choking under pressure. Twenty right-handed female players (aged 18-30) each with at least three years of experience in basketball took part study after completing the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Annett Handedness Questionnaire (AHQ) and measuring their anthropometric characteristics. The study included two testing sessions with an interval of 2 days. In the first and second session (no-pressure and high pressure, respectively) participants warmed up and performed 10 free throws in three conditions: 1) free throw, 2) free throw with relevant secondary task, 3) free throw with non-relevant secondary task. Results showed that the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks to free throw have effects on accuracy in no-pressure (P=0.012, P=0.001) and high pressure (P=0.001, P=0.018) conditions. Also, there was significant differences between relevant and non-relevant tasks effects on accuracy in high pressure situation (P=0.001).Overall, it may be used the secondary relevant and non-relevant tasks in choking under pressure situations for reduction of pressure imposed on athletes. Also, properly designed secondary tasks for free throw may be used to increase the accuracy of skilled participants under the pressure situations.

How to allocate resources during development and its underlying motives provide developmental psychologists with understanding about fairness development. By age 4, children's social understanding of self and others is increased. This allows children to decide how to allocating resources towards others. As child develops considering fairness or self-interest concerns matters during allocating resources. This study aimed to examine resource allocation development in 4-6-year-old children in advantageous inequality and disadvantageous inequality conditions. Methods and Materials: This was a correlational study with the population of all 4-6-year-olds from kindergartens in 4 region of Tehran in years 1395-1396. One hundred and two participants aged 4 (n=34, 17 girls), 5 (n=36, 18 girls) and 6 (n=32, 16 girls) were selected through a clustered sampling. Participants were asked to distribute resources in with cost-advantageous/disadvantageous and without cost-advantageous conditions. Results showed that children more allocated resources in with cost disadvantageous condition as compared to other conditions (p<0.05). Across age groups, 4-year-old children significantly shared more resources in disadvantageous condition (p<0.05). 6-year-old girls allocated more resources when compared to boys. Our findings suggest that self-interest seems to be the main motives in allocating resource of 4-6-year-old children in advantageous and disadvantageous conditions. In addition, during 4-6-years of old children do not use fairness consideration in their decisions about resources

In this study we aimed to investigate whether anodal Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of left and right Dorsolatera prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could affect subjective negative /positive mood in healthy subjects. In a quasi-experimental study, participants (20 female, 20 male) were received three left anodal DLPFC/ Right anodal DLPFC and Sham stimulation (2mA, 20 min) in a random order independent sessions. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was administered for assessing subjective mood, before and after treatment. Friedman Test and Mann-Whitny U were used for analysising data. Results indicated that left anodal tDCS over DLPFC diminish subjective report of negative mood. Moreover, the effects of tDCS on decreasing positive mood in men was greater than women. Active bifrontal tDCS in our population not only was not compatible with previous results in healthy population, but also it was similar to tDCS application in depressed population. Further studies with precise assessment of mood and emotion, and with applying different tDCS montages could generate complementary finding about the role of the DLPFC in subjective mood.

Previous studies have shown that variety of cognitive weakness and strengths in the autism population, moderately considered in male as male brain, in which males typically recording lower performance than females on some cognitive functions such as social communication, empathy, etc. Although, Joint attention function takes a main role in social cognition and communications, this function is frequently absent in autism individuals. This study aimed to evaluate whether sex have different accomplishment effect in various features of gaze patterns during an eye-tracking measure of joint attention. Task performance (accuracy to correctly label a target item) and eye movement information (‘where’ the participant fixates when completing the task) were recorded among males and females. Fifty seven (32 female, 25 male) students of Shahid Beheshti University, based on available sampling in year 2013-2014 were recruited in the study. The results showed different gaze patterns between males and females. Also, males had longer duration time of searching the target and looking at the face in comparison with females. These results further supports the hypothesis that joint attention could be an important element of extreme male brain (EMB) theory, in which males recording lower performance than females.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of nicotine on information processing speed in athletes and non-athletes. Seventy-two male college students (36 athlete, 36 non-athletes; range age=18 to 24) were recruited from Kharazmi university to participate in the study. Their level of physical activity participation determined via a General Information Questionnaire. Each group of 36 male was randomly divided into three subgroups of 12 (4, 2 and 0 mg nicotine gum). This study was an experimental and applied. The data were collected using a choice reaction time vienna system. In addition to descriptive statistics, Univariate Analysis of Variance was‬used‬(α=0.05). The results show that there was no significant differences between choice reaction time means in terms of groups (P=0.353) or type of intervention (P=0.464), but only the interaction of factors (group*intervention) in both athletes and nonathletes was significant (P=0.050). our results indicate that there were no differences between information processing speed of athletes and non-athletes before and after different doses of nicotine administration. It seems that variables such as psychohogical state of subjects during the test, fatigue and especially varied CNS responses to different doses of nicotine may leads to such different findings.

Adolescence is a crucial stage of life during which a person faces primary cognitive and structural changes.. In this study, we seek to investigate the relationship between resilience and coping styles with mental health in first grade high school students from Ardabil, Iran.. We used a multistage random sampling method to select 100 first grade high school students from Ardabil. The participants were asked to complete the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Coping style questionnaire and the 28 item General Health questionnaire. Pearson correlation and multiple regressions were performed for data analysis.. There was a significant statistical relationship between resilience and coping styles with mental health (p < 0.01). In addition, the findings demonstrated that resilience and problem-oriented coping might significantly predict the mental health of adolescents. These findings might prove that resilience could be one of the best predictors of mental health in this study''s target group of students.. Findings of this study imply the crucial role of resilience and coping styles in mental health of adolescents. In other words, relationship between mental health and coping styles is taken into consideration due to the mediating effect of coping on perception and reaction towards environmental stress pressures. Schools play a key role in shaping the future of adolescents. In Iran, the youth constitute a significantly huge percent of our society, therefore attempts to enhance mental health in adolescents is one of the most important duties of any educational organization, particularly schools..

Working memory plays a critical role in cognitive processes which are central to our daily life. Neuroimaging studies have shown that one of the most important areas corresponding to the working memory is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC). This study was aimed to assess whether bilateral modulation of the DLPFC using a noninvasive brain stimulation, namely transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), modi.es the working memory function in healthy adults. In a randomized sham-controlled cross-over study, 60 subjects (30 Males) received sham and active tDCS in two subgroups (anode left/cathode right and anode right/cathode left) of the DLPFC. Subjects were presented working memory n-back task while the reaction time and accuracy were recorded. A repeated measures, mixed design ANOVA indicated a signi.cant difference between the type of stimulation (sham vs. active) in anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC with cathodal stimulation of the right DLPFC [F(1,55)= 5.29, P=0.019], but not the inverse polarity worsened accuracy in the 2-back working memory task. There were also no statistically signi.cant changes in speed of working memory [F(1,55)= 0.458, P=0.502] related to type or order of stimulation.. The results would imply to a polarity dependence of bilateral tDCS of working memory. Left anodal/ right cathodal stimulation of DLPFC could impair working memory, while the reverser stimulation had no effect. Meaning that bilateral stimulation of DLFC would not be a useful procedure to improve working memory. Further studies are required to understand subtle effects of different tDCS stimulation/inhibition electrode positioning on the working memory.

There is a growing interest to understand the neural underlying mechanisms of moral judgment. Some evidence suggests that various areas of Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) such as right Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) might be involved in moral judgment and that these areas can play an important role in cognitive control processes of utilitarian/nonutilitarian choices. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) have opened new windows to explore the neural substrates of those cognitive functions. The possible regulatory effect of DLPFC on moral judgment elicited by personal (low conflict/high conflict) and impersonal moral delimmas has been investigated using tDCS. Two groups of university students (n=60, female=30) were enrolled in the current investigation. Two parallel moral judgment tasks were randomly presented to subjects when DLPFC was being stimulated (right anode/ left cathode or right cathode/left anode) or subjects were receiving sham tDCS. Each task series comprised personal, impersonal and non-moral dilemmas. Repeated measure analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between dilemmas× gender × montage (F(116.699,2.084)= 4.346, P=0.014). Based on the results, while DLPFCtDCS induced different effects on moral judgment between two sexes, the differences between two types of stimulation were insignificant. This study extends the results of the previous investigations using anon-invasive brain stimulation technique to modulate utilitarian moral judgment with the effects being greater in women as compared tomen. Current insights support the notion that the effects of tDCS on moral utilitarianism (judgment) might be related to emotional integration of moral information conducted by the right DLPFC. Taken together, one may conclude that the disruption of DLPFC may influence moral utilitarianism possibly through modulating emotional cues rather than cognitive control of moral information alone in the face ofhigh conflict delimmas.